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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Radiology, health care structural reform and health system research--status, developments and challenges].

Through the health care reform act of 1993 and the next reform step currently under discussion, the financing mechanisms of both the ambulatory and the hospital sector of the German health care system will be changed drastically which will effect radiology earlier and more than other specialties. In the ambulatory care sector, fee-for-service has led to the tendency of more services, especially through self-referral to diagnostic imaging. Currently, managed care structures are under discussion which will lead to fewer services. In the hospital sector, reimbursement of all costs on a per-diem basis also had the effect of much diagnostic imaging. Beginning in 1996, diagnostic-related groups with pre-determined fixed reimbursements will supplement per-diem charges. Internal financial billing will lead to fewer demands for imaging services. Health services research in radiology is necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of imaging procedures at all levels from structure (technical efficacy) through process (clinical efficacy) to outcome (outcome efficacy).

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2005

Radiological health risk evaluation of radium contaminated land: a real life implementation.

A plot of land, currently used for dairy farming, has been contaminated over the years with radium due to the operation of one of the world's largest radium production plants. Within the framework of a global remediation approach for the plant surroundings, the land owner needed advice for a future destination of the land. Therefore, the radium contamination was accurately mapped, and on the basis of its severity a practically feasible subdivision of the land into four plots was proposed. For all four plots, the radiological risk was evaluated for the current type of land use and for possible alternative types. Hence a clear and useable advice could be formulated to the authorities reconciling public health, economic and practical issues.

Belgium↗
PubMed1991

Radiological health risks for exploratory class missions in space.

Crewmembers on missions to the Moon or Mars will be unavoidably exposed to ionizing radiation as they pass through the Van Allen belts and the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) flux. There is the possibility for exposure to proton radiation from Solar Particle Events (SPE). Using absorbed doses and ICRP 26, Linear Energy Transfer (LET) -dependent quality factors, the following dose-equivalents are estimated: In a spacecraft with 0.75 cm aluminum walls (2 g/cm2) at solar minimum, the lunar round trip dose-equivalent is less than 0.05 Sv. During a Mars mission the estimated dose-equivalents are: outbound (Van Allen Belts) <0.02 Sv; Earth to Mars (205 days exposure to free space GCR) 0.32 Sv; 30 days on the Martian surface (GCR) 0.023 Sv; Mars to Earth (225 days exposure to free space) 0.35 Sv; and through the Van Allen Belts 0.02 Sv. Conventionally, the total of 0.73 Sv over 460 days could be expected to increase the risk of cancer mortality in a 35-year old male astronaut by about one percent. However three-fourths of the dose-equivalent in free space is contributed by high LET heavy ions (Z > or = 3) and target fragments with average quality factors of 10.3 and 20 respectively. The biological effectiveness of these radiations is poorly understood; so the quality factors are set at conservatively very high values. The entire concept of absorbed dose/quality factor/dose-equivalent as applied to GCR must be reconsidered.

Animals↗