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PubMed1995

Successful treatment of dark-colored epidermal nevus with ruby laser.

The pulsed ruby laser has a selective thermolytic effect. Recently, it has been available for the treatment of superficial pigmented disorders. We studied 5 cases of epidermal nevus treated with the pulsed ruby laser. In comparison with the usual methods including electrocautery, cryotherapy and skin abrasion, ruby laser therapy is an excellent tool due to technological ease and rapid improvement. Depigmentation after treatment in 2 cases was the only side effect of this therapy. Bose cases had a dark pigmentation of the skin. Despite of the risk of discoloration, the ruby laser is one of the most effective tools for therapy of pigmented epidermal nevus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Benign pigmented lesions of the skin. Treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser.

BACKGROUND: The Q-switched ruby laser is a 694 nanometer (red light) pulsed (20-40 nsecond) laser that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cutaneous pigmented lesions. OBJECTIVE: This article will review my experience in the use of the Q-switched ruby laser to treat a wide gamut of epidermal and dermal pigmented lesions. RESULTS: The Q-switched ruby laser is highly effective in treating epidermal pigmented lesions and can be efficacious in the treatment of some dermal pigmented lesions. CONCLUSION: The Q-switched ruby laser is an effective addition to the cutaneous laser armamentarium.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

A clinical study of hair removal using the long-pulsed ruby laser.

BACKGROUND: Laser hair removal is rapidly becoming a widely used modality. Clinical studies are needed to assess these hair removal systems. The long-pulsed ruby laser is one such modality for the removal of unwanted hair. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of the long-pulsed ruby laser (694 nm, 3-msec pulsewidth, 7- or 10-mm spot size) in removing unwanted hair, and to provide treatment guidelines for the proper utilization of this laser system. METHODS: Forty-eight areas of unwanted facial and body hair from 25 patients with blonde, brown, or black hair were treated with the long-pulsed ruby laser at fluences between 10 and 40 J/cm2. Hair regrowth was measured at 4 weeks after the first treatment, 4 weeks after the second treatment, 4 weeks after the third treatment, and 16 weeks after the third treatment by counting the number of terminal hairs compared with baseline pretreatment values. All complications and treatment outcomes were documented. RESULTS: The mean percent of regrowth after the first treatment was 65.5%, 41% after the second treatment, and 34% after the third treatment. Overall, regardless of skin type or targeted body region, patients who underwent three treatment sessions demonstrated an average 35% regrowth in terminal hair count compared with baseline pretreatment values 6 months after initial therapy. CONCLUSION: Long-pulsed ruby laser treatment resulted in significant hair growth delay in most cases. Repeated laser treatments produced an increased number of vellus hairs, an increase in growth delay, and a decreased percentage of hair regrowth.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1996

Q-switched ruby laser application is safe and effective for the management of actinic lentigo (topical glycolic acid is not).

A study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of single q-switched ruby laser exposure to erase actinic lentigo. A peeling fluid containing glycolic acid designed to treat lentigines was evaluated comparatively. Ten female patients presenting with actinic lentigines on the forearms and dorsal aspects of their hands were treated with the q-switched ruby laser on the right side. Single ruby laser irradiation of actinic lentigines on the dorsal aspects of forearms and hands caused transient crusting due to exfoliation of the epidermal surface, which generally lasted for 2 weeks. Four weeks after treatment total fading of the lesions was evident. Topical application of peeling fluid applied on the left forearms caused burning sensations, local irritation and superficial scaling but could not clear the lentigines. A single course of q-switched ruby laser exposure is safe and efficient for the management of actinic lentigines, as it completely clears these obvious signs of aging. Topical treatment of lentigines using a commercial peeling solution leads to moderate or severe irritation and is ineffective.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1996

Treatment of small and medium congenital nevi with the Q-switched ruby laser.

BACKGROUND: The Q-switched ruby laser has been used successfully to treat a variety of benign pigmented lesions. In this study, congenital nevi (diameter, < or = 5 cm) in 18 prepubertal children were treated with the Q-switched ruby laser. OBSERVATIONS: Photographic evaluation revealed an average of 57% clearance of pigmentation in all treated nevi by the fourth treatment session and an average maximum clearance of 76% after approximately eight sessions. Greater than 90% clearance of pigment was attained in five patients. Partial repigmentation was seen in all patients who were followed up after discontinuation of therapy. Findings from histopathologic studies, obtained from one patient, revealed reduction of nevus cells in papillary dermis and upper reticular dermis that correlated with clinical lightening. There was no such reduction in the lower reticular dermis. side effects were limited to transient erythema and hypopigmentation. CONCLUSIONS: The Q-switched ruby laser effectively lightens and may clear pigmentation and eliminate superficial nevus cells from small and medium congenital nevi safely without scarring. However, these results are not permanent. The Q-switched ruby laser may be a viable alternative for providing cosmetic improvement for unresectable lesions, but it should not be considered definitive treatment. Additional studies are needed to address the long-term results of this therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Development of an Efficient Regeneration and Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Protocol for Hosta 'Light Star' Using the RUBY Reporter Gene.

Hosta plantaginea is a perennial shade-tolerant herb of the Liliaceae family, with high ornamental and urban greening value. Hosta 'Light Star' is a newly developed ornamental cultivar with yellow-margined leaves and lilac flowers, but no efficient in vitro regeneration or genetic transformation system has been established for this cultivar to date. In this study, we established a highly efficient in vitro regeneration system for Hosta 'Light Star,' and developed an Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation protocol using the RUBY visual reporter gene for non-invasive screening of positive transformants. The optimal callus induction medium was MS + 2 mg/L 6-BA + 0.3 mg/L NAA + 0.05 mg/L 2, 4-D, with a callus induction rate of 53.33% for leaf explants (the optimal explant for sterile seedlings). The optimal adventitious bud proliferation medium was MS + 2 mg/L 6-BA + 0.1 mg/L NAA, with a proliferation coefficient of 5.87. The optimal rooting medium was 1/2 MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L IBA, with a 100% rooting rate. The optimal transplant substrate was perlite:vermiculite = 2:1, with a 100% transplant survival rate after acclimatization. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the optimal infection parameters were as follows: Agrobacterium suspension OD600 = 0.6, infection time of 10 min, and 200 μM acetosyringone; the optimal selection conditions were 300 mg/L cefotaxime for bacteriostasis and 30 mg/L hygromycin for transformant screening. The final stable transformation efficiency was 2.50% (95% CI 1.23-3.77%), with an escape rate of 16.13%. Transgenic plants showed distinct purplish-red coloration in roots, stems, and leaves, with significantly higher betacyanin accumulation than wild-type plants (p < 0.05). Stable integration and expression of the RUBY gene were confirmed by PCR, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR. This study establishes the first efficient regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for Hosta 'Light Star,' and validates the feasibility of the RUBY reporter gene as a visual marker for Hosta transformation. This system provides a solid technical platform for functional genomic studies, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, and molecular breeding of ornamental traits in Hosta.

Transformation, Genetic↗

PubMed1999

Long- and short-term histological observations of congenital nevi treated with the normal-mode ruby laser.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate histologically the long- and short-term changes associated with cosmetic improvement or failure of normal-mode ruby laser treatment of patients with congenital nevi. DESIGN: A biopsy of the laser-treated lesions of 10 patients with good or poor cosmetic results was performed at periods up to 8 years 10 months after treatment (mean, 4 years 9 months). Short-term findings were evaluated in 3 patients. SETTING: Ueda Setsuko Clinic and the Dermatology Unit of the Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. PATIENTS: Of the 85 Japanese patients with relatively large congenital nevi who had been treated with the normal-mode ruby laser since 1990, 13 gave informed consent for biopsy and histological examination of the treated area. RESULTS: A long-term follow-up study of the 8 patients with good cosmetic results showed the presence of residual nevus cells 1.11 +/- 0.35 mm (mean +/- SD) (range, 0.63-2.05 mm) below the skin surface. Above these cells was a layer of connective tissue that formed a subtle microscopic scar that preserved the normal structure of the papillary dermis. Hair follicles were damaged at the base, and the hairs were attenuated. However, in the 2 patients with poor cosmetic results, nests of pigmented cells were commonly seen in the epidermis, and melanin was relatively abundant in basal keratinocytes. No malignant changes were observed in any patient. A short-term study in 3 patients showed damage to pigmented cells in the epidermis and upper dermis as observed following electrodesiccation. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple treatments with the normal-mode ruby laser produced immediate thermal damage to the superficial nests of nevus cells and a subsequent remodeling of the superficial connective tissue. When the thickness of the subtle microscopic scar reached 1 mm, it masked the underlying residual nevus cells and achieved a good cosmetic result. Follow-up for at least 8 years after laser treatment showed no evidence of malignant change in the treated areas.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Histologic effects of ruby laser hair removal in Japanese patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hair removal by lasers has recently become a popular method to remove unwanted hair. However, histologic changes in human skin before and after exposure to lasers have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to clarify the differences that occur immediately after laser exposure and 1 month after laser exposure. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight adult Japanese volunteers were recruited for this study. They were treated with a long pulsed ruby laser at 20 J/cm(2). A single 3-mm punch biopsy of the laser-treated sites was obtained immediately after laser irradiation and at the 1-month follow-up visit, and they were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin, PAM, and immunohistological staining. RESULTS: Immediately after laser exposure, hair follicles were very damaged and had extensive eosinophilic degeneration. One month after laser therapy, one type of hair follicle showed cystlike formations with negative proliferating cell nuclear antigen reactions (PCNA). Another type of hair follicle showed follicular mitotic figures with cytoplasmic halos. Early anagen hair follicles were apparently not treated effectively by ruby laser. CONCLUSION: Ruby laser leads to extensive follicular damage, and hair follicles considered to be at early anagen phase were not effectively treated. This may be the reason several courses of laser therapy are required to obtain satisfactory results.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Ruby laser hair removal: evaluation of long-term efficacy and side effects.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although several studies on laser-assisted hair removal have been published, data on long-term follow-up are few. The present study investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of normal-mode ruby laser pulses on hair removal. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The normal-mode ruby laser (Epilaser; 694 nm, 3 msec) was used to treat a wide range of body sites in 51 volunteers. The mean follow-up after the last treatment was 8.37 months. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of the patients had sparse regrowth. The mean fluence used was 46.5 J/cm(2) in patients who had sparse hair regrowth and 39.3 J/cm(2) in patients who had moderate hair regrowth (P = 0.0127). Transient pigmentary changes occurred most frequently in patients with skin type 4. CONCLUSION: The normal-mode ruby laser is an efficient and safe method for long-term hair reduction, especially in fair-skinned individuals with dark hair. Higher fluences produce greater long-term efficacy. Adverse effects are minimal and transient.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

An improved formulation of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain: comparison with the original formulation and with a ruthenium II tris (bathophenanthroline disulfonate) formulation.

SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain is compatible with a variety of imaging platforms since it absorbs maximally in the ultraviolet (280 nm) and visible (470 nm) regions of the spectrum. Dye localization is achieved by noncovalent, electrostatic and hydrophobic binding to proteins, with signal being detected at 610 nm. Since proteins are not covalently modified by the dye, compatibility with downstream proteomics techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry is assured. The principal limitation of the original formulation of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain, is that it was only compatible with a limited number of gel fixation procedures. Too aggressive a fixation protocol led to diminished signal intensity and poor detection sensitivity. This is particularly apparent when post-staining gels subjected to labeling with other fluorophores such as Schiff's base staining of glycoproteins with fluorescent hydrazides. Consequently, we have developed an improved formulation of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain that is fully compatible with commonly implemented protein fixation procedures and is suitable for post-staining gels after detection of glycoproteins using the green fluorescent Pro-Q Emerald 300 glycoprotein stain or detection of beta-glucuronidase using the green fluorescent ELF 97 beta-D-glucuronide. The new stain formulation is brighter, making it easier to manually excise spots for peptide mass profiling. An additional benefit of the improved formulation is that it permits staining of proteins in isoelectric focusing gels, without the requirement for caustic acids.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Tattoo removal Q-switched ruby laser (694 nm) and the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 and 1064 nm). A retrospective study].

In a retrospective study 47 patients with 68 amateur and 25 professional tattoos were examined, considering clearance of tattoo pigments and the frequency of side effects after finished treatments with the Q-switched ruby (694 nm) and the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 and 1064 nm). Black amateur tattoos were found to lighten faster than professional tattoos (13.2 and 18.6 treatments respectively). For the clearance of multicolored tattoos (amateur or professional), similar numbers of laser treatments were needed. Green pigments were removed with the Q-switched ruby laser and red pigments with the frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). Compared to the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), the Q-switched ruby laser and the frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) more often caused blistering and transient hypopigmentation (5.4% and 7.5% vs. 1.1% (blisters); 8.6% and 15.1% vs. 4.3% (hypopigmentation).

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The Q-switched ruby laser in glaucoma.

A pilot study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a Q-switched ruby laser in the treatment of both pupillary-block (10 eyes) and open-angle glaucoma (4 eyes). All patients had either poor visual acuity or had previously failed with conventional surgery. We created a patent iridotomy in all eyes, with one pulse in eight. Three of the four eyes with open-angle glaucoma had an intraocular pressure decrease of at least 15 mmHg after angle treatment. The major complication of Q-switched ruby iridotomy was blood and pigment within the anterior chamber obscuring the view of the iris. There were no apparent complications noted with Q-switched ruby angle treatment. The potential advantages, complications, and future uses of Q-switched lasers in glaucoma are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Damage to hair follicles by normal-mode ruby laser pulses.

BACKGROUND: Although many temporary treatments exist for hirsutism and hypertrichosis, a practical and permanent hair removal treatment is needed. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the use of normal-mode ruby laser pulses (694 nm, 270 microseconds, 6 mm beam diameter) for hair follicle destruction by selective photothermolysis. METHODS: Histologically assessed damage in ex vivo black-haired dog skin after the use of different laser fluences was used to design a human study; 13 volunteers with brown or black hair were exposed to normal-mode ruby laser pulses at fluences of 30 to 60 J/cm2, delivered to both shaved and wax-epilated skin sites. An optical delivery device designed to maximize light delivery to the reticular dermis was used. Hair regrowth was assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months after exposure by counting terminal hairs. RESULTS: Fluence-dependent selective thermal injury to follicles was observed histologically. There was a significant delay in hair growth in all subjects at all laser-treated sites compared with the unexposed shaven and epilated control sites. At 6 months, there was significant hair loss only in the areas shaved before treatment at the highest fluence. At 6 months, four subjects had less than 50% regrowth, two of whom showed no change between 3 and 6 months. Transient pigmentary changes were observed; there was no scarring. CONCLUSION: Selective photothermolysis of hair follicles with the normal-mode ruby laser produces a growth delay consistent with induction of prolonged telogen with apparently permanent hair removal in some cases.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Treatment of small nevomelanocytic nevi with a Q-switched ruby laser.

BACKGROUND: Small nevomelanocytic nevi are common and some are of cosmetic concern. Conventional therapy may cause a scar or permanent hypopigmentation. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether selective photothermolysis of pigmented cells by Q-switched ruby laser treatment removes small nevomelanocytic nevi in a nonscarring fashion. METHODS: Twelve patients with 18 small nevomelanocytic nevi were treated with a Q-switched ruby laser (694 nm, 28 nsec) at fluences of 8 J/cm2. Biopsy specimens were obtained after treatment at varying time intervals. RESULTS: Twelve lesions (67%) showed a complete response and six lesions (33%) had a partial response. The only adverse sequela observed was mild fibrosis of the papillary dermis, without loss of papillary architecture. CONCLUSION: The Q-switched ruby laser is effective in removing small melanocytic nevi. However, some might recur depending on the depth of the nevomelanocytic nests.

Female↗

PubMed1999

Laser-assisted hair removal: side effects of Q-switched Nd:YAG, long-pulsed ruby, and alexandrite lasers.

BACKGROUND: Laser-assisted hair removal has become popularized using wavelengths in both the red and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. These photoepilation devices target follicular melanin or an exogenous pigment placed within the follicle resulting in thermal damage to the hair follicle and shaft. However, melanocytes and keratinocytes located within the superficial layers of the skin also absorb red and infrared laser radiation. This may result in unwanted epidermal injury during the hair removal process. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine a large patient population to determine the frequency of side effects using 3 different hair removal laser systems with various wavelengths, pulse durations, and treatment protocols. METHODS: A retrospective chart review and digital photographic analysis of the side effects resulting from 900 consecutive laser-assisted hair removal treatments delivered over a 24-month study period, by means of either a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with pretreatment wax-epilation and topical carbon solution, a long-pulse ruby laser with a contact cooling tip, or a long-pulse alexandrite laser are reported. RESULTS: Treatment pain, erythema, edema, hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, blistering, crusting, erosions, purpura, and folliculitis were observed. The majority of undesirable tissue effects occurred on tanned skin or in Fitzpatrick skin phototypes III and higher. The ruby and alexandrite laser systems resulted in the majority of side effects seen. The effects of seasonal variations, anatomic treatment location, and sun exposure were striking within the ruby and alexandrite laser groups. No infections, scarring, or long-term complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Laser-assisted hair removal is a safe procedure when patient characteristics such as skin type, anatomic location, and sun-exposed or tanned skin are considered during selection of laser treatment parameters. Lasers emitting wavelengths with high melanin absorption capabilities should be used in a conservative manner when treating patients with dark skin phototypes or suntans. No long-term complications, infections, or scarring occurred in this study population.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Flux growth of hexagonal bipyramidal ruby crystals.

Hexagonal bipyramidal ruby (Al2O3:Cr) crystals were easily grown by the evaporation of MoO3 flux isothermally. The crystal growth was conducted by heating a mixture of solute (Al2O3 + 0.5 mass% Cr2O3) and flux (MoO3) at 1100 degrees C, followed by holding the solution at this temperature for 5 h. The ruby crystals obtained lengths up to 1.8 mm and widths up to 1.7 mm and were transparent-red. Their form was a bipyramid bounded by well-developed {113} faces. Molybdenum trioxide was found to be a very suitable flux for growing bipyramidal ruby crystals.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Response of naevus of Ota to Q-switched ruby laser treatment according to lesion colour.

Lesions of naevus of Ota range in colour from light brown to blue, and even greenish-black. To develop guidelines for optimal treatment, we evaluated the number of Q-switched ruby laser treatments required to eliminate the pigmentation of such lesions classified by colour. Over a period of 6 years, we evaluated 151 Japanese patients with naevus of Ota who had been treated with the Q-switched ruby laser at a low energy level (wavelength 694.3 nm; pulse duration 28 x 10-9 s; energy fluence 5 J/cm2; spot size 6.5 mm) every 2 months. Each lesion was classified by colour as brown (n = 22), brown-violet (n = 42), violet-blue (n = 81) and blue-green (n = 6). The 22 predominantly brown lesions attained an excellent (100-95%) or good (95-75%) cosmetic result following three laser treatments in all patients who received this number of treatments. In the 42 brown-violet lesions, 25 of the 29 good or excellent results were achieved after four treatments; the 13 less successful results were in patients who had one to three treatments. In the 81 violet-blue lesions, 54 of the 65 good or excellent results were achieved after four treatments and 64 of 65 after five treatments, whereas all 16 less good results were in patients who had only one to three treatments. However, in the six blue-green lesions, six or more treatments were required to achieve a similarly favourable result. At the end of treatment, the area was virtually free of scarring, and its texture resembled that of the surrounding normal skin. We have confirmed that the use of the Q-switched ruby laser at a low energy level can eliminate the pigmentation of naevus of Ota. While the desired improvement can be obtained within 1 year, the number of treatments appears to depend on the predominant colour of the lesion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Treatment of acquired junctional melanocytic naevi by Q-switched and normal mode ruby laser.

BACKGROUND: Acquired junctional melanocytic naevi are harmless pigmented lesions of the epidermis, which can be of cosmetic concern. Various therapeutic approaches have been used in the treatment, but all these methods produce postoperative scarring or alterations in skin texture. Pigment laser treatment of benign pigmented lesions has shown a low potential for scarring by selectively targeting melanosomes in melanocytes and keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE: To find a fast, effective and safe treatment for the removal of acquired junctional melanocytic naevi. PATIENTS/METHODS: We first studied the effect of the Q-switched and normal mode ruby laser on 12 patients (eight women and four men) with acquired melanocytic naevi. The effect was monitored by histology and clinical photography. RESULTS: If the response to one treatment with the Q-switched laser mode was not completely effective, the lesions were subsequently treated with one or two sessions with the laser in normal mode. All flat lesions responded completely. After a follow-up period of 1 year they had not recurred. Slightly elevated lesions showed only a partial response, e.g. disappearance of the junctional part of the naevus but recurrence of the dermal part of the naevus. Red-brown junctional naevi as seen in skin types I and II did not respond well to ruby laser treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The Q-switched ruby laser was very successful in completely removing flat (non-palpable) acquired junctional melanocytic naevi, but not compound naevi, with one to three treatment sessions, without any scarring or pigmentary disturbance.

Adult↗