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PubMed2006

Food safety-related refrigeration and freezer practices and attitudes of consumers in Peoria and surrounding counties.

Government agencies have recently emphasized the importance of food safety. Reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses within the home requires American consumers to put government refrigeration and freezer recommendations into practice; however, little research has been conducted regarding the use of proper refrigeration and freezer storage practices by consumers. A random sample survey was conducted to examine attitudes and practices of proper refrigeration and storage techniques of consumers in Peoria County, Illinois, and to determine whether gender, age, education, and income level have an effect on these variables. Eighty-one of 500 random sample surveys mailed were returned between 10 January and 15 February 2005. The majority of the participants were female (56, 69.1%), were 50 to 59 years old (18, 22.2%), had a bachelor's degree (33, 40.7%), and had a reported total household income of 60,000 dollars or greater (39, 91.4%). Average attitudinal scores indicated that participants thought it was important to take proper steps to prevent foodborne illnesses in the home; however, 68.8% of participants scored poorly on the practice portion of the survey. Only 12.3% of participants stated that they had a thermometer in their freezer, and 24.7% had one in their refrigerator. Eighty-four percent of respondents did not store eggs correctly in the refrigerator. No significant relationships (P < 0.05) were found within this sample population. These results suggest that further evaluation of consumer practices and attitudes is needed to better understand consumers so that they can be effectively educated about the prevention of foodborne illnesses at home.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of refrigeration on tensile bond strength of three adhesive systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the tensile bond strengths of three adhesive systems applied to dentin at refrigerated and room temperatures. Ninety bovine incisor teeth were obtained, embedded in self-cured acrylic resin, abraded on a lathe under water spray and polished to 400 and 600 grit to form standardized dentin surfaces before randomly assigning to six groups (n = 15). The adhesive systems Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Single Bond and Prime & Bond NT were applied to dentin according to the manufacturers' instructions at refrigerated temperature (4 degrees C) and at room temperature (23 degrees C), before bonding resin-based composite (Z 100). The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and submitted to tensile bond strength tests on a universal testing machine (EMIC DL-2000) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. No statistical differences were found when the adhesive systems were applied at refrigerated and room temperatures. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and Single Bond had significantly stronger tensile bond strengths than Prime & Bond NT at room and refrigerated temperatures (p < 0.01). Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and Single Bond were statistically similar. No adverse effects upon tensile bond strength were observed when adhesive systems were taken directly from refrigerated storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride.

The stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride was studied. Vials of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose (Adriamycin) were reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, to provide a drug concentration of 2 mg/ml. Samples were refrigerated (4 C) for up to one year and frozen (-20C) for 30 days then assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. One sample was assayed then refrozen each test period. Refrigerated and frozen samples showed no substantial loss of potency after six months and one month of storage, respectively. Filtration through a 0.22-micron filter did not affect potency. Degradation products were not detected, except for an unidentified small peak detected in the sample refrigerated for one year. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, when reconstituted with sterile water for injection, may be refrigerated for six months or frozen for one month without loss of potency.

Doxorubicin↗
PubMed1984

Normal levels of lymphotoxin secretion by freshly isolated and refrigerated human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation of leukocytes from 40 blood bank donors were incubated at 10(6) cells/ml for 24 h with 5 micrograms phytohemagglutinin/ml serum-free RPMI 1640 medium and secreted 34 +/- 6 U lymphotoxin/ml and 52 +/- 29 U interferon/ml. Addition of 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or acid-citrate-dextrose treated autologous plasma (AP) augmented lymphotoxin secretion 2-fold and interferon secretion 6-8-fold. Lymphotoxin alone was secreted in 39% of serum free cultures. Both lymphotoxin and interferon were secreted in the presence of FBS or AP. Lymphocytes refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 18 h secreted upon serum-free culture similar levels of lymphotoxin as fresh cells but cultures secreting lymphotoxin alone increased from 39 to 77%. Lymphotoxin secretion by refrigerated lymphocytes was similar in the presence or absence of FBS or AP. Interferon secretion by refrigerated lymphocytes in the presence of FBS or AP, however, increased 30-40-fold approaching levels produced by freshly isolated cells and indicating that the modulatory effects of refrigeration, FBS, and AP affected interferon not lymphotoxin secretion. The levels of lymphotoxin and interferon secreted by lymphocyte populations producing both lymphokines, furthermore, varied independently of one another providing additional evidence for the dissociability of their secretion yet possible dependence of interferon upon lymphotoxin secretion. The ability to reliably quantitate lymphotoxin secretion using refrigerated lymphocytes permits transport of lymphocytes to laboratories performing quantitative bioassay of the lymphokine. This should facilitate further evaluation of the presence and role of lymphotoxin in immunopathological and other disease states.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of in-home boiling and refrigeration on bacterial load of pasteurized milk]

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of in-home boiling of pasteurized milk in reducing the bacterial load and the ability of the refrigeration in preserving the milk after boiling.METHODS: Thirty samples of pasteurized milk bought in São Paulo, Brazil, were submitted to in-home boiling procedure at the laboratory. Portions of samples were taken before and after boiling, and after 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours under refrigeration for microbiological analyses. Methods used were mesophilic bacteria count, and coliforms and Escherichia coli (E.coli) enumeration.RESULTS: No sample presented mesophilic bacteria count above the Brazilian standard for pasteurized milk. E.coli was not recovered from any sample. Ten samples (33%) had coliform bacteria; of these, 3 samples (10%) were above the standard. Mesophilic bacteria count after boiling was significantly lower than before boiling. After 24 hours under refrigeration, mesophilic bacteria count was significantly higher than after boiling. No significant differences were found between the intervals of 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours under refrigeration. Samples before boiling presented significantly higher coliform bacteria. No coliform bacteria were recovered at any time after boiling.CONCLUSIONS: In-home boiling of milk reduced bacterial load, while refrigeration kept bacteria under low counts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Use of refrigeration as a practical means to preserve viability of in vitro-cultured IDE8 tick cells.

In vitro cultivation of the IDE8 cell line, derived from embryonic Ixodes scapularis ticks, constitutes an important system for the study of tick-borne pathogens, as these cells support growth of rickettsial species which are not normally transmitted by this tick. However, since cryopreservation of IDE8 cells is not always successful, there is a need to develop alternative ways to preserve these cells. In the present study, a suspension of IDE8 cells in culture medium was kept under refrigeration at 4 degrees C for up to 60 days. Every 15 days, the suspension was mixed and aliquots were re-cultured in 2-ml tubes, under standardized conditions. In addition, three techniques for cryopreservation, using two different cryoprotectants (DMSO and glycerol), were evaluated. Medium changes were carried out every week and subculturing every 2 weeks. The development of cultures and their respective subcultures, after returning to standard culture temperature, was evaluated by percentage viability and by cellular morphology evaluated in Giemsa-stained cytocentrifuge smears. All cultures and subcultures appeared healthy, showing growth rates comparable to cultures that had not been kept under refrigeration. The results demonstrated that storage under refrigeration at 4 degrees C is an efficient method for preservation of IDE8 cells for up to 60 days and that refrigeration may be preferable to cryopreservation for short-term preservation of IDE8 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Intestinal content accelerates muscle protein degradation in red shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) during refrigeration: Insights from metagenomics and metabolomics.

This study systematically explored the effects of intestinal components on muscle quality deterioration and protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigerated storage. The results demonstrated that refrigeration induced continuous quality degradation and muscle protein breakdown in red shrimp, whereas eliminating intestinal tissues effectively retarded muscle spoilage and protein degradation, and optimized muscle texture. The intestinal microorganisms could secrete extracellular proteases to promote muscle protein degradation were primarily Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. These microorganisms promote protein degradation by secreting zinc proteases, serine proteases, and aspartyl proteases. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of intestinal microbial metabolism influences the muscle protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigeration. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for precise regulation of intestinal-targeted microorganisms, thereby maintaining optimal quality of shrimps during refrigeration.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Refrigerator content and hospital admission in old people.

We assessed whether the refrigerator contents of elderly people could be related to subsequent admission to hospital. 132 patients aged over 65 years had a thorough assessment of their refrigerator contents and the numbers and dates of admission were recorded. Elderly people with empty refrigerators were more frequently admitted (p=0.032) in the month after assessment and three times sooner than those who did not have empty refrigerators (34 vs 100 days, p=0.002).

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Tracking spoilage bacteria in commercial poultry processing and refrigerated storage of poultry carcasses.

Four trials were conducted to examine the effect of commercial processing and refrigerated storage on spoilage bacteria in the native microflora of broiler carcasses. Prescalded, picked, eviscerated, and chilled carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing facility, and psychrotrophs in the bacterial flora were enumerated on Iron Agar, Pseudomonas Agar, and STAA Agar. The size of the population of spoilage bacteria on processed carcasses stored at 4 degrees C for 7, 10, or 14 days was also determined. Bacterial isolates were identified and dendrograms of the fatty acid profiles of the isolates were prepared to determine the degree of relatedness of the isolates. Findings indicated that although some processing steps increased the level of carcass contamination by selected bacteria, the number of spoilage bacteria recovered from processed carcasses was significantly (P< or = 0.05) less than the number of bacteria recovered from carcasses entering the processing line. Acinetobacter and Aeromonas spp. were the primary isolates recovered from carcasses taken from the processing line. During refrigerated storage, there was a significant (P < or =0.05) increase in the population of bacteria on the carcasses, and Pseudomonas spp. were the predominant bacteria recovered from these carcasses. Dendrograms of the fatty acid profiles of the isolates indicated that bacterial cross-contamination of carcasses occurs during all stages of processing and that some bacteria can survive processing and proliferate on carcasses during refrigerated storage. Furthermore, cross-contamination was detected between carcasses processed on different days at the same facility. Findings indicate that although poultry processing decreases carcass contamination by psychrotrophic spoilage bacteria, significant levels of bacterial cross-contamination occur during processing, and bacteria that survive processing may multiply on the carcasses during refrigerated storage.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Emissions of the refrigerants HFC-134a, HCFC-22, and CFC-12 from road traffic: results from a tunnel study (Gubrist Tunnel, Switzerland).

This study presents the quantification of the emissions of the refrigerants CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), and HFC-134a (CF3CH2F) from road traffic in Switzerland. These gases are used as refrigerants in car air conditioning systems (A/C-systems) and in cool aggregates for refrigeration transport. All three substances act as greenhouse gases, and CFC-12 and HCFC-22 are in addition stratospheric ozone depleting chemicals. The measurements have been performed in a highway tunnel in the area of Zürich and cover a large number of individual vehicles, which are thought to be representative of a typical European car fleet. The average emission rates per vehicle were found to be 1.0 +/- 0.2 mg h(-1) for CFC-12, 0.6 +/- 0.4 mg h(-1) for HCFC-22, and 6.2 +/- 0.8 mg h(-1) for HFC-134a. These emission factors have been measured for driving vehicles and represent an average emission rate for all types of vehicles regardless of whether they are equipped with an A/C-unit or not. For an average vehicle equipped with an A/C-unit, these results translate into losses of about 14 mg h(-1) for HFC-134a and 20-30 mg h(-1) for CFC-12, when the estimated distribution of HFC-134a-A/C-units (45%) and CFC-12-A/C-units (3-5%) in the car fleet were taken into account. The emissions of CFC-12 and HFC-134a were mainly attributed to the losses from A/C-systems of passenger cars, whereas the emissions of HCFC-22 originate from losses of refrigeration systems of transport trucks. The observed emissions are discussed in respect to their environmental impact and compared to the overall greenhouse gas emissions of road traffic.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1987

Bacteriological quality of raw human milk: effect of storage in a refrigerator.

Eighty-seven breast milk samples were obtained from 63 mothers of infants on the neonatal intensive care unit of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. The samples were cultured for bacteria immediately after collection (0 h) and then stored in a domestic refrigerator from where cultures were repeated at 6-hourly intervals for 24 h. At 0 h, three (3.4%) of the samples were sterile; 56 (64%) grew coagulase negative staphylococci, and one (1.1%) Streptococcus viridans. Thus, 60 (69%) of the samples were either sterile or contained only skin commensals. Twenty-nine (31%) grew potential pathogens--coagulase positive staphylococci in two (2.3%) and mixed growth of staphylococci, coliforms and klebsiella in 25 (28.3%). During the 24 h storage in the refrigerator, bacteria multiplied in 50 and their growth was inhibited in 32 of the samples. But the mean bacterial count at any time during the 24 h was not significantly different from that at the beginning of the storage in the refrigerator. It is proposed that expressed breast milk stored in a domestic refrigerator can be given safely to infants within 24 h of collection if heavy contamination is prevented at the time of collection.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Effect of chemical decontamination and refrigerated storage on the isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from heat-treated milk.

AIMS: To assess the impact of chemical decontamination and refrigerated storage before culture on the recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from heat-treated milk. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five-millilitre samples of ultra heat-treated (UHT) milk spiked with Myco. paratuberculosis NCTC 8578, B4 or 806R (ca 10(6) CFU ml(-1)) were heated at 63 degrees C for 20 or 30 min by submersion in a water bath. Heat-treated milk (0.5 ml) was cultured immediately into BACTEC 12B medium or refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 48 h before culture. Milk samples that received a 20-min heat treatment were also subjected to decontamination with 0.75% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) for 5 h at room temperature before inoculation into BACTEC 12B medium when tested immediately and after 48 h at 4 degrees C. BACTEC vials were monitored for evidence of growth over an 18-week incubation period at 37 degrees C. CPC decontamination resulted in a significant reduction in the number of culture-positive milk samples recovered immediately after heating (P < 0.05) and after refrigerated storage for 48 h (P < 0.01). Refrigerated storage for 48 h before testing did not have any significant effect, beneficial or detrimental, on Myco. paratuberculosis recovery rates. CONCLUSIONS: CPC decontamination applied to milk immediately or 48 h after heating will adversely affect the recovery of viable Myco. paratuberculosis, possibly leading to nonrecovery of the organism although viable cells are present in the original milk sample. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Published pasteurization studies in which milk samples were decontaminated before culture will have underestimated the survival capability of Myco. paratuberculosis after high-temperature, short-time pasteurization. CPC decontamination should not be applied to pasteurized milk in future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Lactic acid concentration as an indicator of acceptability in refrigerated or freeze-thawed ground beef.

Lactic acid concentrations increased in refrigerated and freeze-thawed anaerobically stored ground beef. Bacterial counts were higher in refrigerated samples, but the ratios of gram-positive bacteria in refrigerated and freeze-thawed samples were the same. No differences in appearance or odor between refrigerated and freeze-thawed samples were noted after 2 days of aerobic storage. Initial lactic acid concentration can be used to predict the shelf life of frozen beef.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2002

Effects of refrigeration and alcohol on the load of Aeromonas hydrophila in oysters.

Members of the bacterial genus Aeromonas are widely distributed throughout the environment and are readily cultured from a variety of foods. One member of this genus, Aeromonas hydrophila, has been reputed to be a significant cause of gastrointestinal disease. In this study, we examined the effects of refrigeration and alcohol on the level of A. hydrophila in oysters. Specifically, vodka was examined because it is used by the food service industry in preparation of Oysters Romanoff. One set of oysters was shucked on receipt, whereas others were refrigerated intact for 7 days at 5 degrees C. The oysters were blended and the numbers of A. hydrophila present determined using starch ampicillin agar. Oysters were also shucked and placed on the half shell with 5 ml of vodka for 10 min. The oysters were then washed and presumptive A. hydrophila levels determined in both the washate and homogenate. On the day of purchase, the average number of presumptive A. hydrophila found was 7.6 x 10(4) CFU/g of oyster meat. After 7 days of refrigeration, the average number had increased to 3.2 x 10(5) CFU/g of oyster meat. In the oysters treated with vodka, the average number of A. hydrophila present internally was 9.9 x 10(4) with high numbers (10(3) to 10(4)) isolated from the oyster surface. From these data, it is clear that refrigeration and alcohol treatment are not sufficient to reduce loads of A. hydrophila in or on oysters.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2004

Home storage temperatures and consumer handling of refrigerated foods in Sweden.

The lack of data on consumer refrigeration temperatures and storage times limits our ability to assess and manage risks associated with microbial hazards. This study addressed these limitations by collecting data on temperatures and storage handling practices of chilled foods. Consumers from 102 households in Uppsala, Sweden, were instructed to purchase seven food items (minced meat, fresh herring fillets, soft cheese, milk, sliced cooked ham, vacuum-packed smoked salmon, and ready-to-eat salad) and to store them using their normal practices. They were interviewed the next day, and food temperatures were measured. In general, there were no significant relations between temperature and characteristics of the respondents (e.g., sex, age, education, age of the refrigerator). Mean storage temperatures ranged from 6.2 degrees C for minced meat to 7.4 degrees C for ready-to-eat salad. Maximum temperatures ranged from 11.3 to 18.2 degrees C. Data were not significantly different from a normal distribution, except for ready-to-eat salad, although distributions other than the normal fitted data better in most cases. Five percent to 20% of the food items were stored at temperatures above 10 degrees C. Most respondents knew the recommended maximum temperature, but less than one fourth claimed to know the temperature in their own refrigerator. Practical considerations usually determined where food was stored. For products with a long shelf life, stated storage times were different for opened and unopened packages. The current situation might be improved if consumers could be persuaded to use a thermometer to keep track of refrigerator temperature.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Irish domestic refrigerators possess novel enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like genes and are clonal in nature.

A previous study carried out by the National Food Centre in Dublin on bacterial contamination of Irish domestic refrigeration systems revealed that 41% were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred fifty-seven S. aureus isolates were screened by multiplex PCR analysis for the presence of 15 staphylococcal enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like genes (sea-see, seg-sei, selj-selo, and selq) and the toxic shock toxin superantigen tst gene. Of the refrigerator isolates, 64.3% possessed more than one staphylococcal enterotoxin or staphylococcal enterotoxin-like gene. All bar one of the 101 staphylococcal enterotoxin or staphylococcal enterotoxin-like gene-positive strains possessed the egc locus bearing the seg, sei, selm, seln, and selo genes. Twelve random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) types accounted for 119 (75.8%) of the strains, two of these types accounting for 25 (RAPD type 1, 15.9%) and 52 (RAPD type 5, 33.1%), respectively. All of the RAPD type 5 isolates possessed the egc gene cluster only. The RAPD type 5 amplicon profile was identical to that of S. aureus isolates associated with osteomyelitis in broiler chickens in Northern Ireland that also possessed the egc locus only. However, the RAPD type 5 domestic refrigerator and chicken isolates differed in penicillin G sensitivity, production of Protein A and staphylokinase, and crystal violet agar growth type. These findings highlight that the average Irish household refrigerator harbors potential enterotoxin-producing S. aureus that may or may not be of animal origin and, accordingly, is a potential reservoir for staphylococcal food poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Changes in gasometric values as a result of plastic syringes refrigeration].

With the objective to carry out a quality control check on the storage of arterial blood samples in order to take postponed gasometric measurements, the authors designed an experimental comparative study of paired blood samples, one in refrigerated plastic syringes and the other kept at room temperature to study the effectiveness or not of refrigerating this type of syringes. The results obtained in this study contradict the rules of protocols currently in use since these results, advise against the refrigeration of this material since that produces a significant increase in the values of partial oxygen pressure. However, the changes in pH and pCO2 do not show any significant statistical importance. The authors provide an explanation to this phenomenon and they recommend that working protocols be corrected to not refrigerate blood samples if these are taken with common plastic, polypropylene, syringes.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed1976

The endothelial function of donor corneas: effects of delayed enucleation and refrigeration.

The endothelial viability of rabbit corneas subjected to various forms of cadaveric and moist chamber storage was evaluated by means of the specular microscope and the rate of stromal deturgescence during a temperature reversal response. Delays in the postmortem enucleation and refrigeration of potential donor corneas was shown to be detrimental to the functioning of the endothelium. To best preserve the endothelial function of donor corneas, the eyes should be removed as soon after death as possible and refrigerated at 4 degrees C. Refrigerated cadaveric storage was found not to be a substitute for early enucleation and refrigeration of the corneas. The limitations in the use of the rate of stromal deturgescence during a temperature reversal response as a quantitative indicator of endothelial function are discussed.

Animals↗