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Results for “Psychosocial development”

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PubMed1994

Physical education teachers' behaviors as related to pupils' psychosocial development in curricular and extracurricular settings.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether teachers' behaviors related to pupils' psychosocial development would differ when physical education teachers taught curricular physical education lessons and when they coached extracurricular school teams. Subjects were 22 physical education teachers who taught and coached basketball in northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. One physical education lesson on basketball and one basketball practice were videotaped for each subject. These tapes were then coded for frequency of teachers' reactive and spontaneous behaviors with the Coaching Behavior Assessment System. A one-way analysis of variance test indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the rates teachers used all behaviors during lessons and practices. Hotelling-Lawley trace tests and subsequent repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated that teachers provided significantly higher rates of punitive mistake-contingent technical instruction, general technical instruction, and general encouragement during extracurricular practices and used a significantly higher rate of behaviors aimed at keeping control during curricular lessons. Unlike previous research on skill-related behaviors, the results did not indicate that teachers' performance suffered dramatically during curricular lessons when compared with performance in extracurricular practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial development and life experiences in adulthood: a 22-year sequential study.

In this study, a model was tested postulating reciprocal relationships between psychosocial development and life experiences in adulthood. A sequential design compared college alumni (n = 99) who were age 20 in 1966, age 31 in 1977, and 42 in 1988 (Cohort 1) with college alumni (n = 83) who were 20 in 1977 and 31 in 1988 (Cohort 2). Path analyses testing specific hypotheses provided partial support for the reciprocal model. For Cohort 1 men, lower socioeconomic levels at age 31 were associated with higher industry versus inferiority scores at age 42. For Cohort 1 women, higher identity scores at the age of 31 predicted full-time homemaker status by age 42. The findings from 20 to 31 years were more consistent for Cohort 2, with college psychosocial scores predictive of greater success and commitment in the areas of occupation and family life. Differences between the cohorts were interpreted in terms of sociohistorical factors including differential socialization between men and women in the 1960s versus the 1970s, as well as peculiarities of the period of the 1960s that appeared to influence specifically men who were in college.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Nursing management of the school-age child with bowel incontinence: utilizing Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

Fecal incontinence due to physical and emotional factors can be devastating to the self-esteem of a child in the school setting. Approaches to the nursing management of a child with this condition are evaluated. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is used to analyze compensatory behaviors in the child, and to plan a system of nursing care that will foster autonomy. Dorothea E. Orem's conceptual framework of nursing, a self-care model, is the base for developing a comprehensive plan of care for the child to normalize mastery of psychosocial tasks.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

The influence of brain abnormalities on psychosocial development, criminal history and paraphilias in sexual murderers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the number and type of brain abnormalities and their influence on psychosocial development, criminal history and paraphilias in sexual murderers. We analyzed psychiatric court reports of 166 sexual murderers and compared a group with notable signs of brain abnormalities (N = 50) with those without any signs (N = 116). Sexual murderers with brain abnormalities suffered more from early behavior problems. They were less likely to cohabitate with the victim at the time of the homicide and had more victims at the age of six years or younger. Psychiatric diagnoses revealed a higher total number of paraphilias: Transvestic fetishism and paraphilias not otherwise specified were more frequent in offenders with brain abnormalities. A binary logistic regression identified five predictors that accounted for 46.8% of the variance explaining the presence of brain abnormalities. Our results suggest the importance of a comprehensive neurological and psychological examination of this special offender group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Abnormal psychosocial development and legal responsibility--results of psychopathometric studies].

The introduction (1968) of the legal concept of Grave Abnormal Development of the Personality Amounting to a Disorder into the penal code, made possible criminal deculpation on the basis of psychosocial maldevelopment. On the basis of an intelligence- and personality-diagnostic test-battery (Psychopathometry), the findings obtained in the examination of a sample of culprits on probation under this legal provision, has been compared with a control group homogeneous in respect of the significant parameters. Psychopathometric methods can and should reasonably supplement expertises of this culprits with defective psychosocial development.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1993

[Forensic psychiatric diagnoses and assessment of abnormal psychosocial development].

Introduction of the concept of severely abnormal personality development in the legal code in the former GDR in 1968 (section 16, para 1) made acquittal of criminals possible where abnormal psychosocial development was proved. So far, however, statistically based criteria for the classification of this legal decision were lacking. The authors compared, using statistical methods, severely pathological abnormal personality development and a group of subject homogenized on the basis of substantial parameters. Mainly due to multivariance methods they were able to visualize different syndromes which are characterized by the given criteria of severely abnormal personality development.

Forensic Psychiatry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Early separation of the mother and infant and psychosocial development. I. Theoretical considerations].

Considerable concern has been expressed that separation of mother and child following birth may interfere with early parent - child relationships and give rise to problems in the later psychosocial development of the child. This review highlights recent studies about the delays in maternal attachment to the child, the negative maternal perception of the child compared with the expectation of an "average" baby, the persistent parental anxiety, the effects that early separation can have at least short-term, but also long-term, influences on patterns of parental behavior and on the development of the children.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Postnatal foraging demands alter adrenocortical activity and psychosocial development.

Mother squirrel monkeys stop carrying infants at earlier ages in high-demand (HD) conditions where food is difficult to find relative to low-demand (LD) conditions. To characterize these transitions in psychosocial development, from 10- to 21-weeks postpartum we collected measures of behavior, adrenocortical activity, and social transactions coded for initiator (mother or infant), goal (make-contact or break-contact), and outcome (success or failure). Make-contact attempts were most often initiated by HD infants, but mothers often opposed these attempts and less than 50% were successful. Break-contact attempts were most often initiated by LD infants, but mothers often opposed these attempts and fewer LD than HD infant break-contact attempts were successful. Plasma levels of cortisol were significantly higher in HD than LD mothers, but differences in adrenocortical activity were less consistent in their infants. HD and LD infants also spent similar amounts of time nursing on their mothers and feeding on solid foods. By rescheduling some transitions in development (carry-->self-transport), and not others (nursing-->self-feeding), mothers may have partially protected infants from the immediate impact of an otherwise stressful foraging task.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Psychosocial development, self-concept, and gender.

Undergraduate students (N = 88; 51 males and 37 females) completed the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS; Fitts, 1965) and the identity versus identity diffusion and intimacy versus isolation scales from Constantinople's (1969) Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD). Strong positive correlations were found between ego identity and all aspects of self-concept for both males and females. Different results emerged for the intimacy versus isolation crisis, however. For males, all aspects of self-concept were related to a sense of intimacy, but for females intimacy was related only to the behavioral and interpersonal aspects of self-concept. The implications of these findings are discussed and the contingency of intimacy upon ego identity is questioned with regard to females.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Explaining excessive rates of cesareans and other childbirth interventions: contributions from contemporary theories of gender and psychosocial development.

The current rate of cesarean sections in the U.S. is too high. Numerous mothers and babies are being placed at unnecessary risk of medical, behavioral and psychological complications. The problem has proven resistant to solution on a large scale, despite serious efforts on the part of a variety of individuals and groups. This paper considers reports on the interactions between obstetricians and mothers in labor in light of findings and theory in the areas of gender and psychosocial development. Examination of processes and standards of care in light of these findings and theory leads to the conclusion that the present model of obstetric services is consistent with a masculine style, and offers far less than optimal care for women. In fact, the gender-inappropriate elements of the model itself probably contribute to the excessive rates of interventions in labor. Social, political and historical factors are seen to support the obstetric model as is, leading to some pessimism about the possibility that the model could be modified sufficiently without major social change. The obstetric model is compared briefly with the more gender appropriate model of care provided by midwives.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1992

Interferences in psychosocial development of seriously health-impaired and physically disabled children. Educational implications.

Improvements in neonatal care and medical intervention have dramatically increased the number of seriously health-impaired and physically disabled children who now survive to enroll in elementary and secondary schools. Investigation into the post-secondary status of those populations reveals that few of them are employed or living independently. Some researchers have recently found that the disappointing status of these individuals correlates more significantly with psychosocial factors than with intelligence or severity of the disability. This paper describes the circumstances which typically surround children with serious chronic illness or physical disability in the context of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development and suggests strategies for educators regarding the social development of such individuals during the elementary and secondary school years.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Early mother-infant separation and psychosocial development. II. Longitudinal study on 42 subjects].

It is the purpose of the present investigation to obtain some information as they can be drown from the activity of our follow-up for premature babies and infants at higher risk. The main objectives of the study were: - to evaluate the aspects of parent's emotional status and parent-infant interaction in the first year of life; - to evaluate possible effects of the early separation on later development of the children. We have observed 42 LBW infants (hospitalized at birth for a period of one-three months) and their parents for 7-8 years. Our study has included: interviews with parents, observation of interaction, clinical examinations, designs. Recurrent interactive patterns have been defined in their peculiarities in the first year of life. Patterns of later psychosocial development are also exposed: they are strictly related to the kind of the precocious interaction.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Psychosocial development and problems in early adulthood: developmental psychological characterization of an important segment of the life cycle].

Young adulthood represents a genuine developmental phase in the life cycle. In its transitional position it shares many traits with the developmental process in youth and adulthood. Among its central developmental problems are: establishing a secure personal identity, forming mature friendships and mature intimate relationships, reorientation of family ties, building up a core of ideological values, selecting a long-term vocation, finding one's bearings, looking to the future. The perspective of "normative crisis" vs "continuous transformation" is discussed. Ths significance of the patterns of adaptation found in young adulthood for further psychosocial development is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Psychosocial development and moral development: an exploratory comparison of adolescents in Japan and America.

Building on previous cross-cultural research, this exploratory study examined the comparative psychosocial and sociomoral development of 46 adolescents--22 Japanese in Japan, 10 Japanese in the United States, and 14 Euro-Americans in the United States. Euro-American participants obtained more positive scores than Japanese in the United States and Japanese in Japan on six psychosocial stages and the total psychosocial score as measured by the Measures of Psychosocial Development. Except in the Contract/Truth domain, all groups scored at a comparable level in sociomoral development as measured by the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form. Results are discussed in terms of cultural differences affecting adolescent development with implications for research and professional practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Psychosocial development and school success: what more can be done?

Extensive studies today support the linkage between optimized social and emotional learning and both ultimate school success and constructive behaviors. Consequently, there is the potential to enhance the quality-of-life experiences for many children who are not currently exposed to programs that have been proven to contribute to social and emotional learning. For this reason, maximal advocacy efforts are warranted to increase the availability of social and emotional learning programs for children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Cognitive and psychosocial development of 4-year-old children whose mothers were treated antenatally with betamethasone.

The present study was part of a larger study investigating the long-term development of children of mothers included in a controlled trial of betamethasone therapy in preterm labor, the purpose was to determine whether there are any benefits or hazards of treatment detectable up to the seventh year of life. The first 318 children of mothers included in the trial because of spontaneous premature labor were selected for study. Of 305 survivors, 258 (84.6%) were included in this phase of the study. Detailed tests of psychological development, together with assessments of psychosocial background, were made during the fifth year. Of the 258 children 144 were in the betamethasone group and 114 were control patients. Despite a heavy weighting of the betamethasone group with more prematurely delivered infants and more boys (resulting from improved perinatal survival of these children associated with betamethasone therapy), no significant differences emerged between the groups in measures of outcome. It was concluded that betamethasone therapy, under the conditions of the original trial, was not hazardous to cognitive development as measured in this study.

Betamethasone↗
PubMed1992

[Psychosocial development in cystic fibrosis].

This brief review outlines of the current research on psychosocial stress and coping of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and of their families. Next to medical facts aspects of normal development as well as specific problems in individual periods of life are presented proceeding from an individual to a familial view. Requirements for a comprehensive bio-psychosocial care are raised. Flexible models of care have to take into account the circular process of individual and familial coping with chronic disease. Helpful support of CF-Patients and their families requires interdisciplinary cooperation in the CF-team.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Food insufficiency and American school-aged children's cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates associations between food insufficiency and cognitive, academic, and psychosocial outcomes for US children and teenagers ages 6 to 11 and 12 to 16 years. METHODS: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were analyzed. Children were classified as food-insufficient if the family respondent reported that his or her family sometimes or often did not get enough food to eat. Regression analyses were conducted to test for associations between food insufficiency and cognitive, academic, and psychosocial measures in general and then within lower-risk and higher-risk groups. Regression coefficients and odds ratios for food insufficiency are reported, adjusted for poverty status and other potential confounding factors. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding variables, 6- to 11-year-old food-insufficient children had significantly lower arithmetic scores and were more likely to have repeated a grade, have seen a psychologist, and have had difficulty getting along with other children. Food-insufficient teenagers were more likely to have seen a psychologist, have been suspended from school, and have had difficulty getting along with other children. Further analyses divided children into lower-risk and higher-risk groups. The associations between food insufficiency and children's outcomes varied by level of risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that negative academic and psychosocial outcomes are associated with family-level food insufficiency and provide support for public health efforts to increase the food security of American families.

Adolescent↗