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PubMed2026

Genome-Resolved Functional Profiling of Osteoporosis-Associated Gut Bacteria Highlights Putative Metabolic and Immunogenic Signatures of the Gut-Bone Axis.

The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential regulator of bone metabolism, but the genome-encoded functional repertoire of osteoporosis-associated gut bacteria remains insufficiently characterized. This study performed in silico functional profiling of gut bacterial taxa associated with osteoporosis, low bone mineral density, or comparator bone-related phenotypes. Twenty candidate taxa were selected from evidence in the human microbiome and represented by 26 curated bacterial reference genomes. Genome-wide annotations were used to map predicted gut-bone axis signatures, carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) repertoires, selected Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, and gutSMASH-predicted metabolic gene clusters. Functional burdens were normalized as hits per 1000 annotated proteins and integrated into metabolic, immunogenic, CAZyme, KEGG, and metabolic gene cluster profiles. Twelve predicted gut-bone axis signatures were identified, comprising 3337 primary candidate protein hits and a strict high-confidence subset of 2497 hits. Dominant signatures included vitamin B12/cobalamin metabolism, folate/one-carbon metabolism, peptidoglycan/cell-wall biosynthesis, and short-chain fatty acid-related functions. Dialister invisus, Dialister succinatiphilus, Megamonas funiformis, and Megamonas hypermegale showed the strongest normalized predicted gut-bone axis signal. These hypothesis-generating findings prioritize microbial metabolic and immunogenic features for future metagenomic, metabolomic, and experimental validation studies.

Osteoporosis↗
PubMed2026

Protein-protein interactions reveal key genes in rice response to salt stress: a meta-analysis.

The salt-tolerant genes (STGs) play important roles in protecting plants against salt stress. Although various types of STGs have been systematically characterized in plant species, the key genes (KGs) regulating salt stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) remain elusive. This study focused on the identification and characterization of the members of STGs in rice through integrated bioinformatic and molecular approaches, including chromosomal location, physicochemical characteristics, protein-protein interaction, and expression profiles of the identified genes. A total of 164 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were systematically identified as responsive to salt tolerance and sorted out potential 12 kg (OsHSP20.2, OsGFP2, OsBBTI2, OsEN20.6, OsUBC17, OsACD5, OsPEAB5, OsDP11, OsDFP5, OsWD40.7, OsEP11.1, and OsGRAM12) through the CytoHubba algorithms analysis. Physicochemical characterization indicated substantial variation among KGs, including genomic sequences (824-4051 bp), amino acid length (148-659 aa), molecular weight (16.39-71.35 kDa), and isoelectric point (4.66-10.37). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network prediction indicated intricate functional associations among key STGs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the KGs are involved in numerous biological processes and molecular functions. Moreover, gene homology results revealed that KGs have multiple relationships with other plant species. Co-expression network analysis revealed that 12 kg are potentially involved in the regulatory mechanisms underlying the biological process. Relative gene expression through the comparative threshold (ΔΔCT) of qRT-PCR revealed that the KGs are salt-induced and may play crucial roles in rice responses to salt stress. Tissue-specific expression patterns revealed that the KGs significantly altered expression levels across different tissues and under stress. This systematic investigation demonstrated that the 12 identified genes may play roles in the development of salt-tolerant rice varieties.

Oryza↗
PubMed2025

Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Modulating Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins and Gut Microbiota in Predialysis CKD Patients: Matched Case-Control Study.

KEY POINTS: A reduction of indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and several short-chain fatty acids was seen in sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor-treated CKD patients. Variations in gut microbiota composition are correlated with levels of gut-derived uremic toxins in sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor-treated CKD patients. BACKGROUND: The intricate interplay between CKD and intestinal microbiota has gained increasing attention, with gut dysbiosis being implicated in uremic toxin accumulation and CKD progression. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are now transforming CKD management but pose uncertain effects on shaping gut microbiota. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of SGLT2i on perturbations of gut microbial composition and metabolic responses in patients with CKD. METHODS: Analysis of fecal microbiota and targeted profiling of serum short-chain fatty acids and gut-derived uremic toxins were conducted in a matched case-control study, including 60 patients with CKD (treated: n=30; untreated: n=30) and 30 non-CKD controls. RESULTS: Gut microbial composition differed significantly among the three study groups. Patients with CKD receiving SGLT2i exhibited distinctive taxonomic profiles, such as enrichment of Bacteroides stercoris and Bacteroides coprocola. Surveys of metabolomic profiles revealed a reduction of two uremic solutes, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), and several short-chain fatty acids (formic, acetic, propionic, valeric, and 2-methylbutanoic acid) in SGLT2i-treated CKD patients. Co-occurrence analysis demonstrated a set of intestinal microbes that is positively or negatively correlated with the levels of pCS, and the abundance of these pCS-associated intestinal microorganisms was correlated with the levels of indoxyl sulfate and isovaleric acids in the same and opposite direction, respectively. Further functional prediction indicated attenuated pathways related to protein and carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with SGLT2i in patients with CKD is associated with distinct gut microbial composition and metabolite profiles, suggesting potential modulation of gut dysbiosis and metabolic pathways. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical implications of these findings in CKD management.

CKD↗
PubMed2025

ERCnet: Phylogenomic Prediction of Interaction Networks in the Presence of Gene Duplication.

Assigning gene function from genome sequences is a rate-limiting step in molecular biology research. A protein's position within an interaction network can potentially provide insights into its molecular mechanisms. Phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary rate covariation (ERC) in protein sequence has been shown to be effective for large-scale prediction of functional relationships and interactions. However, gene duplication, gene loss, and other sources of phylogenetic incongruence are barriers for analyzing ERC on a genome-wide basis. Here, we developed ERCnet, a bioinformatic program designed to overcome these challenges, facilitating efficient all-versus-all ERC analyses for large protein sequence datasets. We simulated proteome datasets and found that ERCnet achieves combined false positive and negative error rates well below 10% and that our novel "branch-by-branch" length measurements outperforms "root-to-tip" approaches in most cases, offering a valuable new strategy for performing ERC. We also compiled a sample set of 35 angiosperm genomes to test the performance of ERCnet on empirical data, including its sensitivity to user-defined analysis parameters such as input dataset size and branch-length measurement strategy. We investigated the overlap between ERCnet runs with different species samples to understand how species number and composition affect predicted interactions and to identify the protein sets that consistently exhibit ERC across angiosperms. Our systematic exploration of the performance of ERCnet provides a roadmap for design of future ERC analyses to predict functional interactions in a wide array of genomic datasets. ERCnet code is freely available at https://github.com/EvanForsythe/ERCnet.

Gene Duplication↗
PubMed2025

In silico prediction of the impact of genomic variations in the small conductance calcium activated potassium channel SK3 structure and function.

The small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SK3, encoded by the KCNN3 gene, plays a critical role in regulating dopaminergic neuron (DN) firing patterns by modulating after hyperpolarization currents. SK3 dysfunction has been implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. We analyzed structural and functional consequences of KCNN3 splicing and genetic variation. Alternative splicing variants of the KCNN3 gene were retrieved from the Ensembl database and aligned using T-Coffee, manually inspected and curated. Protein domains were identified with Pfam 35.0, SMART 9.0, and InterPro 98.0, and visualized. An AlphaFold2 model of SK3 full-length protein (UniProt: Q9UGI6) used as reference and structural models of its splicing variants were predicted with ColabFold. Functional domains (S1-S6 transmembrane helices, H5 pore loop, and calmodulin-binding) were defined and superimposed onto the AlphaFold2 reference. Domain integrity was assessed based on completeness of all expected residue indices within each functional region. SNPs and CNVs across all coding KCNN3 splicing variants were analyzed, classified, and filtered to isolate pathogenic variants prioritizing non-synonymous amino acid substitutions. Differential variant impacts across splicing isoforms were assessed by mapping variant positions to individual transcript protein sequences and used to predict functional consequences. Two long and two short splicing variants are known. Short variants lack the motif required for potassium channels. Pathogenic variants result from missense mutations resulting in amino acid substitutions. In all cases, the consequential effects depend on the specific location and role of the amino acid being changed.

SK3 channels↗
PubMed2026

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the hemiparasitic Taxillus sutchuenensis (Loranthaceae).

Taxillus sutchuenensis, an ecologically and medicinally important hemiparasitic plant that parasitizes diverse woody hosts, was sequenced to generate a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly. PacBio HiFi long reads, RNA-seq transcriptome data, and Hi-C data were used to assemble a 406.32 Mb genome anchored onto nine pseudo-chromosomes, with a scaffold N50 of 45.59 Mb. The assembly showed high completeness and accuracy, supported by BUSCO (93.6%) and Merqury QV (70.6) assessments. The LTR Assembly Index (LAI) of 13.98 indicated excellent continuity. A total of 21,795 protein-coding genes were predicted, with 94.46% functionally annotated. Repetitive sequences accounted for 50.05% of the genome, primarily LTR retrotransposons. This genome provides a valuable resource for investigating the evolution, functional genomics, and parasitic mechanisms of hemiparasitic plants.

Genome, Plant↗
PubMed2024

Searching for new plastic-degrading enzymes from the plastisphere of alpine soils using a metagenomic mining approach.

Plastic materials, including microplastics, accumulate in all types of ecosystems, even in remote and cold environments such as the European Alps. This pollution poses a risk for the environment and humans and needs to be addressed. Using shotgun DNA metagenomics of soils collected in the eastern Swiss Alps at about 3,000 m a.s.l., we identified genes and their proteins that potentially can degrade plastics. We screened the metagenomes of the plastisphere and the bulk soil with a differential abundance analysis, conducted similarity-based screening with specific databases dedicated to putative plastic-degrading genes, and selected those genes with a high probability of signal peptides for extracellular export and a high confidence for functional domains. This procedure resulted in a final list of nine candidate genes. The lengths of the predicted proteins were between 425 and 845 amino acids, and the predicted genera producing these proteins belonged mainly to Caballeronia and Bradyrhizobium. We applied functional validation, using heterologous expression followed by enzymatic assays of the supernatant. Five of the nine proteins tested showed significantly increased activities when we used an esterase assay, and one of these five proteins from candidate genes, a hydrolase-type esterase, clearly had the highest activity, by more than double. We performed the fluorescence assays for plastic degradation of the plastic types BI-OPL and ecovio® only with proteins from the five candidate genes that were positively active in the esterase assay, but like the negative controls, these did not show any significantly increased activity. In contrast, the activity of the positive control, which contained a PLA-degrading gene insert known from the literature, was more than 20 times higher than that of the negative controls. These findings suggest that in silico screening followed by functional validation is suitable for finding new plastic-degrading enzymes. Although we only found one new esterase enzyme, our approach has the potential to be applied to any type of soil and to plastics in various ecosystems to search rapidly and efficiently for new plastic-degrading enzymes.

Humans↗
PubMed2025

A high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of Xingan mandarin (Citrus reticulata 'Xingan'), a primitive Mandarin type.

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is broadly recognized as one of the foremost citrus crops globally. Our study identified the Xingan mandarin (Citrus reticulata 'Xingan') as a primitive type found near Maoer Mountain. This report provides a high-resolution, chromosome-scale genome assembly for the Xingan mandarin. The total size of the genome assembly is an impressive 325.12 Mb, including contig N50 and scaffold N50 values of 29.32 Mb and 29.62 Mb, respectively. Notably, we successfully anchored approximately 93.08% of the assembled sequences onto nine pseudochromosomes. Our predictions identified 30,581 protein-coding genes, 166 miRNAs, 415 tRNAs, 728 rRNAs, 325 snRNAs, and 659 snoRNAs. We were able to predict the functions of 27,242 genes, constituting 89.08% of the total protein-coding genes. A notable finding of our study was the high degree of genome synteny between the Xingan mandarin and the Mangshan mandarin (Citrus reticulata 'Mangshan'), reinforcing their genetic similarity. The acquisition of the chromosome-level genome for the Xingan Mandarin represents a significant milestone, laying an indispensable foundation for rigorous molecular investigations of this species. Moreover, it is poised to invigorate advanced research in comparative genomics within the Citrus genus.

Citrus↗
PubMed2025

Genomics-informed drug-repurposing strategy identifies two therapeutic targets for preventing liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction.

Identification of drug-repurposing targets with genetic and biological support is an economically and temporally efficient strategy for improving the treatment of diseases. We employed a cross-disciplinary approach to identify potential therapeutics for the prevention of metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in at-risk individuals by using humans as a model organism. We identified 212 putative candidate genes associated with MASLD by using data from a large multi-ancestry genetic association study, of which 158 (74.5%) were previously unreported. From this set, we identified 57 genes that encode for druggable protein targets and for which the effects of increasing genetically predicted gene expression on MASLD risk align with the function of that drug on the protein target. We then used We then evaluated these potential targets for evidence of efficacy by using Mendelian randomization, pathway analysis, and protein structural modeling. Through these approaches, we present compelling evidence to suggest that the activation of FADS1 by icosapent ethyl, as well as S1PR2 by fingolimod, could be a promising therapeutic strategy for MASLD prevention.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A synonymous NPR2 variant causes acromesomelic dysplasia through aberrant pre-mRNA splicing.

Precise regulation of pre-mRNA splicing is essential for normal development, and its disruption represents an important but frequently underrecognized mechanism of human disease. The C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) receptor NPR2 is a critical regulator of growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and loss-of-function variants in NPR2 cause acromesomelic dysplasia, Maroteaux type (AMDM). Here, we identify a homozygous synonymous NPR2 variant (NM_003995.4:c.2484C > T) in an individual with AMDM and demonstrate its pathogenic mechanism at the RNA level. Although predicted to be silent at the protein level, in silico analysis suggested splice donor gain. Functional analysis using patient-derived leukocyte RNA revealed aberrant splicing leading to partial exon truncation, frameshift, and premature termination of NPR2 which is predicted to trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay given its position upstream of multiple downstream exon-exon junctions. Heterozygous family members expressed both normal and aberrant transcripts, whereas the affected individual showed exclusive expression of the aberrant isoform, consistent with a dosage-dependent loss-of-function mechanism. These findings establish aberrant splicing induced by a synonymous variant as a disease-causing mechanism affecting a core developmental signaling pathway. Our study highlights the importance of transcript-level functional analysis in the interpretation of rare variants and underscores the central role of precise RNA processing in skeletal development and human disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Polyoma virus. The early region and its T-antigens.

The DNA sequence of the early coding region of polyoma virus is presented. It consists of 2739 nucleotides. The sequence predicts that more than one reading frame can be used to code for the three known polyoma virus early proteins (designated small, middle and large T-antigens). From the DNA sequence, the 'splicing' signals used in the processing of viral RNA to functional messenger RNAs can be predicted, as well as the sizes and sequences of the three proteins. Other unusual aspects of the DNA sequence are noted. Comparisons are made between the DNA sequences and the predicted amino acid sequences of the respective large T-antigens of polyoma virus and the related virus Simian Virus (SV) 40.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2026

Proteomic and machine learning analysis predicts treatment response signatures in Myasthenia Gravis.

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical antibody-mediated autoimmune disease with variable treatment responses with a need for biomarkers to guide therapeutic decision making. Proteomic profiling, coupled with machine learning, offers a hypothesis-free approach to identify multi-protein signatures associated with treatment response. METHODS: We analyzed sera collected at entry (baseline) from participants in a phase 3 trial randomized trial comparing thymectomy plus prednisone versus prednisone alone, along with matched controls using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We derived disease-specific proteomic signatures and evaluated associations between baseline proteins and 6-month clinical outcomes using multiple machine-learning approaches with internal validation. RESULTS: Baseline serum proteomes distinguished MG from controls, with pathway enrichment implicating complement activation, immunoglobulin production, and T-cell receptor signaling. Distinct protein panels predicted 6-month clinical improvement within each treatment arm. In the thymectomy-plus-prednisone group, models captured non-linear relationships of predictive proteins in contrast with the predominant additive patterns observed in the prednisone-alone group. Predictive proteins were enriched for T-cell signaling and leukocyte trafficking functions, providing insight into treatment-specific biology. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline serum proteomics captures core disease characteristics of MG and predicts short-term clinical response in a treatment-specific manner. While our results require validation in independent cohorts, these findings could enable biomarker-guided selection of thymectomy, refine risk stratification, and furnish mechanistic readouts for future MG trials and clinical care. We aim to conduct future studies using -omic approaches to validate these baseline predictive biomarkers and pathways of treatment response in patients with MG.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Rare pathogenic NR2F2 (COUP-TFII) variants as potential etiological causes in pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases (CHDs).

OBJECTIVES: Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are complex genetic disorders, and their genetic basis is not yet fully understood. Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2 (NR2F2 or COUP-TFII) encodes a transcription factor which is expressed at high levels during mammalian development. Few studies have identified heterozygous and rare variants in the NR2F2 gene in individuals with CHD. This study aimed to evaluate the association between pathogenic genetic alterations in NR2F2 with CHD risk. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on a group of 135 patients (83 boys and 52 girls) with various types of non-hereditary, isolated CHD who were undergoing open-heart surgery. Additionally, 95 matched healthy children without syndromic or isolated heart abnormalities were selected. RESULTS: Using Sanger sequencing, we identified 5 heterozygous single nucleotide variants in exons 2 and 3 of the NR2F2 gene. These variations were novel and not present in any genomic variation databases. Four of the variations were missense mutations (p.Pro159Arg, p.Ser329Phe, p.Qln338Pro, and p.Tyr348Ser) and one was a synonymous variant (p.G361 = ) in the coding region. Importantly, in silico results indicated that the missense variants had pathogenic effects on protein function. Additionally, the missense variants substantially altered the predicted structure of COUP-TFII. CONCLUSION: The results we obtained not only validate the correlation between NR2F2 mutations and CHDs but also have significant potential for guiding new preventive and therapeutic strategies. This could contribute to the advancement of medical interventions in the fields of cardiology and genetics.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Chromosomal-level genome assembly of Trypanosoma carassii, the etiologic agent of a recent outbreak of trypanosomiasis in cage-cultured large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China.

Trypanosoma carassii, a typical freshwater fish trypanosome, has recently been identified as the etiological agent of a trypanosomiasis outbreak in cage-cultured large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China and has been designated as T. c. larimichthys. To date, publicly available genomic data for trypanosomes have been limited to terrestrial species, particularly those of medical importance. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of T. carassii, the first genome of an aquatic trypanosome, generated using PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding technologies. A preliminary genome survey based on Illumina sequencing data estimated the genome size at 56.38 Mb with a heterozygosity of 1.17%. The final assembled genome spans 48.55 Mb, with contig N50 and scaffold N50 values of 139.15 Kb, and achieves 100.00% BUSCO completeness. Hi-C data resolved the assembly into 34 chromosomes and 9 unanchored scaffolds. Repetitive elements account for 53.29% of the genome (approximately 25.87 Mb). A total of 11,584 protein-coding genes were predicted, 95.36% of which were functionally annotated. Synonymous substitution rates analysis of paralogous genes indicates a recent burst of gene duplication, which likely corresponds to a whole-genome duplications. This high-quality genome assembly provides invaluable resources for understanding the evolution and host adaptation of aquatic trypanosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of the porcupine fish (Diodon hystrix).

The porcupinefish (Diodon hystrix), a coral reef teleost, is widely distributed in tropical/subtropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans, and Mediterranean Sea. It shares easily recognizable features with pufferfish, such as body inflation and spines. Additionally, its culinary value makes D. hystrix a highly desirable species in many tropical coastal regions, with considerable market potential. However, lack of a high-quality genome hindered further studies on its reproduction, molecular biology, and genomic improvement. Here, we assembled the chromosome-scale genome using PacBio HiFi, ultra-long reads, and Hi-C. Of the 713.62 Mb genome, 98.63% anchored to 23 chromosomes (scaffold N50: 31.52 Mb) with 39.82% repetitive sequences. The assembled genome achieved a BUSCO completeness score of 97.7%, with 23,171 protein-coding genes predicted, 22,221 of which were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analysis identified D. hystrix's evolutionary relationships with other species in the Tetraodontiformes. In summary, the high-quality genome of D. hystrix sheds light on valuable insights into genome size evolution, and provides a valuable resource for exploiting genomic study and breeding applications in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Chromosome-level genome assembly of Manglietia pachyphylla.

Manglietia pachyphylla, an endangered evergreen tree within the Magnoliaceae family, is renowned for its exceptional ornamental value in landscape horticulture. Despite its classification as a Category II nationally protected plant species in China, the genetic basis of its adaptive traits and conservation priorities remains poorly understood. To address this, we present the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of M. pachyphylla utilizing an integrated approach combining PacBio HiFi long-read and Hi-C chromosome conformation capture sequencing technologies. The assembled genome spans 2.15 Gb (contig N50 = 43.57 Mb), exhibiting a heterozygosity rate of 0.78% and repeat content of 78.64%, predominantly comprising long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (52.86%). Hi-C scaffolding anchored 99.57% of the assembly to 19 pseudochromosomes, achieving a BUSCO completeness score of 96.4%. Annotation revealed 42,505 putative protein-coding genes, with 84.46% of predicted genes were functionally annotated. Phylogenomic analysis positioned M. pachyphylla and Oyama sieboldii clustered together in a well-supported group. This high-contiguity genome assembly enables future investigations into adaptive evolution, functional genomics, and evidence-based conservation strategies for this endangered species.

Chromosomes, Plant↗
PubMed2026

A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes).

Nicandra physalodes, a member of the Solanaceae family, is known for its medicinal potential and strong natural insect-repellent properties, which are mainly attributed to its bioactive withanolides and alkaloids. Despite its ecological and pharmacological significance, genomic information for this species has remained limited. Here, we generated a chromosome-level reference genome for N. physalodes based on PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi) long-read sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding. The assembled genome is 933.97 Mb in size, with a contig N50 of 87.37 Mb, and 99.95% (933.54 Mb) of the sequences anchored to 10 pseudochromosomes. Repetitive elements account for 73.06% of the genome, and 27,925 protein-coding genes were predicted, 97.81% of which were functionally annotated. This genomic resource provides a valuable foundation for investigating the genetic basis of specialized metabolite biosynthesis, insect resistance, and environmental adaptation in N. physalodes, as well as for comparative studies within the Solanaceae family.

Genome, Plant↗
PubMed2026

A chromosome-level assembly of the alpine snow alga Chloromonas typhlos.

Chloromonas typhlos is a cosmopolitan alpine snow alga distributed across continents, and its blooming accelerates snow melting by decreasing the amount of snow albedo. To elucidate the genetic traits underlying the adaptation of C. typhlos to the alpine habitat, we combined PacBio sequencing and Hi-C to generate a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly (contig N50: 1.29 Mb; scaffold N50: 7.23 Mb) with 31 chromosomes and a genome size of 200.86 Mb. Repetitive elements constituted 11.05% of the genome, and 16,133 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 82% were functionally annotated. This study provides a set of omics resources both for snow algae and the genus Chloromonas.

Snow↗