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PubMed1993

Novelty monitoring, metacognition, and control in a composite holographic associative recall model: implications for Korsakoff amnesia.

This article stems from a technical problem in composite-trace distributed models of human memory and particularly in the Composite Holographic Associative Recall Memory (CHARM) model. Briefly, the composite trace--used as a central construct in such models--can become catastrophically out of control. To solve the problem, a prestorage novelty-familiarity monitor and a simple control procedure need to be implemented. Eight lines of experimental evidence converge on the idea that output from such a novelty-familiarity monitor underlies people's metacognitive judgments of feeling of knowing. Breakdown of the monitoring-control mechanism produces Korsakoff-like symptoms in the model. Impairments in feeling-of-knowing judgments and the failure to release from proactive inhibition, both characteristic of Korsakoff amnesia, are thus attributed to a monitoring-control failure rather than to deficits in the basic memory system.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1977

Categorical encoding in short-term memory by retarded and nonretarded children.

The use of consonants and digits as encoding categories in short-term memory by 32 EMR children and 32 nonretarded children of the same CA was investigated. The task employed was a modification of the release from proactive inhibition technique similar to that used by Wickens, Born, and Allen (1963). Results indicated that digits and consonants are significant categories used for encoding in short-term memory by 10- to 12-year-old EMR and nonretarded children but that nonretarded children more effectively utilize consonant material as an encoding dimension than do CA-matched EMR children.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Spoken words and manual signs as encoding categories in short-term memory for mentally retarded children.

The release from proactive inhibition paradigm was used to test differential encoding of manual signs and spoken words by six severely retarded children. Scores for shift conditions were significantly different from scores for nonshift conditions on the last trial, indicating that manual signs were encoded differently from spoken words for short-term memory storage. Implications of separate encoding categories for the investigation of language processes were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The Brown-Peterson paradigm: a comparison of scoring methods.

The recall performance of three groups of nonretarded and one group of mentally retarded persons who were tested using the Brown-Peterson paradigm was compared on two scoring methods. In one method a point was assigned to each item of a triad correctly recalled; in the other a point was added when all three words were correctly recalled in the sequence in which they were presented. The slopes of the curves were steeper over groups and trials during build-up of proactive inhibition, as well as over trials during release, when scoring for sequence of recall than when not scoring for sequence of recall. Analyses of the proportion of times complete triads were recalled by the groups in the sequence in which they were presented revealed that that sequence did not differ reliably among the groups during build-up or release. The relatively higher performance by better performing groups when scoring for sequence of recall, and the ensuing interactions, can be attributed to level of recall and chance fluctuations in the incidence of that particular sequence rather than to some cognitive factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Short-term memory for color names using Stroop material.

A modified Stroop arrangement consisting of color names printed in ink of a different color was used in a release from the proactive inhibition (PI) paradigm. In Exp. 1, half of the subjects were informed prior to a trial whether they were to recall the colors or the color names while the remaining half were not informed in advance. After three trials, half of the subjects were shifted to recalling the other material while control subjects continued with the same recall material. Analysis indicated that (1) when subjects were informed in advance, PI release was found in a color name to color shift, but no PI release was found with a shift from color to color name, and (2) when subjects were not informed in advance, no PI release was observed in either shift condition. Exp. 2 replicated the not-informed condition and introduced a longer stimulus-exposure duration for 160 undergraduates. Except for higher recall scores, the same results were obtained. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in the kinds of encoding operations performed on colors and color names.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Lack of memory for nonattended items in dichotic listening.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate whether semantic information presented to the unattended ear in a dichotic listening experiment has a memory effect after 30 sec. In all three experiments the Brown-Peterson paradigm was employed. Experiment 1 used the release from proactive inhibition technique and found no evidence that semantic material presented to the unattended ear produced proactive inhibitory effects on attended ear material. Experiment 2 suggests that this result was not due to a memory deficiency resulting from a lack of intent to learn. Experiment 3 indicates that repetition of the same information for three trials to the unattended ear did not enhance memory performance when the material was later presented to the attended ear. Assuming that some semantic processing does occur at the time of input, an interpretation based upon the levels-of-processing approach was suggested as a possibility for explaining the negative results.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

The effect of R 58 735 (Sabeluzole) on memory functions in healthy elderly volunteers.

The effects of chronic treatment (5 mg b.i.d. for 2 days followed by 10 mg b.i.d. for 5 days) with R 58 735 on human memory functions were studied in healthy elderly (age greater than or equal to 50 years) volunteers in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Serial learning of nonsense syllables was better under R 58 735, and relearning 1 week after termination of the treatment was superior to relearning of similar material initially learned under placebo. Free recall of nonsense syllables was significantly better when these were learned under active compound. Proactive inhibition induced by consecutive presentation of word lists was attenuated by R 58 735. Short-term memory functions, retrieval accuracy from semantic memory and unprepared reaction times were unchanged. R 58 735 ameliorated both learning and recall in conditions of age-related mild hypofunction in healthy volunteers. The compound seems to have had positive effects on encoding and consolidation of new material.

Cognition↗
PubMed1994

Anterior frontal cortex and the effect of proactive interference in word pair learning--results of Brain-SPECT.

Technetium-99m-HMPAO-Brain-SPECT was performed twice in each of 12 right-handed students. The control condition was a standard word pair learning task. In the experimental condition, subjects had to overcome the detrimental effect that older memories exerted on the acquisition of new information (controlling proactive inhibition): they were presented with taxonomically similar words, which could easily be mixed up, and which reappeared in each list, but in different pairings. Results revealed an increase in right anterior frontal flow indices with the experimental condition. These results parallel the observed increase in negative event-related DC potential shifts. UHL et al. [J. cognit. Neurosci. 2, 373, 1990] recorded at frontopolar (Fp3, Fp4) scalp projections, although the extent of modulation was much higher for DC potentials (100%) than it was for SPECT (3%) thus suggesting different sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Titrating matching-to-sample performance: effects of drugs of abuse and intertrial interval.

Previous reports have shown that increasing the length of the intertrial interval (ITI) in a matching-to-sample schedule of reinforcement results in increased matching accuracy. This has traditionally been interpreted in the context of proactive inhibition, the disruption of memory for a stimulus as a consequence of events that occurred prior to the presentation of the stimulus. In an effort to more fully characterize a titrating matching-to-sample baseline, the effect of ITI ranging from 0-30 s was determined in pigeons trained to respond under the titrating matching-to-sample procedure. In addition, the effect of ITI length on the dose-response curve for pentobarbital, phencyclidine, D-amphetamine, and cocaine were determined. Surprisingly, performance under the titrating matching-to-sample was not altered as a function of ITI length, nor did the effects of the four drugs of abuse change as a function of ITI length. These results suggest that performance under the titrating matching-to-sample is under a different control than matching-to-sample using fixed delays.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1989

Conceptual encoding following severe closed head injury.

This investigation examined whether survivors of severe closed head injury encode semantic properties of to-be-remembered words and the relationship of such processing to frontal lobe functioning. Fourteen patients enrolled in rehabilitation and 12 controls were administered the Release from Proactive Inhibition paradigm involving trials of recalling words from the same category followed by a shift to a new category or continued presentation of identical material. Similar to the controls, patients demonstrated a facilitation in recall when the category shifted. An association between the amount of release and frontal lobe functioning (as evaluated by neuropsychological tests and magnetic resonance imaging) was not compelling and depended upon the particular measure of release that was utilized. Pending replication in a larger, more representative sample, we suggest that conceptual encoding is relatively preserved in long-term survivors. The failure to find a robust relationship between frontal lobe pathology and semantic encoding is discussed in light of other investigations suggesting an association.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMed2001

Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a study using event-related potentials in implicit and explicit tasks.

Although memory impairment is recognized as a major fact of schizophrenia, only a few studies have investigated memory impairments with specifically designed event-related potential (ERP) protocols. In this study, ERPs were recorded from 15 schizophrenia patients and 15 matched control subjects during implicit and explicit memory tasks for unfamiliar faces. The results showed that patients have a reduced modulation of an N400-like component in both the implicit and explicit tasks that suggests a deficient integration of incoming information with personal knowledge. Patients also displayed an enhanced frontally distributed activity in the explicit task that may represent an impairment in the integration of intrinsic contextual information, a disturbance in the ability to inhibit proactive interference or a combination of both processes. Finally, the modulation of the late positive component did not differ from that in control subjects in both implicit and explicit tasks, suggesting that the impairment in mnemonic binding processes suggested in schizophrenia is more qualitative, i.e. incomplete or inappropriate, due to the anomalies in antecedent processes. The correlations observed between impairments of ERP modulation and symptoms further support these interpretations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropsychological impairments in the syndromes of schizophrenia: a comparison between different dimensional models.

This study investigates the associations between the different symptom dimensions of schizophrenia and neuropsychological performances. Globally, the results replicate previously described associations. The "negative" dimension correlates with impaired sustained attention and working memory, thus suggestive of dorsolateral frontal cortex dysfunction. "Disorganization" correlates with the ability to inhibit proactive interference. thus with ventromedial frontal dysfunction. The results also add support to the view that the "psychotic" dimension described in three-dimension models includes in fact two distinct dimensions, (1) "hallucinations," here associated to episodic memory measures, and (2) "delusions", here associated to visuospatial attention, thus suggestive of mediotemporal and posterior neocortical dysfunction, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Memory functioning following a left medial thalamic hematoma.

A patient with a discrete, left medial thalamic hematoma developed a severe anterograde amnesia. The memory deficit was most consistent for verbal materials, but was also observed on several tests of figural memory. The patient appeared to have a normal short-term memory (STM) capacity, performed normally on a STM distractor task and was not abnormally sensitive to proactive inhibition. This case is evidence that unilateral damage to the medial thalamus alone can produce a severe memory deficit.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Testing memory for self-generated items in dementia: method makes a difference.

OBJECTIVE: To learn how pAD (probable Alzheimer's disease), PD+ ("Parkinson's Plus" syndrome), and control subjects remember internally generated material under different conditions. BACKGROUND: "Self-discovered," or internally generated knowledge, prized by educators and therapists, can bring about considerable behavioral change. Both parietal-temporal-limbic (pAD) and frontal-subcortical dementia (e.g. PD+) cause dysmemory, but may cause different internal-external memory bias. pAD subjects, confusing internal and external information (confabulation) and reporting internal information during memory testing (intrusions), may be biased to remember internal material. PD+ subjects, impaired at generative tests, may be externally biased. METHODS: Ten pAD, 5 PD+, and 10 control subjects generated words in a category without instruction to remember (INR), and took a list-learning test of incidental memory for internally and externally generated words. To test how INR influences memory, subjects then generated and attempted to recall four more words. RESULTS: All three subject groups remembered more internally generated than externally provided words without INR. Recall versus recognition of internally generated words differed by group, with PD+ subjects showing greatest improvement with recognition. The pAD subjects performed worse with INR than without INR, had the most intrusion errors, and, rather than demonstrating a release from proactive inhibition, recalled fewer words outside the category. Groups differed in overall recall/recognition improvement (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Aged subjects preferentially retained internally generated material. However, among demented subjects, memory for internally generated words was influenced by the testing method used. PD+ subjects have poor internal recall, but excellent internal recognition. In pAD, memory for internally generated words may exceed external memory, but only when subjects are not explicitly trying to remember.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Effects of phonological similarity and concurrent irrelevant articulation on short-term-memory recall of repeated and novel word lists.

The extent to which phonological similarity of list words impairs short-term-memory recall was investigated in two experiments. Experiment 1 showed that the phonological-similarity effect occurred both when list words were repeatedly sampled from a small set and when they were new on every trial, both when word-order information was required and when it was not. Furthermore, the adverse effect of phonological similarity on recall was apparent on the initial lists recalled, did not change over trials, and cannot be attributed to increasing levels of proactive inhibition across lists. In Experiment 2, subjects were required to count repeatedly to six during list presentation. Concurrent irrelevant articulation lowered recall and abolished the phonological-similarity effect for both repeated and novel word lists.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Memory functioning and emotional changes in early phase multiple sclerosis.

Memory functioning and emotional changes were evaluated in 26 early phase multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, as compared with 24 healthy controls. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to age, education, verbal intelligence, or general visual information processing abilities. The MS group performed significantly below controls on the recognition of nonsense visual stimuli. On most verbal memory test indicators, the MS group did not perform deficiently, but there emerged a between-group difference at trend level on a measure reflecting sensitivity to proactive inhibition. The MS patients reported emotional changes and increased levels of psychological symptoms in several areas. Memory task performance was not significantly correlated with subjective complaints of memory impairment, depressive symptoms, or degree of physical disability. However, subjective complaints of memory impairment were related to depression.

Journal Article↗