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PubMed1982

Increased uptake of serotonin by blood platelets from patients with bipolar primary affective disorder-bipolar type.

Active uptake of serotonin (5-HT) by blood platelets with bipolar primary affective disorder-bipolar type has been compared to that of their family members and healthy controls, and Km and Vmax values were calculated for each subject. The uptake of patients' platelets, as reflected by Vmax, was found to be significantly higher than that of healthy controls (P less than 0.05) and non significantly higher than that of family members (P less than 0.05). The average value obtained (in pmol/10(8) platelets/5 min) were 253.4 (patients), 199.7 (families), and 171.5 (controls). The increased uptake by patients' platelets was not dependent on the state of disease. In two families, daughters of the patients exhibited the same uptake pattern as their ill mothers. The Km values for patients, family members, and controls were all about 1.06 x 10(-6) M. This study raises the possibility that the differences between patients and healthy individuals might be attributed to genetic factors. The meaning and interpretation of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Erythrocyte soluble catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in primary affective disorder. A clinical and genetic study.

Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity was studied in 53 patients with primary affective disorders and 38 controls and in selected relatives. Patients with affective disorders tended to have higher activity levels than normals, after correcting for sex differences. The COMT activity was positively correlated between relatives and is heritable. Within families, elevation of COMT activity distingushed healthy relatives from probands and ill relatives. This suggests that COMT activity elevation and affective illness do not show independent assortment and implies that COMT activity identifies genetic vulnerability to affective order.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1982

Double-blind comparison of doxepin and desipramine in patients with primary affective disorder.

A double-blind comparison of doxepin versus desipramine was performed in carefully defined patients with research diagnosis of Primary Affective Disorder. While both drugs showed equal efficacy after 4 weeks, doxepin demonstrated a more rapid onset of action and surprisingly few side effects. Desipramine did not prove to be "activating" and did not worsen agitated depression. Although doxepin showed few autonomic side effects, it was nevertheless sedating, indicating that tricyclics with more anticholinergic effects are not necessarily more sedating drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A double-blind, controlled evaluation of zimeldine, imipramine and placebo in patients with primary affective disorders.

Zimeldine, imipramine and placebo were studied in a randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison of 119 patients with primary affective disorders. These out-patients were between 18 and 65 years of age and all received placebo single-blind during an initial 3-7-day washout period. During the subsequent 6-week double-blind period, patients were titrated from 50 mg b.d. to 150 mg b.d. with zimeldine, a potent and selective inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake, with imipramine, an inhibitor of noradrenaline and 5-HT reuptake, or with a corresponding number of placebo capsules. The zimeldine treatment group had significantly lower mean HAM-D scale total scores than the placebo and imipramine groups at week 4 and last available assessment. There was a significantly greater proportion of patients showing an improvement of 50% or more in HAM-D score, among the zimeldine group than in the placebo group at week 4, and among the imipramine group at weeks 4, 6 and last available assessment. The Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales and the 56-item Hopkins Symptom Check-list (HSCL-56) self-rating inventory both showed significantly more improvement in the zimeldine patients than in the placebo or the imipramine patients. Fewer zimeldine patients reported adverse experiences than imipramine patients. Dry mouth was the most frequently reported adverse experience, occurring significantly more often in the imipramine group than the zimeldine or the placebo groups; significantly more zimeldine than placebo patients reported dry mouth. Headache was the only other adverse experience which occurred more often in the zimeldine than in the placebo group. The imipramine group had consistently higher mean pulse rates than the other two groups, and postural hypotension was also more common in the imipramine group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The dexamethasone suppression test in outpatients with primary affective disorder and healthy control subjects.

The authors report data on the overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) from 64 patients with primary affective disorder (41 unipolar, 17 bipolar-depressed, and 6 bipolar-hypomanic) and 53 healthy control subjects. No difference between the patients and controls was noted in baseline 8:00 a.m. serum cortisol levels or in cortisol levels obtained after the administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone. Sixteen patients and 8 controls had 4:00 p.m. postdexamethasone cortisol levels higher than 5.0 micrograms/dl. The distribution of suppressors and nonsuppressors did not differ significantly between the two groups. Patient nonsuppressors had significantly higher baseline cortisol levels than did patient suppressors (p less than .001). Clinical parameters and family history data did not distinguish patient suppressors from nonsuppressors.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Schizophrenia-primary affective disorder discrimination. I. Development of a data-based diagnostic index.

A nine-variable diagnostic measure for discriminating schizophrenia and primary affective disorder was developed. The nine variables, which were selected by discriminant function analysis, reflect past and current symptomatology, duration of symptoms, and behavioral ratings. The measure was cross-validated by a jackknife procedure that accurately classified nine of ten of the cases. Such accuracy suggests that brief, data-based diagnostic instruments have considerable promise as practical checks of clinical diagnoses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Micro-tensile bond strength of sound and caries-affected primary tooth dentin measured with original designed jig.

To measure the micro-tensile bond strength (MTBS) on sound and caries-affected primary tooth dentin using an original designed jig that was developed for making symmetric and uniformly-sized specimens for the micro-tensile strength testing. The MTBS of dumbbell-shaped specimens and matchstick-shaped specimens were measured. Dumbbell-shaped specimens: The occlusal surfaces of 15 sound primary molars were ground with a water-cooled air turbine using a diamond bur. The adhesive systems and resin-based composites were Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil AP-X (SE group) and Single Bond and Z250 (SB group). Matchstick-shaped specimens: Sixteen primary molars (5 sound and 11 carious) were used. The occlusal surfaces of sound teeth were ground with a water-cooled air turbine using a diamond bur. Infected dentin was determined by a caries detecting dye solution and removed with a round-shaped steel bur under water-cooling and with a hand instrument. SE was applied. Data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD at p < 0.05. The MTBSs (MPa) for the dumbbell-shaped specimens were 8.9 +/- 7.0 in the SE group and 10.3 +/- 5.8 in the SB group and that for the matchstick-shaped specimens were 9.0 +/- 6.3 in the sound-SE group and 9.2 +/- 5.8 in the carious-SE group. No significant difference was observed among them.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed1980

A double-blind comparison of dothiepin and amitriptyline in patients with primary affective disorder: serum levels and clinical response.

In a double-blind parallel group study, thirty-two patients suffering from a primary affective disorder received either dothiepin or amitriptyline. Serum concentrations of total dothiepin plus northiaden or amitriptyline and nortriptyline were estimated. A similar therapeutic response was seen with both drugs but there was no correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline or nortriptyline, whereas serum dothiepin correlated positively with clinical response.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A linkage study of primary affective disorder.

Marker loci in 113 members of nine unrelated multiplex families identified by a bipolar proband were tested for linkages with primary affective disorder. Linkage was excluded between the disease locus (assuming that it was a single autosomal dominant gene) and the HLA loci at a recombination fraction of 0.2, the ABO, Rh, and Lu loci at almost 0.05 and the Fy and P loci at 0.001.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in primary affective disorder.

Previous studies have suggested that the activity of erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) may be reduced in women with bipolar and particularly unipolar affective illness. More recently, increased COMT activity in both men and women with affective disorder was reported. The activity of COMT in erythrocytes was determined in 184 outpatients with primary affective disorder at the Lithium Clinic of the New York State Psychiatric Institute. COMT activity was determined by a modification of the Axelrod and Cohn method with dopamine as substrate. This change resulted in an apparent threefold increase in the values for COMT activity; however, when both methods were compared, the results correlated (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001, N = 37). We found that the values for women were not significantly lower than those for men. In addition, there was no difference between patients with affective disorder and controls. Further, no difference was demonstrated between patients diagnosed as bipolar or uni-polar. Parameters such as mood, medication, and inpatient or outpatient status had no effect on COMT activity. The results of previous studies are discussed in an attempt to reconcile the different results.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium levels in patients with primary affective disorder during chronic lithium treatment.

Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were measured in 79 clinic outpatients who had histories of bipolar or unipolar primary affective disorder and who were being chronically treated with lithium carbonate (60 patients) or placebo (19 patients). Although slight differences in the mean concentration of magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes were noted with lithium treatment, diagnosis, and sex, the differences overall failed to achieve statistical significance. In contrast to prior reports demonstrating increases in plasma magnesium during acute lithium carbonate treatment of affectively ill patients, these data suggest that the pre-lithium steady state is achieved during chronic lithium treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Hardness, elasticity, and ultrastructure of bonded sound and caries-affected primary tooth dentin.

Biomechanical properties of bonded dentin are important factors for resin restoration. We evaluated the hardness and elastic modulus of bonded sound and caries-affected primary tooth dentin using a one-step adhesive system, and observed the microstructure of the bonded interface. Six sound and six carious primary teeth were used. For sound teeth, flat occlusal dentin surfaces were prepared with a water-cooled high-speed diamond bur. For carious teeth, infected dentin was stained with a caries detector and removed with a water-cooled low-speed round steel bur and hand instruments. The prepared dentin was bonded with One-Up Bond F Plus (Tokuyama Dental Co., Tokyo, Japan). The resin-dentin interface and dentin beneath the interface were measured with a nano-indentation tester and observed with SEM and TEM. For both the carious and sound teeth, there was no significant difference between the hardness of the interfacial dentin and dentin 10-80 microm beneath the interface. However, the Young's modulus of the interfacial dentin was significantly lower than the dentin 40-80 microm (carious teeth) or 50-80 microm (sound teeth) beneath the interface. Both the hardness and Young's modulus of the interfacial dentin were not significantly different between the carious and sound teeth. Compared to the sound dentin, the hybrid layer on the caries-affected dentin was thicker and exhibited more complicated morphologic features. The thickness of the hybrid layers was generally less than 1 microm.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1984

A study of primary affective disorder in the People's Republic of China.

Symptoms, course, and familial factors relating to depression were ascertained for 40 Chinese patients who had histories of primary affective disorder. In general, the symptoms, course, and familial factors among these patients were similar to findings in equivalent U.S. populations. A high degree of diagnostic interrater reliability was demonstrated in this cross-cultural study. Depression ratings of this population and euthymic controls showed a high correlation between the Carroll rating scale (a self-rating) and the 17-item Hamilton depression scale. Many of the currently depressed Chinese showed nonsuppression of serum cortisol after dexamethasone administration. This study suggests that effective disorder (particularly bipolar affective disorder) in China is similar to that seen in the U.S.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Opioid plasma levels in primary affective disorders. Effect of desimipramine therapy.

Mean plasma levels of beta-endorphin (beta EP), beta-lipotropin (beta LPH) and ACTH were significantly higher in 22 patients with primary affective disorders (PAD) and in 2 schizoaffective subjects off therapy since 10 days than in 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Desimipramine therapy (50-100 mg/day per os for 3-5 weeks) induced in parallel psychological improvement and fall in beta LPH-beta EP in 6 of 8 PAD patients treated, and a normalization of beta EP-beta LPH levels with minimal mood improvement in the 2 schizoaffective subjects. These results indicate that the opioid levels are increased in PAD and schizoaffective patients and normalized by the desimipramine therapy in those patients in whom the affective disorders improved.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1981

Possible linkage between primary affective disorder susceptibility locus and HLA haplotypes.

The authors analyzed the concordance of sib pairs of HLA typing in cases where both sibs had affective illness and where the sibs were discordant. They detected an excess of HLA similarities in doubly affected sibs and a lack of similarities in discordant sibs. Therefore, the authors hypothesize that HLA may be linked with a primary affective disorder susceptibility locus or it may be associated with such a locus in some other way.

Disease Susceptibility↗
PubMed1982

Stability of the diagnosis of primary affective disorder. A four-year follow-up study.

Most modern studies on depression use standardized diagnostic approaches, such as the St. Louis Criteria or the RDC. The main aim of these methods is to select reliable samples for research purposes. However, doubts have been raised as to whether the groups derived through these criteria are homogeneous. In order to investigate the stability of the diagnosis of Primary Affective Disorder (PAD), a group of 78 patients meeting the criteria for this disorder were followed for 4 years. During this period 19.2% of patients showed important psychopathological symptoms other than affective. No particular factor, apart from bipolar illness, was found to be significantly predictive of a stable diagnosis. However, the rate of diagnoses would have been greater by taking into account family history and premorbid personality of the patients. The authors conclude that other sources of information, beyond present symptoms, ought to be taken into account in order to reach more homogeneous groupings.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Primary affective disorder, clinical state change, and MHPG excretion: a longitudinal study.

Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG) excretion, which is thought to reflect CNS norepinephrine metabolism, has been shown to be significantly decreased in some depressed patients. Although there is consensus that urinary MHPG excretion varies directly with mood in rapidly cycling bipolar patients, there is little information on longer term state changes, such as those that accompany recovery from depression. Ten female patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorder were studied initially during an inpatient hospitalization and restudied at least ten months after discharge. Five healthy female comparison subjects were also studied over a similar interval of time. During the baseline period, the patient sample excreted less MHPG than did the comparison group. Improvement in clinical state from a seriously depressed baseline was associated with a significant increase in MHPG excretion, while the patients with recurrences of depression showed no change and continued to excrete less MHPG than the comparison subjects. These results suggest that urinary MHPG excretion may represent an index of psychobiological state in depressive patients.

Adult↗