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PubMed2001

[Beyond "successful aging: Rembrandt in his self-portraits].

The process of aging has been generally associated with cognitive dedine. However, some complex cognitive abilities, such as wisdom and judgement, have been suggested to improve with age. In the current study, the development of an advanced artistic ability is examined over the life span of Rembrandt H. van Rijn. Analysis of the paintings revealed the development of an old-age-style in the last portrait, characterised by uniformity of texture, facture, and lighting. The self-portrait painted in the last year of Rembrandt's life reflects a high degree of integration of artistic skill and experience gathered in the course of life, and hence reflects features of wisdom in the sence suggested by Baltes. The development of a mature "late" style can help to characterise the emergence of qualitatively different and advanced cognitive abilities in old age.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Two portraits of caring: a comparison of the artists, Leininger and Watson.

Two nursing leaders, Madeleine Leininger and Jean Watson, have devoted their careers to studying and evolving the meaning of caring. The theme of caring as presented by each theorist was explored along with their views of the nature of nursing, use of theory development strategies, and their individual contributions to the development of nursing knowledge. Both identify nursing as a humanistic science, with the concept of caring being the central unifying domain of nursing. Consistent with their belief that the humanistic sciences require a different research methodology to study that which is uniquely human, both have utilized qualitative research methodologies in their study of care. The evolution of each theorist perspective of care reflects their own background and experiences. Each theorist, therefore, has painted a different portrait of caring, demonstrating a differing emphasis on philosophical, cultural and empirical concerns. For Leininger, caring must be placed in a cultural context since caring patterns can differ transculturally. Watson has focused on the philosophic (existential--phenomenological) and spiritual basis of caring and sees caring as the ethical and moral ideal of nursing. Both Leininger and Watson have demonstrated their artistry in their individual portraits of caring and in their contributions to the development of nursing knowledge.

Empathy↗
PubMed2005

On the number of New World founders: a population genetic portrait of the peopling of the Americas.

The founding of New World populations by Asian peoples is the focus of considerable archaeological and genetic research, and there persist important questions on when and how these events occurred. Genetic data offer great potential for the study of human population history, but there are significant challenges in discerning distinct demographic processes. A new method for the study of diverging populations was applied to questions on the founding and history of Amerind-speaking Native American populations. The model permits estimation of founding population sizes, changes in population size, time of population formation, and gene flow. Analyses of data from nine loci are consistent with the general portrait that has emerged from archaeological and other kinds of evidence. The estimated effective size of the founding population for the New World is fewer than 80 individuals, approximately 1% of the effective size of the estimated ancestral Asian population. By adding a splitting parameter to population divergence models it becomes possible to develop detailed portraits of human demographic history. Analyses of Asian and New World data support a model of a recent founding of the New World by a population of quite small effective size.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

[Phase portraits of transfer systems--detection of nonlinear transmission properties between respiratory movements and heart rate fluctuations].

A new approach to the analysis of non-linear systems is proposed. It enables the reconstruction of the system state movement in a multi-dimensional phase space. The resulting phase portraits of the system behaviour were characterised quantitatively by estimating the correlation dimensions and prediction errors. This new approach was validated using simulated typical transfer systems. The measured respiratory movements and heart rate fluctuations of rabbits were employed for the first time to investigate the non-linear transfer properties between respiratory activity and heart rate in the system phase portraits. Significant non-linear transfer characteristics between respiratory movements and heart rate fluctuations were found--also during the awake phase--which have so far not been quantified.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The making of a portrait--bringing it into focus.

The data generated by DNA arrays are often described as the molecular "portrait" of a particular physiological/pathological sample. Although the emotional reactions could range from revulsion to adoration when viewing those portraits, as it might be when viewing some contemporary art, array technology has fundamentally changed the way researchers approach many biomedical questions. With its ability to monitor the expression level of tens of thousands genes simultaneously, microarray technology has been able to identify "markers" for complex diseases such as cancer. While massive amounts of work lie ahead to validate those marker genes, many researchers are turning their attentions to the low-density, focused arrays. When incorporated with current knowledge on specific biological pathways, these specially tailored macroarrays may be better fitted for purposes such as diagnosis, drug discovery and validation, and prognostic assessment of clinical treatments.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1998

The self-portrait in adulthood and aging.

Ninety-eight participants aged thirty to eighty-five, drew a self-portrait in which the depiction of face features and limb extremities was studied. Statistical multivariate analysis permitted to describe three classes of drawings with different modes of representation of hands and face features. The representation of the hands was problematic in most of the participants regardless of age. There was a relation between age and not representing the face features: 17 percent of the participants over sixty-five did not represent the face features vs. none of the younger participants. Results are discussed from a psychoanalytic perspective. The difficulties in representing the hands are discussed in relation to castration. The absence of face features in the portraits of some elderly drawers could indicate a minimal age-related defect of the network which establishes that the real mouth and eyes are both symbolic body orifices and imaginary face features. The comments made by some drawers strongly suggest that this absence may also represent an incapacity to face the losses imposed by aging.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Frustration as a factor in the height of low achievers' self-portraits.

It was hypothesized that the large variance in low achievers' self-portraits may be related to frustration and symbolic acting out. 29 low achievers in Reading and Mathematics were given the Describe Your School inventory. Subjects below the median drew pictures which were taller than pictures drawn by subjects above the median score. It was concluded that frustation must be considered when using height of drawing to analyze low achievers' self-portraits.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1995

Incidence of the half-left profile pose in single-subject portraits.

The present work recorded frequencies of five poses (left profile, half-left profile, full-face view, half-right profile, and right profile) by examining 4,180 single-subject portraits of various media. Statistically significant differences were found between the incidence of half-left and half-right profiles. These differences found across media, authorship, and five centuries of portrait work are consistent with right-hemisphere activation models in attentional bias and perception of emotion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Computer analysis of face and skull size by "quantitative verbal portrait" method].

The aim of this study was to develop a "quantitative verbal portrait" method on the basis of universal measured signs of the face and skull. The database includes 90 cases with expert evaluation of photocompatibility with proven identity. Four groups of signs were investigated: DX and DY--the width and height between accurately fixed concrete craniometrical (facial) points and the so-called RX and RY indices--the ratio between distances within the framework of the same direction. The proposed scheme of evaluation helps compare the photograph of a live human and the skull. For evaluating the degree of identity, one should have a summary characterization of all selected signs for the skull and compare it with the sum on the photograph; sometimes it is possible to rule out the identity of the photograph and the skull by the absolute size, e.g., a very large skull cannot belong to a human with a very little face. The score for each group of signs is used for analysis of the information for detecting the similarities. Accumulation and comparative analysis of two information flows are possible: database on portraits of lost subjects and database on graphic images of the skulls of unidentified corpses.

Face↗
PubMed1975

The portrait of a murderer.

A portrait is presented of an impulsive, violent and paranoid young murderer. A review of the psychiatric literature for indicators which address themselves to predicting murderous behavior yields a broad spectrum of theories and observations. The portrait presented includes a composite of many of the indicators which the various authors have described. The patient presented is felt to represent a discernable stereotype, and the predisposing factors which are viewed as contributiing to his murderous behavior are offered and given priorities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A portrait of the past.

Portrait painting of epochal moments changed the way in which people viewed events. Prior to this, words gave us our images and our imagination did the rest. In the twentieth century, the still photograph began to replace the historical painting. Both techniques gave us visual time to analyze the event. As artists, both Robert Cutler Hinckley and Warren Prosperi vied to make us their surrogate at the first ether operation. By using different methods, they gave us an accurate view of the event so that we can reflect on it. In Prosperi's cropped version, the older men and their facial expressions seem to have retained their joy of learning as they look forward to a better future for medicine. Hinckley's work, although more sedate, gives us a narrative of the history. It encompasses the search for adequate anesthesia and the final conquering of fear and pain that occurs on October 16, 1846. As a portrait of the past, it serves as a complement to Prosperi's modern work.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1992

1992 Omnibus Survey. Portrait of the professions.

The portrait of our professions has changed in recent years, and the changes are quite positive. For example, the number of speech-language pathologists and audiologists who reported that they are unemployed and seeking employment has decreased while salaries reportedly continue to increase. These findings are especially encouraging given the current economic times. They represent a continuing demand for the valuable contributions that speech-language pathologists and audiologists can make in today's society. Caseload characteristics illustrate a different picture compared with data from previous years. Audiologists and speech-language pathologists both reported an increase in service provision to the birth-5 population. In addition, the severity of caseloads for speech-language pathologists has substantially decreased from that of previous years. The issues of support personnel, the AuD degree, and gender discrimination evoked expression of strong opinion. Based on the responses to these questions and the comments that accompanied them, it is apparent that there are many questions that need to be addressed before these issues reach consensus. We must continue to work together until we create a balanced picture. All in all, the portrait of the ASHA membership is both colorful and attractive--definitely suitable for framing. We should be proud of the progress that we have made over the years and of the image that we are creating for our professions. As we continue to take brush in hand, remember that each one of us can make a difference in the direction of our future. So splash on the colors and keep it bright!

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association↗
PubMed2005

Titian's secret: comparison of Eleonora Gonzaga della Rovere's skull with the Uffizi portrait.

The present paper describes the study of a skeleton, kept at the Church of Santa Chiara in Urbino, Italy. Traditionally, this skeleton was thought to be that of the Duchess Eleonora Gonzaga della Rovere (1493-1550), but suspicion exists as to whether or not the remains might belong to another important personage of the Urbino Renaissance, Battista Sforza (1447-1472). Here, external observation of the skull and odontological examination of the mandible were conducted in an attempt to clarify the identity. Age estimates of the skeleton were found to be consistent with the age at death of Eleonora but not with that of Battista. Craniofacial superimposition using the portrait of Eleonora Gonzaga by Titian (Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence) shows that the face of Eleonora matches the skull fairly closely except for the length of the nose. The historical record and the age matching appear to provide strong evidence that the remains are those of Eleonora, and the discrepancies in the superimposition may suggest that the artist altered the dimension of the Duchess' nose, possibly to make the portrait correspond to his canons of classical beauty. The results highlight the potential of forensic methods as a key to understand the work of earlier painters.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed2006

[Anthropology play a key role in simulated portrait].

The technology of simulated portrait played a key role in criminal cases' deterction recently, while anthropology is attached to it tightly. This paper analyzed and discussed the impact of anthropology in simulated portrait by means of studying the relationship between races, regions figures skeletons and physiognomy.

Crime↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Portraits of cancer survivorship: a glimpse through the lens of survivors' eyes.

Cancer survivorship is a tumultuous experience of balancing the elation of surviving life-threatening illness with the demands of chronic health concerns and altered life meaning. Increased awareness of the needs of cancer survivors is enhanced by large studies of this growing population, but also by appreciation of individual stories of survivorship. "Portraits" of survival, in the form of personal narratives, contribute to our understanding of the experience of cancer. Select portraits from a study exploring quality of life in cancer survivorship are shared to convey themes of rendering an old life, transition to a different life, and living an altered life after cancer diagnosis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

[Effect of motor perceptions on affective judgment of attractive and unattractive portraits].

Two experiments are reported that investigate the influence of motor components of approach versus avoidance behavior on the evaluation of attractive versus unattractive photographs of persons. On the basis of prior body feedback research (Cacioppo, Priester & Berntson, 1993) it could be shown that approach behavior (arm flexion) leads to more positive evaluations than avoidance behavior (arm extension). This effect was obtained for online judgments as well as memory based judgments. Additionally, in Experiment 1, the influence of arm position was more pronounced, when arm position and photograph shared the same valence (arm flexion and attractive photos and arm extension and unattractive photos), whereas no influence on evaluation was observed when the valence of arm position and photograph was unshared (arm flexion and unattractive photos and arm extension and attractive photos). However, in Experiment 2, these results could only be replicated for attractive portraits, whereas for unattractive portraits both arm flexion and arm extension led to lower ratings compared to a control group. The results are discussed within the framework of a proposed contingency model that in general predicts body feedback effects only in the case of compatibility between the valence of expression and information. Furthermore, in Experiment 2 some evidence was obtained that qualifies that effect as automatic, inasmuch as increased distraction from evaluating the photographs bolstered the effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The portrait of James Israel by the German impressionist Max Liebermann: a selected pictorial view on the early twentieth century development of surgical urology in Berlin.

On the occasion of his retirement from the position as head of the Jewish Hospital in Berlin in 1917, the famous kidney surgeon James Israel (1848-1926) was portrayed by Max Liebermann (1847-1935). At that time both men were leading members of their professions--medicine and fine arts--and represented the Jewish community in Berlin. Private contacts between the surgeon and the artist had been established when Liebermann and his wife needed surgical treatment themselves some years before. Liebermann's later friendship with the surgeon Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1875-1951) culminated in one of the best-known portraits of a member of the medical profession. This biographical article from the history of medicine and fine arts reflecting the relation of these men provides a special view of the development of urological surgery in Berlin at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Berlin↗
PubMed2004

Anton Raederscheidt's distorted self-portraits and their significance for understanding balance in art.

Following a right cerebral stroke, the German artist Anton Raederscheidt produced a remarkable series of self-portraits that depicted his severe visual neglect and gradual recovery. These distorted images, like those drawn by others with this disorder, inform us about lateral balance in art and why it is common in the art of cultures separated in time and space. After describing how artists in various cultures have employed lateral balance, I present Arnheim's view that this aspect of art is the result of visual forces generated by the brain. Following a brief history of visual neglect, I present evidence that this disorder provides us with clues to the origin of the visual forces responsible for lateral balance in art. The relevant brain mechanisms control exploration of visual space by integrating orienting movements with visual spatial information. The prevalence of lateral balance in art becomes understandable when we consider that these brain mechanisms evolved to promote survival in our vertebrate ancestors. I end with a speculative neurological account of the aesthetics of lateral balance--why it is pleasing and its absence is displeasing.

Famous Persons↗