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Data on maternal deaths were collected from a randomly selected sample of medical institutions in the Western State of Nigeria for the years 1972 and 1973. An overall maternal mortality rate of 3.8/1000 total births were recorded for 1972 and 1973 respectively. The major causes of maternal mortality were haemorrhage, obstructed labour, eclampsia, anaemia of pregnancy and infection.
The paper provides a general method for estimating age-reporting errors from two consecutive census populations along the lines suggested by Demeny and Shorter (1968). When the true age structures in the two censuses are the same, the general method and the Demeny-Shorter method give identical results. However, the latter method faces increasingly the problem of inconsistency of the results with the underlying sssumptions as the disparity between the age structures becomes more and more significant. The present method is more general in the sense that it always gives consitent results irrespective of the populations under consideration.
A number of migration studies have attempted to explain migration that occurred over a given time interval by means of variables defined for the end of the period and/or variables relating to changes that occurred over the period. Since migration may influence end-of-period levels of explanatory variables by influencing the behavior of these variables over the period of migration, simultaneous-equations bias may be inherent in the parameter estimates of the many single-equation, multiple-regression analyses. This study constitutes an empirical examination of qualitative differences in the parameter estimates of five different types of migration models estimated for two different time periods, 1960 and 1970.
Two-way tables of all kinds often require diagnosis, usually of the residuals after some simple fit such as row-PLUS-column or row-TIMES-column. The first step in diagnosis is likely to be either one-degree-of-freedom-for-non-additivity or a diagnositic plot (for which the former is the linear regression term). Not all diagnoses can be made at the first step. Some diagnostic plots appear like a diagonal cross, or, when such an appearance is not quite clear, become converted to oppositely tilted pictures when we look only at points with high fitted values and, separately, at those with low fitted values. Such behavior diagnoses a need for a more subtle re-expression than powers and logs, in our examples a need for a re-expression like plamda -(1 - p)lamda. The appearance and treatment of such diagnoses, in two examples, lead into the use of letter-value displays and the associated plots to study the character of non-normality, instances of the effect of the method of fitting on the shape of the distribution of residuals, and convenient algorithms for the iterative, recursive fitting of a variety of additive, multiplicative, and mixed additive-multiplicative models to any kind of two-way table, APL programs for which are appended.
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Most studies of rhythms in human conception rates have used monthly total births back-dated 9 months. Such data are of little use for studying any pattern less than a few months in length. Even at that level, they are poor material for studying the possibility of altered conception rhythms in anomalous births. The high frequency of premature delivery in such births makes a simple 9-month offset simplistic and misleading. Dates of last normal menses (LMP) provide appropriate detail, but have generally been dismissed as unreliable. In a large public birth record dataset, we have identified a clear artifact of poor LMP recall, highly correlated with passage of time between conception and onset of prenatal care. The majority of the variation in daily LMP counts due to this recall artifact can be corrected statistically to yield population data suitable to more detailed analyses.
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The National Center for Health Statistics conducted a mortality followback survey of a national probability sample drawn from all deaths of U.S. adults in 1986 and an oversampling of deaths of persons with selected characteristics. Responses were received from the next of kin or other close relatives of 16,598 adult decedents (88.6 percent). Data were collected through a mail questionnaire, followed by telephone or personal interviews with nonrespondents. Data were also collected from the hospitals and other health care facilities used by the decedent in the last year of life. Illustrative results are presented on the four major subject areas studied: risk factors for premature death, disability and care in the last year of life, socioeconomic differentials, and the reliability of selected items reported on the death certificate. Researchers are encouraged to explore the data tape to pursue indepth epidemiologic studies.
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In cooperation with the Austrian National Institute for Statistics the incidence-rates of breast cancer in Austria in the period of 1971-1975 were investigated. The incidence-rate of breast cancer (50 new cases/year/100,000 women) is higher than the incidence-rate of cervical or endometrium carcinoma. The increasing risk of the higher age-groups, which is especially expressed by the incidence-rate of 145 in the age-group of 70 or more years, is pointed out. This findings are of great consequence to the system of preventive medical care. In urban areas the incidence of breast cancer seems to be higher than in rural district.
The problem of road traffic accidents in developing countries is now becoming a cause for concern. This is more so as preventive measures have not kept pace with economic progress and development. This paper reviews the present situation in West Malaysia, one of the better developed countries of the East, during the period 1970 to 1975. A comparative study has been made between the United States and Malaysia. To enable the urgency of the problem in developing countries to be appreciated the increases in the country's population and in the number of vehicles in use and their relation to the lesser increase in road mileage over the period of study have been discussed. The study has considered every aspect of the causative factors leading to traffic accidents, such as the effects of weather, seasonal variation, and road and lighting conditions. The common human errors leading to accidents have been discussed. Other factors, such as the ethnic distribution in Malaysia, and their relation to road accidents have shown the effect of the social structure on the problems. The data evaluated in this study make it clear that preventive measures are very necessary in underdeveloped as well as in developed countries.
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Identified and evaluated were a number of medical and sociological data, e.g. diagnosis, age, population of the place of residence, financially responsible agencies, on 1399 rehabilitees who were admitted to the Dortmund vocational re-training centre during the first five years of its operation (1971-1975). The primary diagnoses (highly identical with those indicative of vocational rehabilitation) and the overall diagnoses (primary and secondary diagnoses) were classified into disease groups according to the ICD and compared with the frequency distribution in the 1970 microcensus. Significance computations determined yearly deviations of the different data, i.e., a significantly steady increase in emotional disturbances. The classification of diseases and disabilities clearly shows the problem complex of adequate comprehensive therapy and medical care, and marks the role of medicine at a vocational re-training centre.
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In applications of statistical methods to medical diagnosis, information on patients' diseases and symptoms is collected and the resulting data-base is used to diagnose new patients. The data-structure is complicated by a number of factors, two of which are examined here: selection bias and unstable population. Under reasonable conditions, no correction for selection bias is required when assessing probabilities for diseases based on symptom information, and it is suggested that these "diagnostic distributions" should form the principal object of study. Transformation of these distributions under changing population structure is considered and shown to take on a simple form in many situations. It is argued that the prevailing paradigm of diagnostic statistics, which concentrates on incidence of symptoms for given disease, is largely inappropriate and should be replaced by an emphasis on diagnostic distributions. The generalized logistic model is seen to fit naturally into the new framework.