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PubMed2002

XRCC1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms as susceptibility factors of plasma mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody expression in vinyl chloride monomer-exposed polyvinyl chloride workers.

Mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody in circulating blood can be detectedamong individuals with mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Plasma mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody have also been associated with vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) exposure, although the mechanism of VCM-related carcinogenesis remains unclear. Polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes have been implicated in chemical exposure-related carcinogenesis. The aim of this study is to explore the association between polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes with mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody expression induced by VCM. Study subjects comprised 333 male workers occupationally exposed to VCM. Plasma mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody detected with ELISA were grouped together as p53 overexpression. Genotypes of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1), and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1, exon 10) genes were identified by the PCR. High VCM exposure group had significantly higher p53 overexpression as compared with low exposure group [odds ratio (OR), 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-3.8]. Individuals having experienced a high VCM exposure and displaying a XRCC1 Gln-Gln genotype had a highest risk of p53 overexpression among those having different combinations of VCM exposure and XRCC1 genotypes (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.7-24.2). Interestingly, those subjects reflecting a CYP2E1 c2c2 genotype among the low VCM-exposure group demonstrated a greater risk of p53 overexpression (OR, 9.8; 95% CI, 1.2-81.6) as compared with those experiencing a low VCM exposure and CYP2E1 c1c1/c1c2 genotypes. Additional analysis revealed that individuals possessing more susceptible XRCC1 Gln-Gln, CYP2E1 c2c2, ALDH2 1-2/2-2, and non-null GSTT1 genotypes were more likely to reveal p53 overexpression. Our results suggest that susceptible XRCC1 and CYP2E1 genotypes may modulate the mutation of the p53 gene among VCM-exposed workers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Effects of polyvinyl chloride ingestion by dogs.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) acrylic thermoplastic sheeting was fed to 6 dogs to determine whether ingestion during periods of normal transit of military working dogs would be toxic and thus affect the safety of this material for construction of shipping containers. The test dogs were fed PVC acrylic (0.125 g/kg of body weight; by gelatin capsule) twice each day for 5 days: for 2 dogs, the test material was in a shredded form; for 2 dogs, the material was diced; and for 2 dogs, it was powdered. Two other dogs were used as controls. Dogs were observed for clinical signs, and feed consumption and body weights were recorded. Blood and urine samples were examined. All animals were necropsied approximately 10 days after the feeding was stopped. Clinical or pathologic indication of a toxic effect of PVC was not seen within the time limits of the study.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain.

Identification particulars were obtained for over 7000 men who were at some time between 1940 and 1974 exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. Approximately 99% of these men have been traced and their mortality experience studied. The overall standardised mortality ratio, 75-4, shows a significant reduction compared with the national rates. Four cases of liver cancer were found. Two of these have been confirmed by a panel of liver pathologists as angiosarcoma and two as not angiosarcoma. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that cancers other than those of the liver are associated with exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. The two cases of angiosarcoma were found in men who had been exposed to high concentrations of the monomer although the second man died only eight years after first exposure. The industry in Great Britain has expanded considerably since the second world war with over 50% of men having entered with the last decade. Conclusions drawn about the effect of vinyl chloride monomer on the mortality experience of men in this industry must consequently be tempered by the reservation that the full impact may not yet be in evidence.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1980

Pulmonary manifestations of vinyl and polyvinyl chloride (interstitial lung disease). Newer aspects.

Newer varieties of occupational lung diseases primarily due to the vast increase in industrial technology have been reported recently. Preeminent among such newer agents are vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride. Very few cases have been reported, in Europe only, with descriptive histopathologic changes. To our knowledge, no pathologic studies of VC exposure have been described in the American literature. The biopsy abnormalities in our patients disclosed desquamation of alveolar macrophages into the alveolar lumina and minor interstitial and alveolar inflammatory changes. Pulmonary function abnormalities included restrictive insufficiency. Preventive therapy consists of the avoidance of further exposures, frequent industrial hygiene monitoring, and total avoidance of tobacco smoke, as well as associated atmospheric pollutants. Thus far, none of these patients has exhibited evidence of pulmonary neoplasms. All three patients survived their occupational injuries, and two are still disabled to varying degrees. Urine and blood levels of phthalic acid derivatives were elevated in two patients, the exact significance of which is not fully known. It probably represents a toxicologic response, but must be further pursued before conclusions can be reached.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Permeability of latex and polyvinyl chloride gloves to carmustine.

Permeability of latex and polyvinyl chloride gloves to the antineoplastic agent carmustine was studied. The latex gloves were of two types: sterile surgical gloves and disposable utility gloves. Polyvinyl chloride gloves of two thicknesses (0.20 mm and 0.35 mm) were tested. Both single and double thicknesses of each material were exposed to carmustine 3.33 mg/ml in a 10% aqueous solution of ethanol, and to the solvent alone, for 5-90 minutes. Permeation of carmustine was tested using a mutagenicity assay and a chemical assay. A time-dependent increase in carmustine permeation was observed for all types of materials (both double and single thicknesses). Mean amounts of carmustine permeating single gloves at 90 minutes ranged from 53 to 86 micrograms for the mutagenicity assay and 49 to 78 micrograms for the chemical assay. Double thicknesses of glove material (especially of the thicker polyvinyl chloride) reduced the amount of drug permeation. These latex and polyvinyl chloride glove materials offer only limited protection against contact exposure to carmustine. Latex surgical gloves may be slightly less permeable than the other types tested.

Carmustine↗
PubMed1991

Vinyl chloride related hepatic angiosarcoma in a polyvinyl chloride autoclave cleaner in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To present the first case of vinyl chloride related hepatic angiosarcoma in Australia. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 51-year-old male caucasian former polyvinyl chloride autoclave cleaner in an Australian chemical plant developed hepatic angiosarcoma, presenting 15 years after his last exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. OUTCOME: He developed encephalopathy and died in oliguric renal failure 21 days after admission to hospital. CONCLUSION: Hepatic angiosarcoma may develop in other workers similarly exposed.

Australia↗
PubMed1994

Neutron attenuation characteristics of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and heavy aggregate concrete and mortars.

Polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride pellets were introduced into concrete to improve its neutron attenuation characteristics while several types of heavy coarse aggregates were used to improve its gamma ray attenuation properties. Neutron and gamma ray attenuation were studied in concrete samples containing coarse aggregates of barite, pyrite, basalt, hematite, and marble as well as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride pellets in narrow-beam geometry. The highest neutron attenuation was shown by polyethylene mortar, followed by polyvinyl chloride mortar; barite and pyrite concrete showed higher gamma ray attenuation than ordinary concrete. Broad-beam and continuous (infinite) medium geometries were used to study the neutron attenuation of samples containing polymers at different concentrations with and without heavy aggregates, the fitting equations were established, and from these the neutron removal coefficients were deduced. In a radiation field of neutrons and gamma rays, the appropriate concentration of polymer and heavy aggregate can be selected to give the optimum total dose attenuation depending on the relative intensities of each type of radiation. This would give much better design flexibility over ordinary concrete. The compressive strength tests performed on mortar and concrete samples showed that their value, in general, decreases as polymer concentration increases and that the polyvinyl chloride mortar showed higher values than the polyethylene mortar. For general construction purposes, the compression strength was considered acceptable in these samples.

Construction Materials↗
PubMed1990

Sorption of various drugs in polyvinyl chloride, glass, and polyethylene-lined infusion containers.

The sorption of chloroquine sulfate, diazepam, isosorbide dinitrate, lorazepam, midazolam, nitroglycerin, promethazine hydrochloride, thiopental sodium, and warfarin sodium to three types of containers was studied. Appropriate amounts of the drugs were added to 500 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags, glass bottles, and Clear-Flex bags composed of a laminate of polyethylene, nylon, and polypropylene. The containers were stored in the dark at room temperature for 24 hours. Samples were taken at various intervals and assayed for drug concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. There were no appreciable changes in pH after 24 hours, and all the admixtures remained clear and colorless. The potency of chloroquine sulfate, lorazepam, midazolam, promethazine hydrochloride, and thiopental sodium remained unchanged in glass, PVC, and Clear-Flex containers. Diazepam, isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin, and warfarin sodium did not show any sorption to glass bottles and Clear-Flex bags. In PVC bags, however, up to 55% of diazepam, 23% of isosorbide dinitrate, 51% of nitroglycerin, and 24% of warfarin sodium was lost during the 24-hour study period. Diazepam, isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin, and warfarin sodium in 0.9% sodium chloride injection showed a loss of potency when stored in PVC containers for 24 hours at room temperature, but none of the drugs studied lost potency when stored in glass bottles and Clear-Flex bags.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

[Identification of unknown substances in polyvinyl chloride gloves containing non-phthalate plasticizers].

The use of polyvinyl chloride gloves containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for food contact applications is restricted. In their place, polyvinyl chloride gloves containing non-phthalate plasticizers (PVC-NP) have been introduced. They contained unknown substances, so they were studied by GC/MS, HR-MS and NMR. The chemical structures of the unknown substances were confirmed to be diethylene glycol dibenzoate, triethylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, and alkylsulfonic acid phenyl ester, which are plasticizers. Including di-isononyl adipate, the contents of the plasticizers were 37.5-48.9% in the PVC-NP gloves, and their migration levels were 1,010-1,390 ppm into n-heptane. These are very high levels. These plasticizers are not widely used for food contact polyvinyl chloride throughout the world, and they have also not been registered as self-standards by Japanese manufacturers. Careful consideration will be necessary for the selection of a suitable plasticizer substitute.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed1982

Plasticizer migration from polyvinyl chloride film to solvents and foods.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films used for food wraps contain significant concentrations of plasticizers, along with other additives. The rate of migration of these plasticizers to foods and food-simulating solvents is the principal concern of this paper, which reviews prior experimental studies and presents new data for radiolabelled dioctyl adipate. Analytical models are described to correlate many of the data, criteria are presented for identifying the controlling step in the mechanism of transfer of plasticizer from PVC films into foods and food-simulating solvents, and tentative recommendations are offered for the selection of food simulants and for the type of experiment necessary to allow an unambiguous interpretation of the data.

Diffusion↗
PubMed1999

Influence on blood of plasticized polyvinyl chloride: significance of the plasticizer.

An investigation has been made of the significance of the level of the plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at the surface of plasticized polyvinyl chloride for interactions with blood components. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride before and after treatment with methanol to reduce the plasticizer surface level was assessed in terms of fibrinogen and albumin adsorption with unplasticized polyvinyl chloride acting as a control. As the plasticizer surface level decreased, fibrinogen adsorption decreased almost linearly while albumin adsorption increased initially before decreasing slightly. The investigation indicates that reduction in the amount of plasticizer at the surface improves the blood compatibility of plasticized polyvinyl chloride, and the influence on blood is due primarily to the plasticizer rather than the polyvinyl chloride itself.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1988

Fractures in polyvinyl chloride tracheostomy tubes.

Fracture in polyvinyl chloride tracheostomy tubes in infants and children has not previously been described. On the basis of two events in the same infant a theory for the pathogenesis is outlined, and measures to prevent future cases are described.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMed1982

Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in occupational exposure to polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane foams.

The effect of plastics as polyurethane foams and polyvinyl chloride on the metabolism of tryptophan was investigated by determining the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as its metabolic end product excreted in the urine. Investigation of persons occupationally exposed to polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride showed that these plastics inhibit the metabolism of tryptophan, causing increased excretion of its easily measurable metabolite 5-HIAA. This fact points to the possibility of practical use of this laboratory test which, together with other biological parameters, could improve methods for early detection of occupational exposure to polyurethanes and polyvinyl chloride.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2003

[Determination of organotin compounds in polyvinyl chloride toys].

Organotin compounds in polyvinyl chloride toys were determined by GC/MS after ethyl derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate. The samples were 12 balls, 12 soft toys, 10 food toys and 13 face masks for children. Monooctyltin, dioctyltin and trioctyltin compounds were found in all face masks at the levels of 74.8-917 micrograms/g. 474-3,960 micrograms/g and 1.0-213 micrograms/g, respectively. They also were detected in 6 balls, 4 soft toys and 1 food toy. Monomethyltin and dimethyltin compounds were found in 8 face masks at the levels of 40.9-227 micrograms/g and 222-1,450 micrograms/g, respectively. Monobutyltin and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds were found in 1 ball, 3 food toys and 5 face masks. In particular, 1 ball and 4 face masks contained toxic DBT at the levels of 527-999 micrograms/g.

Borates↗
PubMed1990

Effect of vehicle ionic strength on sorption of nitroglycerin to a polyvinyl chloride administration set.

The nitroglycerin sorptive properties of a polyvinyl chloride i.v. administration set were studied, and the role played by the admixture vehicle in this process was explored. Admixtures of nitroglycerin 0.4 mg/mL were prepared in sterile water for injection, 5% dextrose injection, Ringer's injection, and 0.25%, 0.9%, and 5% sodium chloride injection. Each admixture was divided into two 500-mL sterile glass containers, and flow through the administration set at 100 mL/hr was begun. Samples of effluent were collected at intervals beginning 10 minutes after the start of the infusion and ending at 180 minutes. Nitroglycerin depletion from solution and uptake by the set was determined by an ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay. Initially, the degree of nitroglycerin loss to the set was greatest for dextrose admixtures, intermediate for water admixtures, and least for sodium chloride admixtures. Losses of about 40% were observed during the first 10 minutes; between 15 and 20 minutes, the stated pattern of drug sorption was reversed, with sodium chloride admixtures now showing the greatest loss of nitroglycerin. The availability of nitroglycerin was an inverse function of increasing ionic strength during the three-hour observation period. Nitroglycerin availability in admixtures in contact with a polyvinyl chloride administration set was dependent on the ionic strength of the vehicle and the time points in the infusion period at which measurements were made.

Adsorption↗