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PubMed2003

Stilbenes from the roots of Pleuropterus ciliinervis and their antioxidant activities.

Two stilbene glycosides, pieceid-2"-O-gallate and pieceid-2"-O-coumarate, were isolated from the MeOH extract of the roots of Pleuropterus ciliinervis Nakai (Polygonaceae), together with two known compounds, resveratrol and pieceid. Their structures were determined spectroscopically, particularly by 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. The antioxidant activities of stilbenes isolated were determined in vitro against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, superoxide radicals and by determining their lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities. Among the compounds isolated, pieceid-2"-O-gallate had the most potent inhibitory scavenging effect on DPPH, superoxide radicals and upon lipid peroxidation inhibition with IC50 values of 16.5, 23.9 and 5.1 microM, respectively.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1999

Antiinflammatory effect of the aqueous extract from Rumex patientia L. roots.

Pharmacological studies were conducted with the aqueous extract of roots of Rumex patientia L. (Polygonaceae) on experimental animals. For evaluating the antiinflammatory activity, carrageenan, histamine, dextrane, serotonine formaldehyde-induced oedema tests, cotton-pellet granuloma, and Kabak tests in rats were used. The extract was found to possess antiinflammatory activity. Acute toxicity studies revealed that the extract up to a dose of 3 mg/kg orally was nontoxic.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The potential role of orbicules as a vector of allergens.

BACKGROUND: In the locules of anthers of flowering plants, tiny (1.5-2 microm) granules of sporopollenin may occur next to the pollen grains. Those granules, called orbicules, mostly occur on the radial and innermost tangential wall of secretory tapetum cells. METHODS: We have investigated the presence of orbicules in 15 important European allergenic species with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: Orbicules were present in all species investigated of the families Betulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fagaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, and Urticaceae. However, in the Asteraceae and Oleaceae species studied, orbicules were lacking. In all Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, and Urticaceae species, orbicules were attached to the pollen exine. These observations indicate the possibility of the dispersal of orbicules into the atmosphere during anthesis. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis of the potential role of orbicules as possible important vectors of allergens is put forward, based on the comparison of our results with recent literature about the evidence of allergenic activity in the smaller micronic atmospheric aerosol fraction. Our results provide evidence that an in-depth investigation of the sites of allergens across the whole anther is required. We suggest that allergen researchers apply immunoelectron microscopy on whole anthers to determine whether orbicules possess allergens.

Allergens↗

PubMed2000

Flavonol glycoside gallate and ferulate esters from Persicaria lapathifolia as inhibitors of superoxide production in human monocytes stimulated by unopsonized zymosan.

Aerial parts of Persicaria lapathifolia S.F. Gray (Polygonaceae) exhibited an inhibitory effect on superoxide production in unopsonized zymosan-stimulated human monocytes. Two known compounds, quercetin 3-O-beta-(2"-galloyl)-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-beta-(2"-galloyl)-rhamnopyranoside, and a new compound, quercetin 3-O-beta-(6"-feruloyl)-galactopyranoside, were isolated as the inhibitors of superoxide production by activity-guided fractionation. IC50 values were shown at the concentrations of 2.1 microM by quercetin 3-O-beta-(2"-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, 1.9 microM by quercetin 3-O-beta-(2"-galloyl)-rhamnoypranoside, and 3.5 microM by quercetin 3-O-beta-(6"-feruloyl)-galactopyranoside whose inhibitory potencies were similar to oxyphenylbutazone (IC50 = 1.9 microM) as a positive control.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A new alpha-methylanthraquinone glucoside from Emex spinosus.

A new alpha-methylanthraquinone glucoside, laccaic acid D 8-o-beta-D-glucoside, and six known anthraquinones have been isolated from the aqueous alcoholic extract of Emex spinosus (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae), together with two known flavonol glycosides. The structures were determined by conventional analytical methods and confirmed by MS and NMR spectral analysis, including 2D experiments for the new compound.

Anthraquinones↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The immunomodulating action of erythrocyte carrier-bound plant heteropolysaccharides in immersion cooling].

Heteropolysaccharides isolated from the racemes of families Polygonaceae, Tiliaceae, and Asteraceae intensify but do not normalize completely the development of the immune response in rats subjected to immersion (water) cooling. A similar effect is caused by erythrocytes of intact rats treated by heteropolysaccharides extracorporeally. On inclusion of heteropolysaccharides into the erythrocytic stroma of intact and cooled animals normalize the development of the immune response in rats subjected to immersion cooling.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2001

Effect of the aqueous extract of Rumex patientia on xylol and hyaluronidase induced capillary permeability compared to indomethacin.

In this study, the effect of an aqueous extract of Rumex patientia L. (Polygonaceae) (D-1) on capillary permeability which was induced by xylol and hyaluronidase was investigated. Experiments were conducted on rabbits according to Monakova and Matusis methods. The effects of D-1 were compared to those of indomethacin, which was used as a control throughout the experiment. Both D-1 (100 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) were administered orally. As a result, D-1 inhibited capillary permeability, which was induced by xylol and hyaluronidase, and it was found that it was as effective as indomethacin.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Analgesic and antipyretic activities of Rumex patientia extract on mice and rabbits.

The aqueous extract from the roots of Rumex patientia L. (Polygonaceae) was investigated for its analgesic and antipyretic effects on mice and rabbits. When the activities of the extract were evaluated in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), indomethacin and morphin, it was found to possess significant analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗

PubMed2004

Analgesic, antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activities of sesquiterpenes and a flavonoid glycoside from Polygonum viscosum.

Analgesic, antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activities of four sesquiterpenes, viscosumic acid, viscozulenic acid, viscoazucine and viscoazulone, and a flavonoid glycoside, quercetin-3-O-(6''-feruloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside isolated form the aerial parts of Polygonum viscosum (Polygonaceae) have been assessed. All test compounds exhibited CNS depressant activity in open field test, all but viscoazulone showed analgesic activity in Eddy's hot plate test, all sesquiterpenes inhibited acetic acid induced abdominal writhing in mice, and all but viscoazucine and the flavonoid glycoside exhibited mild to moderate antiinflammatory effect on carrageenan induced rat paw edema.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed1999

Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae inferred from 18S rDNA and rbcL sequence data.

The phylogenetic relationships of some angiosperm families have remained enigmatic despite broad phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences. One example is the aquatic family Podostemaceae, the relationships of which have long been controversial because of major morphological modifications associated with their aquatic habit. Podostemaceae have variously been associated with Piperaceae, Nepenthaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Crassulaceae, and Saxifragaceae. Two recent analyses of rbcL sequences suggest a possible sister-group relationship of Podostemaceae to Crassulaceae (Saxifragales). However, the branch leading to Podostemaceae was long, and use of different outgroups resulted in alternative placements. We explored the phylogenetic relationships of Podostemaceae using 18S rDNA sequences and a combined rbcL + 18S rDNA matrix representing over 250 angiosperms. In analyses based on 18S rDNA data, Podostemaceae are not characterized by a long branch; the family consistently appears as part of a Malpighiales clade that also includes Malpighiaceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Violaceae, Linaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Trigoniaceae, Humiriaceae, and Ochnaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined 18S rDNA + rbcL data set (223 ingroup taxa) with basal angiosperms as the outgroup also suggest that Podostemaceae are part of a Malpighiales clade. These searches swapped to completion, and the shortest trees showed enhanced resolution and increased internal support compared to those based on 18S rDNA or rbcL alone. However, when Gnetales are used as the outgroup, Podostemaceae appear with members of the nitrogen fixing clade (e.g., Elaeagnaceae, Ulmaceae, Rhamnaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae). None of the relationships suggested here for Podostemaceae receives strong bootstrap support. Our analyses indicate that Podostemaceae are not closely allied with Crassulaceae or with other members of the Saxifragales clade; their closest relatives, although still uncertain, appear to lie elsewhere in the rosids.

DNA, Ribosomal↗

PubMed1994

Immunological analysis of serum for buckwheat fed celiac patients.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench), a herbaceous plant of the Polygonaceae family, does not have any affinity for the Gramineae family. It is commercially rated as a cereal, which has led to some misunderstanding concerning its use in gluten induced enteropathy or celiac disease. The effect of buckwheat flour ingestion by celiac patients was evaluated through the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Samples of serum were collected 30 days after the flour ingestion. Cryostat performed cuts of wheat and buckwheat grains were accomplished in order to compare the reactivity of their proteins and serum of celiac and normal patients. The assay revealed that the buckwheat flour presents no toxicity for the celiac patient and no anti-protein antibodies formation in the grain was observed for serum dilutions of 1:2 up to 1:32 with 0.15 M NaCl solution in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 throughout the 30 day assay period. The results of the immunological assays showed that the buckwheat flour does not present toxic prolamines to celiac disease patients.

Antibodies↗

PubMed2006

Postconditioning's protection of THSG on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and mechanism.

2,3,5,4'-tetra-hydroxystilbene-2-O-glucoside (THSG), the water-soluble active components extracted from dried tuber root of Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae), can promote the release of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelial cells and has strong antioxidation. The postconditioning's protection of THSG on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanism were investigated. After reperfusion for 3 h following occlusion of rat left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 30 min, SalphaT recovery speed, arrhythmia and cardiac infarct size were observed. The ischemic size and infarct size was identified by using Evans blue and TTC staining methods respectively. The results showed that the infarct size in THSG 7. 5 mg/kg postconditioning group was significantly decreased from 43.6% +/- 9.1% in mode group to 16.5% +/- 6.5% (P < 0.01). SalphaT recovery was quicker and the incidence of arrhythmia (55.6% vs 100%, P < 0.05) was significantly lower than in control group. The infarct size in THSG+glybenclamide group was greater than in THSG group, but equivalent to that in control group (46.8% +/- 9.8% vs 43.6% +/- 9.1%, P > 0.05), SalphaT recovery speed slower and the incidence of arrhythmia also lower (33.3% vs 100%, P < 0.01), suggesting that glybenclamide could abolish the effects of THSG postconditioning reducing the cardiac infart size. It was concluded that THSG administration before reperfusion could effectively alleviate the cardiac reperfusion injury and possessed the postconditioning effects of reducing cardiac infarct size, which might be related with the K(ATP) channel opening.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Antidiabetic stilbene and anthraquinone derivatives from Rheum undulatum.

The antidiabetic-activity-guided fractionation and isolation of the 80% EtOH extracts obtained from cultivated Korean Rhubarb rhizomes (Rheum undulatum, Polygonaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of one stilbene, desoxyrhapontigenin (1) and two anthraquinones, emodin (2) and chrysophanol (3). Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia by 35.8, 29.5, 42.3%, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Fagopyritol B1, O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-D-chiro-inositol, a galactosyl cyclitol in maturing buckwheat seeds associated with desiccation tolerance.

O-alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-D-chiro-inositol, herein named fagopyritol B1, was identified as a major soluble carbohydrate (40% of total) in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) embryos. Analysis of hydrolysis products of purified compounds and of the crude extract led to the conclusion that buckwheat embryos have five alpha-galactosyl D-chiro-inositols: fagopyritol A1 and fagopyritol B1 (mono-galactosyl D-chiro-inositol isomers), fagopyritol A2 and fagopyritol B2 (di-galactosyl D-chiro-inositol isomers), and fagopyritol B3 (tri-galactosyl D-chiro-inositol). Other soluble carbohydrates analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography included sucrose (42% of total), D-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol, galactinol, raffinose and stachyose (1% of total), but no reducing sugars. All fagopyritols were readily hydrolyzed by alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) from green coffee bean, demonstrating alpha-galactosyl linkage. Retention time of fagopyritol B1 was identical to the retention time of O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-D-chiro-inositol from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Leguminosae), suggesting that the alpha-galactosyl linkage is to the 2-position of D-chiro-inositol. Accumulation of fagopyritol B1 was associated with acquisition of desiccation tolerance during seed development and maturation in planta, and loss of fagopyritol B1 correlated with loss of desiccation tolerance during germination. Embryos of seeds grown at 18 degrees C, a condition that favors enhanced seed vigor and storability, had a sucrose-to-fagopyritol B1 ratio of 0.8 compared to a ratio of 2.46 for seeds grown at 25 degrees C. We propose that fagopyritol B1 facilitates desiccation tolerance and storability of buckwheat seeds.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

Distribution of different mycorrhizal classes on Mount Koma, northern Japan.

To investigate the role of mycorrhizae in nutrient-poor primary successional volcanic ecosystems, we surveyed mycorrhizal frequencies on the volcano Mount Koma (42 degrees 04'N, 140 degrees 42'E, 1,140 m elevation) in northern Japan. After the 1929 eruptions, plant community development started at the base of the volcano. Ammonia and nitrate levels, along with plant cover, decreased with increasing elevation, whereas phosphorus did not. In total, 305 individuals of 56 seed plant species were investigated in three elevational zones (550-600 m, 650-700 m, and 750-800 m). Five mycorrhizal classes were classified based on morphological traits: ecto- (ECM), arbuscular (AM), arbutoid, ericoid, and orchid mycorrhiza. All plant species were mycorrhizal to at least some extent, with most widespread tree species being heavily ectomycorrhizal. In addition, of 16 tree species collected in all three zones, 6 differed in the frequencies of ECM on roots between elevational zones, and 3 of these 6 species increased in frequency with increasing elevation. These results suggest that ECM colonization in some tree species is related to establishment in nutrient-poor habitats. All species of Ericaceae and Pyrolaceae had ericoid mycorrhizae, and an Orchidaceae species had orchid mycorrhizae. Herbaceous species, except for the low mycorrhizal frequency of Carex oxyandra and two Polygonaceae species, and ericoid and orchid mycorrhizal species, were generally AM. Of herbaceous species, Anaphalis margaritacea var. angustior increased AM frequency and decreased ECM frequency with increasing elevation, and Hieracium umbellatum increased ECM frequency. In total, the establishment of herbaceous species was not sufficiently explained by AM colonization on roots. Tree individuals developed 2-3 classes of mycorrhizae more than herbs at each elevational zone. We conclude that the symbiosis between seed plants and mycorrhizae, ECM in particular, greatly influences plant community structures on Mount Koma. Not only a single mycorrhizal class, but combinations of mycorrhizal classes should be studied to clarify effects on plant community dynamics.

Altitude↗

PubMed2004

Arum- and Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizas in a mixed pine forest on sand dune soil in Niigata Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan.

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are the most widespread mycorrhiza in nature and form two morphologies, Arum- and Paris-type. The determining factors defining the two different morphologies are not well understood. In this study, the distribution of Arum- and Paris-type AM was determined in a mixed pine forest. A total of 35 plant species belonging to 20 families and 32 genera were identified and examined for AM colonization and morphological types. AM morphological types in 14 families were confirmed as follows: Arum-type in Rosaceae, Oleaceae, Lauraceae, Vitaceae and Compositae, Paris-type in Aquifoliaceae, Ulmaceae, Araliaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Rubiaceae and Dioscoraceae, and both and/or intermediate types in Caprifoliaceae and Gramineae. Plant families whose AM morphological status was previously unknown were clarified as follows: Polygonaceae and Commelinaceae showed Arum-type morphology; Celastraceae, Menispermaceae and Elaeagnaceae had typical Paris-type morphology. The proportion of Arum-type to Paris-type species decreased in the following order: annuals > perennials > deciduous species > evergreen species, and pioneer group > early successional group > late successional group. Evergreen plants had a higher tendency to form Paris-type AM than annuals, perennials and deciduous plants. The results indicate that environmental changes, such as shade during plant succession, control the distribution of plant growth forms in mixed pine forest and may also play a part in the distribution of Arum- and Paris-type morphology. The identity of the plant seems to strongly influence AM morphology, though control by the fungal genome cannot be ruled out.

Japan↗

PubMed2004

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of the dominant plant species in primary successional volcanic deserts on the Southeast slope of Mount Fuji.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization was observed on four plant species in primary successional volcanic deserts on the Southeast slope of Mount Fuji. The AM colonization of the dominant species, Polygonum cuspidatum, contradicts the conclusion that Polygonaceae are often regarded as being non-mycorrhizal species. The secondary dominant species, Polygonum weyrichii var. alpinum, formed no mycorrhizas. The roots of Cirsium purpuratum, Clematis stans and Campanula punctata ssp. hondoensis, showed a higher percentage of AM colonization than P. cuspidatum. AM colonization and spore density in the rhizosphere soil of P. cuspidatum significantly decreased as elevation increased. AM colonization in roots of Cirsium purpuratum and Clematis stans also tended to decrease with increased altitudes. Cirsium purpuratum and Campanula punctata ssp. hondoensis formed single structural types of Arum- and Paris-type, respectively, whereas P. cuspidatum and Clematis stans formed both Arum- and Paris-type morphologies.

Campanulaceae↗

PubMed1993

Antitrichomonal action of emodin in mice.

Emodin, an active component contained in the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), was found to have an inhibitory effect on the pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis in mice. Emodin delayed the development of subcutaneous abscesses due to infection of this parasite. Also, it cures the intravaginal infection of trichomonads through oral administration. In cell cultures, it reduced the cytotoxic effect of this parasite towards mammalian cells. This inhibition was markedly reversed by the coexistence of free radical scavengers, indicating the possible mediation of free radicals.

Abscess↗