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PubMed2002

Polyester (Parietex) mesh for total extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: initial experience in the United States.

Polypropylene mesh is the most commonly used mesh for open and laparoscopic hernia repair in the United States. A variety of newly developed polyester mesh products have recently become available. This is the first U.S. multiinstitutional study evaluating the initial experience of polyester mesh use for total extraperitoneal (TEP) laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Between January 2000 and June 2001, 337 patients underwent 495 TEP laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs using polyester mesh. There were 309 men and 28 women in the study, whose average age was 45 years (range, 17-80 years). The average operative time for all cases was 54.3 min (range, 18-157 min). There were no conversions to open repair and no mortality. Complications included 12 seromas/hematomas (six aspirated), chronic pain in three patients, urinary retention in two patients, and one incidence each of the following: epididimitis, prostatitis, hydrocele, and port-site cellulitis. Additionally, one patient had carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Foley bag at the end of the surgery, but a normal cystogram showed no identified bladder injury. There has been one recurrence (0.2%), occurring 4 months after surgery, which was repaired using a transabdominal laparoscopic approach. The mean follow-up period was 11 months (range, 2-22 months). There have been no documented infections of the mesh, and no mesh has been removed. This study documents a favorable initial experience with polyester mesh for TEP laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. There were no complications related to the mesh. There may be technical and long-term advantages with the use of polyester mesh for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Longer follow-up evaluation and additional studies are warranted to evaluate these potential advantages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Contraceptive efficacy of polyester-induced azoospermia in normal men.

The contraceptive effect of a polyester sling applied to the scrotum was studied in 14 men. The suspensor was worn for 12 months. Follow-up investigations comprised periodic check of semen character, testicular size, rectal-testicular temperature difference, serum reproductive hormones and testicular biopsy. The electrostatic potentials generated by friction between the polyester suspensor and the scrotal skin were determined. Female partners used contraceptives until the men became azoospermic. After 12 months, the suspensor was abandoned and the aforementioned investigations were performed again. In the suspensor-wearing period, all men became azoospermic after a mean of 139.6 +/- 20.8 sd days, with decrease in both testicular volume (P less than 0.05) and rectal-testicular temperature difference (P less than 0.001). Serum reproductive hormones showed no significant change (P greater than 0.05). Seminiferous tubules revealed degenerative changes. No pregnancy occurred during this period. The polyester suspensor generated electrostatic potentials (mean 366.4 +/- 30.5 sd volt/cm2 by day and 158.3 +/- 13.6 sd volt/cm2 by night). In the suspensor-release period, the sperm concentration returned to the pre-test level in a mean period of 156.6 +/- 14.8 sd days. Likewise, the testicular volume and rectal-testicular temperature difference were normalized. The 5 couples, who had planned to become pregnant, conceived. The azoospermic effect of the polyester sling seems to be due to two mechanisms: 1) the creation of an electrostatic field across the intrascrotal structures, and 2) disordered thermoregulation. To conclude, fertile men can be rendered azoospermic by wearing the polyester sling. It is a safe, reversible, acceptable and inexpensive method of contraception in men.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Mechanical and handling properties of braided polyblend polyethylene sutures in comparison to braided polyester and monofilament polydioxanone sutures.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to comprehensively compare the mechanical properties of 4 types of braided polyblend sutures with widely used braided polyester and monofilament polydioxanone sutures. METHODS: Polyblend polyethylene sutures (FiberWire [Arthrex, Naples, FL], Herculine [Linvatec, Largo, FL], Orthocord [DePuy Mitek, Raynham, MA], and Ultrabraid [Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA]), a braided polyester suture (Ethibond; Ethicon, Somerville, NJ), and an absorbable monofilament polydioxanone suture (PDS II; Ethicon), all USP No. 2, were mechanically tested. Fraying resistance was tested on eyelets of metallic and absorbable suture anchors. Cartilage abrasion caused by an intra-articularly placed suture knot was simulated by fraying on distal porcine femora. RESULTS: All polyblend sutures were stronger than Ethibond or PDS II sutures by at least a factor of 2, with or without a knot. When knotted, Herculine (261 +/- 44 N) was strongest, followed by Ultrabraid (244 +/- 3 N). FiberWire was most resistant against fraying on metallic anchors. Orthocord was by far least abrasive with absorbable anchors. Resistance to fraying was 100- to 500-fold (absorbable anchors) and 6- to 30-fold (metallic anchor) better for all polyblend sutures than for Ethibond. All braided sutures caused a similar amount of abrasion of joint cartilage, but they caused significantly more abrasion (>20-fold) than the monofilament degradable suture. CONCLUSIONS: The ultimate strength of polyblend suture material was 2- to 2.5-fold greater than that of polyester or polydioxanone sutures, but the resistance to fraying was up to 500-fold greater than that of polyester or polydioxanone sutures. With regard to strength, this makes polyblend sutures particularly advantageous for use with metallic edges of anchors or prostheses or with absorbable anchor eyelets. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With a high resistance to fraying against metallic edges or a decrease in cutting of absorbable suture eyelets being up to 500-fold greater than with polyester or polydioxanone sutures, the new polyblend sutures appear to fill a void in the armamentarium of the surgeon, provided that at least 2 throws more than with conventional sutures are used for knot tying.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Biocompatibility of sorbitol-containing polyesters. Part I: Synthesis, surface analysis and cell response in vitro.

A series of sorbitol-containing polyesters were synthesized via a one-pot lipase-catalyzed condensation polymerization. Thin films were prepared by spin coating on silicon wafers and surfaces were analyzed by tapping mode atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Surface morphologies and surface energies across the series of polyester films, including a poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) control were nearly indistinguishable. Biocompatibility of the sorbitol-containing polyester series was evaluated against a PCL control by measuring cell spreading and proliferation of a mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell line in vitro. Results confirmed that the sorbitol-containing polyester surfaces elicited cell behavior similar to the PCL control. These results establish the sorbitol-containing polyester series as a promising material for tissue engineering research and development.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2001

Fabrication of polyester microchannels and their applications to capillary electrophoresis.

Inexpensive and disposable polyester microchips were fabricated through photolithographic and wet-chemical etching procedure, followed by replication using an imprinting method at room temperature. Laboratory-scale laser-induced fluorescence equipment was employed as a detection system. The generation of electroosmotic flow (EOF) on the polyester channels was discussed in this paper. Surfactants in the running buffer had a significant effect on the EOF depending on their types. The epsilon potential of the electric double layer formed by adsorbing sodium lauryl sulfate molecules on the wall of polyester channels seemed to be constant within the buffer pH investigated. EOF could also be suppressed to zero by adding polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether into the running buffer. The separation of two laser dyes was obtained using polyester chips through both micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis. The polyester channels modified with 10-undecen-1-ol exhibited a dramatically high-separation efficiency compared with the conventional fused-silica capillary tubes.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2003

Postoperative infection associated with polyester patch angioplasty after carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Postoperative infection is one of the most dreaded complications associated with use of synthetic patches for carotid endarterectomy. Although polyester patches were used extensively for carotid patch angioplasty throughout the last decade, few reports detail cases of deep patch infection. We describe our experience with polyester patch infections after carotid endarterectomy. Patients and methods From January 1996 through December 2001 we treated polyester patch infections after carotid endarterectomy in 10 patients. RESULTS: The interval from primary carotid endarterectomy to presentation with infection ranged from 11 days to 30 months. All patients underwent repeat operation that involved tissue debridement, excision of the polyester patch, and either interposition grafting or patch angioplasty with autologous vein. No perioperative stroke or death occurred; however, 1 patient had transient hoarseness, and in 1 patient a pseudoaneurysm developed that required additional surgical repair with a saphenous vein interposition graft. All patients remain well and free of infection with follow-up as long as 56 months. CONCLUSIONS: Infection is a serious and rare complication of carotid patch angioplasty with polyester material. Nonetheless, it can be treated successfully with good results and acceptable morbidity with soft tissue debridement, prosthetic patch excision, and either patch angioplasty or interposition grafting with autologous vein.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Biocompatible polyester macroligands: new subunits for the assembly of star-shaped polymers with luminescent and cleavable metal cores.

The synthesis of a series of star-shaped, biocompatible polyesters--polylactides (PLAs), polycaprolactones (PCLs), and various copolymer analogues--with either labile iron(II) tris-bipyridyl or luminescent ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl cores is described. These polymers were readily assembled by a convergent, metal-template-assisted approach that entailed the synthesis of bipyridine (bpy) ligands incorporating PLA- and PCL-containing arms and subsequent chelation of the "macroligands" to iron(II) or ruthenium(II). Specifically, the polyester macroligands bpyPLA(2) and bpyPCL(2) were prepared by a stannous octoate catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of DL- or L-lactide and epsilon-caprolactone, using bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine as the initiator. Copolymers bpy(PCL-PLA)(2) and bpy(PLA-PCL)(2) were generated in an analogous manner using bpyPLA(2) and bpyPCL(2) as macroinitiators. Polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and with molecular weights close to values expected based upon monomer/initiator loading were produced. The macroligands were subsequently chelated to iron(II) to afford six-armed, iron-core star polymers, which were characterized by UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Estimated chelation efficiencies for formation of the star polymers (M(n) calcd: 20-240 kDa) were high, as determined by UV-vis spectral analysis. Within the molecular weight range investigated, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the small amounts of metal in the polyester stars and differences in polymer architecture had little effect on the thermal properties of the PLA/PCL materials. However, thin films of the red-violet colored iron-core stars exhibited reversible, thermochromic bleaching. Solutions and films of the polymers also responded (with color loss) to a variety of chemical stimuli (e.g., acid, base, peroxides, ammonia), thus revealing potential for use in diverse sensing applications. Likewise, the polyester macroligands were chelated to ruthenium(II) to produce both linear and star-shaped polymers, which were characterized by UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectral analysis. Molecular weights of the polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography (M(n)(MALLS): 6-30 kDa) with in-line, UV-vis diode-array detection, confirming the presence of the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) core in the eluting polymer fractions. As was the case with the corresponding iron-core polyesters, estimated chelation efficiencies were high.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2005

PEG- and peptide-grafted aliphatic polyesters by click chemistry.

Novel aliphatic polyesters with pendent acetylene groups were prepared by controlled ring-opening polymerization and subsequently used for grafting poly(ethylene glycol) and oligopeptide moieties by the Cu(I)-catalyzed addition of azides and alkynes, a type of "click" chemistry. These aliphatic polyesters possess an acetylene graft density that can be tailored by ring-opening copolymerization of alpha-propargyl-delta-valerolactone (1) with epsilon-caprolactone. Since the mild conditions associated with the click reaction are shown to be compatible with the polyester backbone, this method is a generally useful means for grafting numerous types of functionality onto aliphatic polyesters. The amphiphilic graft polyesters prepared in this study are shown to be biocompatible by in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, suggesting their suitability for a range of biomaterial applications.

Acetylene↗
PubMed1986

Enhanced strength of endothelial attachment on polyester elastomer and polytetrafluoroethylene graft surfaces with fibronectin substrate.

Successful development of a vascular prosthesis lined with endothelium may depend on the ability of the attached cells to resist shear forces after implantation. The purpose of this article is to describe a model for measurement of endothelial detachment caused by shear stress and to identify biomaterials that resist loss of attached cells as a result of shear stress. With human umbilical venous endothelium labeled with indium 111-oxine, cellular attachment to uncoated and fibronectin-coated polyester elastomer and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) graft surfaces was quantified after an 18-hour incubation. PTFE grafts prepared by immediate seeding were also studied. The relative strength of endothelial attachment was determined by the percentage of the original inoculum remaining after the seeded graft surfaces were subjected to a physiologic shear stress of 15 dynes/cm2 during in vitro perfusion. In polyester elastomer grafts, fibronectin did not significantly increase initial attachment but did increase the percentage of inoculum remaining after perfusion (92.1% vs. 39.74%, p = 0.001). A similar relationship existed between fibronectin-coated e-PTFE and immediately seeded e-PTFE preparations with 61.6% and 25.8%, respectively, of the inoculum remaining after perfusion (p = 0.001). Furthermore, the percentage of inoculum retained on fibronectin-coated polyester elastomer was significantly greater than on fibronectin-coated e-PTFE (p = 0.001). In comparing uncoated grafts, polyester elastomer had 39.7% of the inoculum retained after perfusion whereas only 1.8% was remaining on the e-PTFE grafts (p = 0.0001). We conclude that polyester elastomer permits better endothelial cell attachment than e-PTFE and that fibronectin coating enhances the strength of attachment to both graft materials.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1993

Polyester but not cotton or wool textiles inhibit hair growth.

The effect of different types of textile fabrics on hair growth was investigated in 40 mongrel dogs divided into 5 groups. An area of 10 x 20 cm on the dog's back was shaved; half of this area was covered by a textile patch of 100% polyester material in the 1st group, 100% cotton in the 2nd group, 100% wool in the 3rd group and a 50%/50% polyester/cotton blend in the 4th group. The remaining half of the shaved area in the 4 groups as well as the whole area in the 5th group (control) were left uncovered. The textile patch was worn for 2 months. The polyester-covered hair grew at a significantly lower rate and density than in the uncovered area of the same animal and the controls (p < 0.01). The hair color was similar to that of the surrounding uncovered hair. This is in contrast to cotton- and wool-covered skin area which showed nonsignificant differences in hair density, growth rate and color (p > 0.05) against the uncovered area and controls. In the polyester-covered skin, a thinning of the epidermis of the skin was noted microscopically with fragmentation and vacuolation of the hair follicle pulp. The study has shown that the polyester material generated electrostatic potentials, which may have inhibited hair growth, whereas cotton and woolen textiles did not. Friction between the polyester textile and the skin generates electrostatic charges which are suggested to create an 'electrostatic field' that seems to be responsible for the inhibited hair growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Natural and synthetic polyesters for musculoskeletal tissue repair: experimental in vitro and in vivo evaluations.

Two natural Biopol polyesters, containing 8% (D400G) and 12% (D600G) of hydroxyvalerate component, and a synthetic polyester based on 1,4 cyclohexanediol [Poly(cyclohexyl-sebacate)--PCS] were studied to investigate their in vitro and in vivo behavior for application in musculoskeletal tissue repair. The polyesters were placed in direct contact with L929 fibroblasts and cell proliferation (WST-1), cytotoxic effect (LDH), synthetic activity (total proteins) and cytokine production (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha) were assessed after an incubation period of 72 hours and 7 days. Then, 12 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent dorsal subcutaneous implants of tested polyesters under general anesthesia. After 1 and 4 weeks from surgery, the animals were pharmacologically euthanized and the implants retrieved with surrounding tissue for histologic and histomorphometric investigations. In vitro results showed that D600G behaved a little worse in comparison to other tested polyesters in terms of cell proliferation and TNFa at 7 days. PCS presented the lowest total protein value at 7 days. In vivo results indicated that PCS implants produced a higher (p < 0.01) extent of inflammatory tissue in comparison to D600G at 1 week and to D400G at 4 weeks, and the lowest vascular densities at both experimental times. D400G seems to be the most suitable material for biomedical application when tested in fibroblast cultures and in the subcutaneous tissue of rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm in dogs: evaluation of a nitinol-polyester self-expanding stent-graft.

PURPOSE: To validate the ease of deployment and in vivo healing performance of a nitinol-polyester self-expanding stent-graft using a canine thoracic aortic aneurysm model. METHODS: Arterial aneurysms were surgically created in 8 dogs by sewing a polyester patch onto the anterior side of the thoracic aorta. The nitinol-polyester self-expandable stent-grafts (Cragg EndoPro System 1) were implanted transluminally via the femoral route and deployed at the site of the thoracic aneurysm. Aneurysm exclusion and endograft patency were assessed by angiography after implantation and before animal sacrifice at scheduled periods ranging from 1 week to 3 months. The explanted specimens were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the position of the stent-graft with respect to the aneurysmal sac. Histological analysis using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was performed to examine the inflammatory response and healing characteristics of the device. RESULTS: Seven of 8 stent-grafts were implanted successfully; a bend occurred within the aneurysmal sac in 1 dog, which led to continued perfusion of side branches. This endoleak sealed spontaneously within 1 week, and complete exclusion of the aneurysms in all 8 animals continued throughout implantation. At the time of explantation, all devices were structurally intact and well positioned in the aneurysmal sac. At 1 week, the luminal surface displayed a thin layer of thrombotic matrix, which was gradually replaced by a collagenous internal capsule with endothelial-like cell coverage along both ends of the stent-grafts at 2 and 3 months. No exacerbated inflammatory reaction due to either the nitinol wires or the polyester sleeve was observed after 3 months of implantation. CONCLUSIONS: This short-term in vivo study of a nitinol-polyester self-expanding endograft demonstrated the effective exclusion of thoracic aneurysms with a satisfactory healing response and no excessive tissue or inflammatory reactions.

Alloys↗
PubMed2006

Liquefaction of corn stover and preparation of polyester from the liquefied polyol.

This research investigated a novel process to prepare polyester from corn stover through liquefaction and crosslinking processes. First, corn stover was liquefied in organic solvents (90 wt% ethylene glycol and 10 wt% ethylene carbonate) with catalysts at moderate temperature under atmospheric pressure. The effect of liquefaction temperature, biomass content, and type of catalyst, such as H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and ZnCl2, was evaluated. Higher liquefaction yield was achieved in 2 wt% sulfuric acid, 1/4 (w/w) stover to liquefying reagent ratio; 160 degrees C temperature, in 2 h. The liquefied corn stover was rich in polyols, which can be directly used as feedstock for making polymers without further separation or purification. Second, polyester was made from the liquefied corn stover by crosslinking with multifunctional carboxylic acids and/or cyclic acid anhydrides. The tensile strength of polyester is about 5 MPa and the elongation is around 35%. The polyester is stable in cold water and organic solvents and readily biodegradable as indicated by 82% weight loss when buried in damp soil for 10 mo. The results indicate that this novel polyester could be used for the biodegradable garden mulch film production.

Complex Mixtures↗
PubMed2003

Comparison of tissue integration between polyester and polypropylene prostheses in the preperitoneal space.

Tissue integration and implant characteristics of various biomaterials commonly used for inguinal hernia repair have not been studied extensively. The aim of this study is to compare behavior and tissue response between two new polyester prostheses and a commonly used polypropylene (PP) mesh. The polyester prostheses utilized were polyester flat (PF) and polyester soft three-dimensional (PS); the PP mesh utilized was Marlex. Eight randomly assigned 4 x 4-cm2 pieces of two different meshes were fixed in the preperitoneal space with a centrally placed single suture. Gross evaluation included shrinkage and stiffness. Histological evaluation included amount of fibrous and fat encapsulation, connective tissue, foreign-body reaction, neovascularization, hemorrhage, necrosis, and exudate. Evaluations were graded on a zero to four scale. The area and the area ratio were measured using a calibrated micrometer. PP mesh resulted in more fibrous encapsulation and stiffness than PF and PS prostheses. PP also resulted in less connective tissue formation and foreign-body reaction than PF and PS prostheses. There was no difference in fat encapsulation, necrosis, hemorrhage, or exudate between prostheses. Both polyester prostheses (PF and PS) have better tissue integration than the PP mesh, as evidenced by the higher amount of connective tissue and lower extent of fibrous encapsulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Chest wall reconstruction using polyester mesh].

Using polyester, we prepared a new material for chest wall reconstruction. The polyester mesh has the same rigidity and elasticity as Marlex tracheal mesh. From January 1987 through July 1991, we performed chest wall reconstruction using the polyester mesh in 8 patients with lung cancer, 9 with empyema after open drainage, 2 with metastatic chest wall tumors, 1 with a primary osteogenic giant cell tumor originating from the rib and 1 with radiation dermatitis and costal chondritis. Three or more ribs were resected in 17 patients. The defects of the chest wall were reconstructed with the polyester mesh covered with a GORE-TEX soft tissue patch to achieve air tightness. Fifteen cases have passed at least one year with no sign of infection. In conclusion, the polyester mesh prevents flail chest and seems to be a satisfactory material for chest wall reconstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Interference of polyester inflammation on the development of Yoshida ascites hepatoma in the rat].

Minced polyester threads introduced into the peritoneal cavity cause a chronic inflammation with evidence of macrophage and lymphocyte stimulation. In this paper an interference between this kind of inflammation and the growth of Yoshida ascites hepatoma has been shown, which has been found to dependent on the time interval elapsed between the introduction of polyester (Mersilene) minces and injection of the hepatoma cells. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with Mersilene and then divided in to three groups: the first was injected intraperitoneally with hepatoma cells immediately (TM 0), the second after 7 (TM 7) and the third after 14 days (TM 14); rats untreated with polyester and implanted with the same number of hepatoma cells served as controls (NT). While in groups NT and TM 0 a rapid growth of hepatoma cells occurred, together with the accumulation of a considerable volume of ascitic fluid, no tumor growth neither ascite production occurred in groups TM 7 and TM 14; in these animals where several days were allowed to elapse after polyester introduction, the hepatoma cells which had been injected rapidly disappeared and were no more found 48 h after the intraperitoneal injection. It is suggested that the inhibition of the neoplastic growth may be dependent on the activation of macrophages (and possibly NK cells) which accompanies the development of the chronic polyester inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Chest wall reconstruction using polyester mesh].

From January 1987 through December 1994, we performed chest wall reconstruction using the polyester mesh in 15 patients with lung cancer, 11 with empyema after open drainage, 8 with chest wall tumor and 1 with radiation dermatitis and costal chondritis. Twenty five patients were resected 3 or more ribs. Chest wall defects were reconstructed with the polyester mesh covered with Gore-Tex soft tissue patch. Twenty two cases passed more than a year without signs of infection and follow-up averaged 27.6 months. Polyester mesh was removed due to bronchial fistula (3 cases), deformities (3 cases) and abscess formation (1 case). In these cases, polyester mesh was well incorporated and had no foreign body change. In conclusion, the polyester mesh seems to be a dependable prosthetic material for chest wall reconstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Smooth intramural and kink-resistant polyester vascular prosthesis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the healing effect, neointimal formation and patency rate of smooth intramural and kink-resistant polyester vascular prosthesis. METHODS: Experimental implantations of the smooth intramural and kink-resistant polyester vascular prosthesis of internal diameters of 0.6-1. Ocm were performed in segments of abdominal aorta and thoracic descending aorta. RESULTS: The patency rate was 100% in both abdominal aortic implantations and thoracic descending aortic implantations after postoperative observation for 425 days, while the total patency rate was only 70% in the crimped controls. The thickness of the neointimal linings of both implantation groups was determined, smooth intramural, kink-resistant polyester vascular prostheses were significantly thinner than that using crimped polyester vascular grafts (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study proves the feasibility of using smooth intramural and kink-resistant polyester vascular prosthesis to substitute small arteries with an internal diameter of 0.6-1. Ocm.

Animals↗