A set of primers for the amplification of 20 chloroplast microsatellites in Pinaceae.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Base Sequence↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Pinaceae”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Recolonization and radiation in Larix (Pinaceae): evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA paralogues.
Gene paralogy frequently causes the conflict between gene tree and species tree, but sometimes the coexistence of a few paralogous copies could provide more markers for tracing the phylogeographical process of some organisms. In the present study, nrDNA ITS paralogues were cloned from all but one species of Larix, an Eocene genus having two sections, Larix and Multiserialis, with a huge circumboreal distribution and an Eastern Asia-Western North America disjunction, respectively. A total of 96 distinct clones, excluding five putative pseudogenes or recombinants, were obtained and used in the gene genealogy analysis. The clones from all Eurasian species of section Larix are mixed together, suggesting that recolonization and recent morphological differentiation could have played important roles in the evolution of this section. In contrast, the species diversification of the Eurasian section Multiserialis may result from radiation in the east Himalayas and its vicinity, considering extensive nrDNA founder effects in this group. Our study also suggests that the distribution pattern analysis of members of multiple gene family would be very useful in tracking the evolutionary history of some taxa with recent origin or rapid radiation that cannot be resolved by other molecular markers.
Base Sequence↗
Diversity and genetic structure in populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Pinaceae) at chloroplast microsatellite loci.
Genetic variation was compared between uniparentally-inherited (chloroplast simple sequence repeats, cpSSRs) vs. biparentally-inherited (isozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD) genetic markers in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiezii) from British Columbia. Three-hundred twenty-three individuals from 11 populations were assayed. In Douglas-fir, the cpSSR primer sites were well-conserved relative to Pinus thunbergii (11 of 17 loci clearly amplified), but only 3 loci were appreciably polymorphic. At these cpSSR loci, we found an unexpectedly low level of polymorphism within populations, and no genetic differentiation among populations. By contrast, the nuclear markers showed variation typical of conifers, with significant among-population differentiation. This difference is likely the outcome of both historical factors and high pollen dispersal.
Alleles↗
High population differentiation and genetic variation in the endangered Mexican pine Pinus Rzedowskii (Pinaceae).
Pinus rzedowskii is an endangered pine species from Michoacán (central México), which has been previously reported from only three localities. Classified within the subgenus Strobus, it exhibits intermediate morphological characters between subgenera Strobus and Pinus. We analyzed genetic aspects that could shed light on the evolution and conservation of this species. The genetic structure of nine populations was examined using 14 isozyme loci. Pinus rzedowskii has a relatively high level of genetic variation with 46.8% of the loci assayed being polymorphic, a total of 35 alleles, and a mean heterozygosity per population of 0.219. We calculated Wright's F(ST) statistic to estimate gene flow indirectly and to evaluate whether or not there was genetic structuring among populations. We found a marked differentiation among populations (F(ST) = 0.175) and significant inbreeding (F(IS) = 0.247). No pattern of isolation by distance was found. We also constructed a dendrogram based on a genetic distance matrix to obtain an overview of the possible historical relationships among populations. Finally, we found a convex relationship between the genetic distance among populations and the number of ancestral lineages, suggesting that demographically this species has not been at risk recently. Although endangered, with small and fragmented populations, P. rzedowskii shows higher levels of genetic variation than other conifer species with larger populations or similar conservation status.
Journal Article↗
Systematics and genetic structure of Ponderosae taxa (Pinaceae) inhabiting the mountain islands of the Southwest.
The systematics and genetic structure of taxa representing the Ponderosae subsection of genus Pinus were assessed for disjunct, isolated, and peripheral populations occupying the mountain islands of the Southwest. Wind-pollinated progenies of 290 trees were compared in common gardens according to ten variables reflecting allometric, needle, and phenologic characteristics of 2-yr-old trees. The tests also included populations of similar taxa from the Rocky Mountains to the north and the Sierra Madre to the south. Principal component and canonical discriminant analyses demonstrated that the taxa segregated into three distinct groups, one of which contained two subgroups. These groupings collectively accounted for all of the many and confusing taxonomic descriptions that exist for the Ponderosae of the southwest United States and northern Mexico. The results suggested that intertaxa hybrids or hybrid derivatives may have been segregating within the progenies of only three of the parental trees. Hybridization, therefore, appears to be infrequent and inconsequential to the interrelationships among taxa and to contemporary genetic structures of taxa. Univariate analyses showed that the three distinct groups displayed different genetic structures despite similarities in their geographic distributions. While genetic variation within populations of all groups was abundant, a group labeled "quinquefoliata" displayed little variation among populations; one labeled "engelmannii" had abundant interpopulation variation that was largely randomly distributed across the landscape; and in a group containing the subgroups called "scopulorum" and "taxon X," abundant interpopulation variability was arranged systematically along moderately steep clines. These disparate genetic structures showed no apparent effects of the isolated, disjunct, and peripheral conditions under which populations of these taxa exist.
Journal Article↗
Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems.
Legume species distribution and abundance and selected environmental variables were quantified across a complex gradient (varying in both water-holding capacity and fertility) for frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)-wiregrass (Aristida stricta) ecosystems. Legumes were present in all months; however, abundance peaked in June and was minimal after killing frosts in October. Legume species were prominent in the flora (43 species encountered) ubiquitous (94% of 2-m(2) subplots had at least one legume species), and abundant (nearly 120 000 stems/ha). Although most species were widely distributed throughout the gradient, Lespedeza angustifolia was distinctly associated with the more hydric end of the gradient, while both Petalostemon pinnatum and Galactia microphylla were located in the more xeric extreme. The percentage variation in species that could be accounted for by environmental variation was low (27%). Of the variation that could be accounted for, a number of environmental variables were important, including soil moisture, pine basal area (i.e., light), and bivalent base cations (e.g., Ca(2+)). Although gradients in resource availability among sites did not affect the distribution of species or abundance of legumes strongly, variation in resources are likely to regulate N(2)-fixation rates of the various native legume species, and thereby affect ecological functions such as maintenance of N capital and productivity.
Journal Article↗
Wound-induced traumatic resin duct development in stems of Norway spruce (Pinaceae): anatomy and cytochemical traits.
Wounding of Norway spruce by inoculation with sterile agar, or agar containing the pathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica, induced traumatic resin duct formation in the stem. Visible anatomical responses occurred in the cambium 6-9 d post-inoculation. Near the inoculation site cellular proliferation, polyphenolic accumulation, and lignification were induced as a wound reaction to seal the damaged area. Five centimetres from the inoculation site cells in the cambial zone swelled and divided to form clusters. By 18 d post-inoculation, these cells began to differentiate into resin duct epithelial cells surrounding incipient schizogenous lumens. Mature axial traumatic ducts appeared by 36 d as a row of ducts in the xylem centripetal to the cambium. The ducts formed an interconnected network continuous with radial resin ducts. Parenchyma cells surrounding the ducts accumulated polyphenols that disappeared as the cells differentiated into tracheids. These polyphenols appeared to contain fewer sugar residues compared to those accumulating in the secondary phloem, as indicated by the periodic acid-Schiff's staining. The epithelial cells did not accumulate polyphenols but contained immunologically detectable phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), indicating synthesis of phenolics as a possible resin component. These findings may represent a defense mechanism in Norway spruce against the pathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica.
Journal Article↗
Phloem parenchyma cells are involved in local and distant defense responses to fungal inoculation or bark-beetle attack in Norway spruce (Pinaceae).
The anatomical response of Norway spruce bark polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) to inoculation with the phytopathogenic fungus Ceratocystis polonica and attack by its bark-beetle vector Ips typographus was examined. Fungal inoculation on the periderm surface had no effect, while inoculation just below the periderm or halfway into the phloem (mid-phloem) generated detectable responses within 3 wk. The responses included increase in PP cell size and in periodic acid-Schiff's staining of PP cell phenolics, wound periderm initiation from PP cells, and cambial zone traumatic resin duct formation. Fungi were not seen in samples 3 wk after subperiderm or mid-phloem inoculation, but were found in some samples 6 and 9 wk after mid-phloem inoculation. In contrast, inoculations into the cambium resulted in partial (3 wk) or complete (6 and 9 wk) fungal colonization and death of tissue in the infected area. This indicates that PP cells have defenses capable of inhibiting fungal growth. Samples taken near bark-beetle galleries had similar anatomical responses as inoculated samples, validating the inoculation approach to studying defense responses in spruce. These results show that PP cells represent not only a constitutive defense system, but are also involved in local and remote inducible defenses against fungal and beetle attack.
Journal Article↗
Carbon and nitrogen allocation to male and female reproduction in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, Pinaceae).
We measured carbon (respiration, photosynthesis, and production) and nitrogen allocation to male and female cones of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) to quantify gender-specific: (1) resource allocation to reproduction, and (2) contribution to carbon costs of reproduction via photosynthesis. We also measured foliar photosynthesis and nitrogen concentration ([N]) near and far from female cones to examine the relationship between reproduction and foliar physiology. Over one growing season, male cones required only 8% of all carbon allocated to reproduction, with females consuming the remaining 92%. Female cones, however, had maximum instantaneous refixation rates of 54%, which, integrated over the season, offset 6% of their total carbon requirements, while male cones were completely dependent on vegetative tissues for carbon. Male cones received 22% of all nitrogen allocated to reproduction and female cones received the remaining 78%. Foliage near female cones had elevated photosynthesis during the early stages of cone development and consistently lower [N] than foliage far from cones. Although female cones may photosynthesize, the annual sum of carbon fixed by reproductive structures is minor in comparison to the total carbon allocated to production and respiration.
Journal Article↗
Genetic discontinuity revealed by chloroplast microsatellites in eastern North American Abies (Pinaceae).
Development of conservation strategies for Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in the southern Appalachian Mountains depends in part on recognition of the extent to which Fraser fir is genetically distinct from the closely related balsam (A. balsamea) and intermediate (A. balsamea var. phanerolepis) fir. These sibling species have exhibited intergrading, clinal variation in morphological, chemical, and genetic characteristics in prior research. Chloroplast microsatellite markers were polymerase chain reaction amplified from genomic DNA samples of 78 individuals representing the geographic ranges of Fraser, balsam, and intermediate fir. Gene diversity levels at two loci ranged among taxa from 0.65 to 0.84. Allele frequencies demonstrated significant differentiation among taxa, with R(ST) values of 0.36 and 0.10. Haplotype diversity and D(SH) were highest for balsam fir and lowest for intermediate fir. A haplotype network analysis based on allele size distribution for the two loci revealed two distinct clusters of haplotypes and population-specific haplotypes. Ninety-two percent of the haplotypes in one cluster were from balsam fir and intermediate fir, and 84% of the haplotypes in the other cluster were from Fraser fir and intermediate fir. The genetic differentiation of chloroplast DNA markers provides justification for the recognition of Fraser fir as a distinct Management Unit (MU) for conservation purposes, regardless of its taxonomic classification.
Journal Article↗
Morphological variation of Pinus flexilis (Pinaceae), a bird-dispersed pine, across a range of elevations.
Limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) grows across a wider range of elevations than any other tree species in the central Rockies, from ∼1600 m at Pawnee Buttes to >3300 m at Rollins Pass. In this study we investigated two possible explanations for limber pine's success across a broad range of elevations: (1) the sites on which it is found, although separated by >1000 m elevation, may not be very different with respect to environmental factors that affect tree growth, and (2) limber pine growth is insensitive to environmental factors that change with elevation. We compared site characteristics of 12 limber pine stands at elevations ranging from 1630 to 3328 m as well as the growth and morphology of trees in each of these stands. Mean daily air temperature in July decreased linearly with the elevation of the site from 22.8° to 12.6°C. The growth and morphology of limber pine leaves, shoots, and trees were, in general, not related to the elevation or July mean air temperature of the sites. There was, however, a significant decrease in stomatal density with increasing elevation, which may be an acclimational response to restrict water loss at high elevations. Our data suggest that the fundamental and realized niche of limber pine is broad with respect to air temperature. In light of the high gene flow and only slight genetic differentiation among populations of species with bird-dispersed seeds, such as limber pine, it is especially unusual to see similar growth throughout an environmental gradient. Physiological and anatomical plasticity or wide physiological tolerance ranges may enable limber pine to uncouple its growth from its environment.
Journal Article↗
Partial cambial mortality in high-elevation Pinus aristata (Pinaceae).
Partial cambial mortality is a growth form that is characteristic of Pinus aristata trees. To better elucidate their cambial death pattern, tree size and aspect of cambial death data were gathered from three Pinus aristata forests in central Colorado, USA. Stripping frequency tended to be higher for larger diameter classes. Partial cambial mortality exhibits significant directionality within each stand. Furthermore, cambial death was measured to be most frequent on the wind-exposed side of stripped trees in two of the three study sites and appeared to be at the third. Data presented here support the hypothesis that wind plays a role in the occurrence of partial cambial mortality in Pinus aristata. The mechanisms by which wind causes cambial mortality remain unclear.
Journal Article↗
Spatial genetic structure of allozyme polymorphisms within populations of Pinus Strobus (Pinaceae).
The population structure of genetic variation for four allozyme loci was investigated for two populations (one old growth, OG, and the other logged, SS) of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Both seedlings and reproductive adults were studied for both study populations. Spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to examine the distribution of allozyme polymorphisms. The spatial genetic structure in adults of population OG indicated that individual genotypes were distributed in a structured, isolation-by-distance manner, consistent with observed levels of pollen and seed dispersal. In contrast, adult genotypes in population SS were nearly randomly distributed, probably as a result of logging. Nonetheless, spatial structuring of genotypes of seedlings occurred at both sites, indicating the power of limited seed flow, as well as temporal Wahlund effects, to create structure. None of four loci in both seedling populations showed a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg proportions, whereas one and two significant deviations were found for loci in the two respective adult populations. These departures may be attributed to episodic reproductive events.
Journal Article↗
Clinal differentiation and putative hybridization in a contact zone of Pinus ponderosa and P. arizonica (Pinaceae).
The widely distributed Pinus subsection Ponderosae is a species complex that has a transition zone among taxa in the southwestern United States. In southern Arizona and New Mexico at least two recognized taxa, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum and Pinus arizonica or P. ponderosa var. arizonica, are known to coexist in close proximity. In this study, we report the existence of populations where the taxa are sympatric. One of the key characteristics distinguishing taxa is the number of needles per fascicle; P. ponderosa typically has three, P. arizonica has five. We examined the spatial distribution of needle-number types in a belt transect that covers a transition zone from nearly pure three-needle types at the top of Mount Lemmon to five-needle types downslope, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The spatial distribution is inconsistent with there being both free interbreeding among types and selective neutrality of types. Trees with intermediate types, having combinations of three, four, and five needles and/or mean numbers of needles between 3.0 and 5.0, are spatially concentrated in the middle of the transition zone. The spatial distribution supports the occurrence of hybridization and introgression, and this is consistent with reported crossabilities of the types. The results suggest that selection is acting, either on needle number per se or on other traits of the ecotype with which it may be in linkage disequilibrium, to maintain the observed steep clinal differentiation.
Journal Article↗
Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities of Pine (Pinus longifolia, family: Pinaceae) oil.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various plant-based products are safe and biodegradable alternatives to synthetic chemicals for use against mosquitoes. Oil of Pinus longifolia is traditionally used for protection against mosquitoes in some rural areas but there is no documented report of its use against mosquitoes. The present study was undertaken to scientifically evaluate the activity of Pine oil against mosquitoes. METHODS: The oil was procured from the market and its contents were chemically analysed. Larvicidal activity of oil was tested in laboratory bioassays, while repellent action was studied during whole night bait collections in field by direct application on the skin and after its impregnation on mats. RESULTS: Results showed varying degree of larvicidal activity of Pine oil against mosquitoes with LC50 values ranging between 82 and 112 ppm. The Pine oil had strong repellent action against mosquitoes as it provided 100% protection against Anopheles culicifacies for 11 h and 97% protection against Culex quinquefasciatus for nine hours respectively. Electrically heated mats prepared from Pine oil provided, 94 and 88% protection against An. culicifacies and Cx. quinquefasciatus for 10 and seven hours respectively. INTERPRETAION AND CONCLUSION: Pine oil is effective against mosquito larvae at very higher doses which are not of any practical utility. However, Pine oil showed strong repellent action against An. culicifacies (malaria vector) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (pest mosquito). Thus its use could be popularised as mosquito repellent.
Animals↗
[A scanning electron microscope study on leaves of some Pinaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae (author's transl)].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Histological Techniques↗
Organization and distribution of a Sau3A tandem repeated DNA sequence in Picea (Pinaceae) species.
Repeated DNA families contribute to the large genomes of coniferous trees but are poorly characterized. We report the analysis of a 142 bp tandem repeated DNA sequence identified by the restriction enzyme Sau3A and found in approximately 20,000 copies in Picea glauca. Southern hybridization indicated that the repeated DNA family is specific to the genus, was amplified early in its evolution, and has undergone little structural alteration over evolutionary time. Fluorescence in situ hybridization localized arrays of the Sau3A repeating element to the centromeric regions of different subsets of the metaphase chromosomes of P. glauca and the closely related Picea sitchensis, suggesting that mechanisms leading to the intragenomic movement of arrays may be more active than those leading to mutation of the repeating elements themselves. Unambiguous identification of P. glauca and P. sitchensis chromosomes was made possible by co-localizing the Sau3A tandem repeats and the genes encoding the 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S ribosomal RNAs.
Base Sequence↗
Evolution of host specialization in the Adelgidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) inferred from molecular phylogenetics.
The Adelgidae form a small group of insects in the Aphidoidea. They are cyclically parthenogenetic with host alternating, multiple-generation complex life cycles and are restricted to certain host genera in the Pinaceae. Species that host alternate always have Picea as the primary host where sexual reproduction and gall formation occur, and another genus in the Pinaceae as the secondary host where a series of parthenogenetic generations are produced. Other species that do not host alternate complete their entire life cycle on one host and only reproduce parthenogenetically. We studied relationships within Adelgidae using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI, COII, and cytb genes, and the nuclear EF1alpha gene. Analysis of the combined data resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny in which the major adelgid clades correspond neatly to their association with secondary host genera. Specialization on each secondary host genus occurred only once and was followed by diversification on the host genus. Molecular dating of divergence times in the Adelgidae suggest that diversification among host genera occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary when the Pinaceae genera were diverging. It is not clear, however, whether the Adelgidae and Pinaceae co-diversified because the relationships among the Pinaceae genera are not fully resolved. We discuss implications for adelgid taxonomy, life cycle evolution, and evolution of the interaction between adelgids and their host plants.
Animals↗