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PubMed1990

Modification of clastogenicity of lead and aluminium in mouse bone marrow cells by dietary ingestion of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract.

Extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit and ascorbic acid were evaluated separately for protection against clastogenicity induced by lead (Pb) and aluminium (Al) salts on mouse bone marrow chromosomes. Oral administration of Phyllanthus fruit extract (PFE) for 7 days before exposure to both metals by intraperitoneal injection increased the frequency of cell division and reduced the frequency of chromosome breaks significantly. Comparable doses of synthetic ascorbic acid (AA) were less effective and could protect against the effects of Al and only a low dose of Pb (10 mg/kg body weight). AA administered before treatment in mice given higher doses of Pb (40 mg/kg body weight) enhanced the frequency of chromosome breaks, giving a synergistic effect. The higher protection afforded by PFE may be due to the combined action of all ingredients, rather than to AA alone.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

Effects of Phyllanthus plant extracts on duck hepatitis B virus in vitro and in vivo.

The effects of extracts of five Australian Phyllanthus species (P. hirtellus, P. gunnii, P. gasstroemii, P. similis and P. tenellus), other plant extracts and the antiviral drug foscarnet on duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) endogenous DNA polymerase (DNAp) activity were compared. All 5 Phyllanthus species caused 50% inhibition at concentrations of dry weight between 350-800 micrograms/ml, which is comparable with the effect described for P. amarus on the DNAp of human and woodchuck hepatitis B viruses. Incubation of P. hirtellus with 100 ID50 DHBV neutralized infection. However, neither P. gasstroemi extract, given by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) at a dose of 20 mg/kg 3 times per week to ducklings early in the incubation period, or P. hirtellus extract, given to established DHBV carrier ducklings, prevented or eliminated infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Antibacterial activity of the leaves of Phyllanthus discoideus.

The lyophilized aqueous extract (LWE) from the leaves of Phyllanthus discoideus was found to show an antibacterial activity. The alkaloid fraction obtained from LWE inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium (MIC = 1.6 mg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 0.78 mg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC = 0.2 mg/ml). Among the alkaloids identified, viroallosecurinine and securinine showed a high activity. Viroallosecurinine exhibited a MIC of 0.48 micrograms/ml for Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus. This alkaloid is bactericidal since the yields of MIC/MBC were less than 1. The MIC of securinine was 0.500 mg/ml for E. coli, Staph. aureus and Myc. smegmatis. These effects of Phyllanthus discoideus leaf extracts support some of the local uses of the plant in traditional therapy.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2003

Inhibition of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus and reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants by Phyllanthus amarus.

Substantial progress has been made in research on natural products which effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication. Many active compounds were isolated from traditionally used medicinal plants including Phyllanthus species. This study shows that aqueous as well as alcohol-based Phyllanthus amarus extracts potently inhibit HIV-1 replication in HeLa CD4(+) cells with 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) values ranging from 0.9 to 7.6 microg/ml. A gallotannin enriched fraction showed enhanced activity (0.4 microg/ml), and the purified gallotannins geraniin and corilagin were most active (0.24 microg/ml). HIV-1 replication was also blocked in CD4(+) lymphoid cells with comparable EC(50) values. Applying a cell-based internalization assay, we could demonstrate 70-75% inhibition of virus uptake at concentrations of 2.5 microg/ml for the water/alcohol extract and geraniin. In addition, a concentration-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) could be demonstrated in vitro. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values varied from 1.8 to 14.6 microg/ml. The ability to inhibit replication of a variety of RT inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strains points to the potential of P. amarus extracts, as natural products, in the chemotherapy of HIV infections.

CD4 Antigens↗

PubMed2001

Nitric oxide production by murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo treated with Phyllanthus tenellus extracts.

Phyllanthus spp. are used traditionally for the treatment of viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Macrophages may play a central role in innate and adaptive response against several infections. Nitric oxide (NO) can be induced during macrophage activation and may exert antimicrobial activity inhibiting the replication of several viruses or parasites. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory role, both in vitro and in vivo, of aqueous extracts of fresh and dried Phyllanthus tenellus as well as an acetone/water extract of the dried plant. NO production by mouse peritoneal macrophages was detected in culture supernatants. Our results demonstrated that: (1) in vitro, a concentration of 100 microg/ml fresh extract stimulated significantly (P< or =0.05) NO production in all assays and the optimal production was achieved at 48-h incubation; (2) 10 and 50 mg/kg fresh extract injected twice intraperitonealy primed macrophages in vivo. Priming was detected by in vitro addition of a second stimulus with 100 microg/ml extract of the fresh plant. Thus, P. tenellus was able to pre-activate macrophages in vivo, and induce full activation in vitro. Further studies should be carried out to better evaluate the optimal dose schedules in terms of time/response for obtaining antiviral or other antimicrobial activity without host damage.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Chemical and preliminary analgesic evaluation of geraniin and furosin isolated from Phyllanthus sellowianus.

The present study describes the occurrence of two ellagitannins in the ethanolic extract of the leaves and stems of Phyllanthus sellowianus (Euphorbiaceae). Their preliminary antinociceptive properties were also evaluated. The two ellagitannins were identified on the basis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra data and by mixed co-TLC and co-HPLC injection with an authentic sample of furosin and geraniin. Preliminary pharmacological analysis revealed that both furosin and geraniin (3 to 30 mg/kg, i.p.), given 30 min before testing, exhibited significant and dose-related antinociceptive properties against acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in mice. Geraniin and furosin were about six- to seven-fold more potent at the ID50 level (micromol/kg) as analgesics than aspirin and acetaminophen, respectively, although they were less efficacious when compared with the standard drugs. These data extend our previous studies and indicate that the two ellagitannins isolated from P.sellowianus, identified as furosin and geraniin are, at least in part, responsible for the antinociceptive actions reported previously for the hydroalcoholic extract of P.sellowianus and other plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A trial of Phyllanthus amarus in acute viral hepatitis.

The study was done to know whether the powders of Phyllanthus amarus plants favourably influence the duration of disease in patients with acute viraus B hepatitis when compared to placebo. The powders of the plant were given in capsule form (300 mg capsules--3 capsules--3 capsules thrice daily) and an antacid powder in similar capsule was used as placebo. Persons with encephalopathy, preexisting medical conditions or serum bilirubin above 350 iu/l were excluded from the study. Fifty seven patients were randomized to receive either the placebo (28 cases) or the drug (28 cases). The two groups were comparable at the time of entry. Two cases from the placebo and one from the placebo and one from the drug group dropped out of the study. The duration of disease (time taken for bilirubin to come to below 2 mg%) was taken as the outcome measure. The duration of disease in the two groups was compared by Cox's proportional hazards analysis after adusting for the variables that influence the duration of jaundice. Only initial serum bilirubin was an independent predictor of duration of jaundice. The an analysis showed that Phyllanthus amarus powders did not significantly reduce the duration of jaundice in persons with virus B hepatitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1998

[Chemical constituents of Phyllanthus urinaria L. and its antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus].

Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus urinaria and its antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus were completed. Eleven compounds have been isolated. Two of them are new compounds methyl ester dehydrochebulic acid and methyl brevifolin carboxylate. Antiviral experiments on HBsAg in vitro and liver damage caused by CCl4 have shown that. Phyllanthus urinaria possesses antiviral activities against HBV.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Effects of extracts from Phyllanthus urinaria L. on HBsAg production in PLC/PRF/5 cell line].

Experiment on the effect of extracts from Phyllanthus urinaria on HBsAg production in PLC/PRF/5 human hepatoma cell line showed that the production was decreased markedly 48 hours after the treatment of cells with 2-4 mg/ml Phyllanthus urinaria, especially in combination with 10(-5) mol/L of Ara-A. The decrease of extracellular HB-sAg excretion seems to stem from the inhibition of intracellular HBsAg formation.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1995

Diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic effect of Phyllanthus amarus.

Diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic effects of Phyllanthus amarus (syn. Phyllanthus niruri) on human subjects were assessed. Nine mild hypertensives (four of them also suffering from diabetes mellitus) were treated with a preparation of the whole plant of P. amarus for 10 days. Suitable parameters were studied in the blood and urine samples of the subjects, along with physiological profile and dietary pattern before and after the treatment period. Significant increase in 24 hr urine volume, urine and serum Na levels was observed. A significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic hypertensives and female subjects was noted. Blood glucose was also significantly reduced in the treated group. Clinical observations revealed no harmful side effects. These observations indicate that P. amarus is a potential diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic drug for humans.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Inhibition of HBsAg secretion from Alexander cell line by Phyllanthus amarus.

Alexander cell line, an human hepatocellular carcinoma derived cell line which has the property of secreting HBsAg in the supernatant was used to study the antiviral property of phyllanthus amarus. Aquous extract of Phyllanthus amarus was evaluated for its in vitro ability to inhibit HBsAg secretion on a dose dependent manner. It was seen that P. amarus at 1mg/ml concentration on a single dose inhibited the secretion of HBsAg for a period of 48 hours. This experiment proved the anti hepatitis B virus property of P. amarus at cellular level and further confirmed its beneficial use in the treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis B and healthy carriers of HBV.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed1995

[The in-vitro inactivation of HBsAg by extracts of plants in the genus Phyllanthus].

Three species from the Phyllanthus genus coming from the Cuban eastern zone were studied to determine the inactivation capacity of the surface antigen (Ags HB) of in vitro hepatitis B virus. Alcoholic extracts were prepared from each species and from different parts of such plants, and sera from patients positive to Ags HB were treated with them. Results demonstrate that the analysed species own the capacity of inactivating that antigen between the 93 and the 97% of the sera assayed. The inactivation capacity analysis of the three parts of Phyllanthus chamaecristoides revealed a greater activity in extracts from the stems (97%) with a behavior resembling the two incubation temperatures used. The presence of flavonoids in the extract of this species is observed.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2006

Development and application of RAPD-SCAR marker for identification of Phyllanthus emblica LINN.

Correct genotype identification of medicinal plant material remains important for botanical drug industry. Limitations of chemical and morphological approaches for authentication have generated need for newer methods in quality control of botanicals. The present study was carried out to develop DNA based marker for identification of Phyllanthus emblica LINN. A putative marker (1.1 kb) specific for P. emblica was identified by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker was developed from the RAPD amplicon. The SCAR marker was found useful for identification of P. emblica in its commercial samples and Triphalachurna, a multi-component Ayurvedic formulation.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Antiviral effect of Phyllanthus nanus ethanolic extract against hepatitis B virus (HBV) by expression microarray analysis.

Ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus nanus (P. nanus) treatment exhibited potent antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus (HBV). The effects of these extracts on HBV in the HBV genome integrated cell lines--Alexander cells and HepG2 2.2.15 cells were examined. Experimental results showed that the ethanolic extract of P. nanus produced suppressive effect on HBsAg secretion and HBsAg mRNA expression. The extract also inhibited HBV replication as measured by HBV DNA level in vitro. In addition, using a duck HBV (DHBV) primary culture model, the P. nanus ethanolic extract suppressed viral replication of DHBV in DHBV infected primary duck hepatocytes. The gene expression pattern in Alexander cells that had been treated with the ethanolic extract of P. nanus was also revealed by microarray techniques. The microarray results indicated that there was up-regulation of expression of several genes, including annexin A7 (Axn7). The subcellular localization of Axn7 and anti-HBV effect of Axn7 over-expression in Alexander cells were also investigated. Results showed that expression of Axn7-GFP fusion protein are localized around the secretory vesicles and could cause a decrease in HBsAg secretion in Alexander cells. Axn7 protein might play an important role in the medicinal effect of the active principle(s) of P. nanus.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

One step purification of corilagin and ellagic acid from Phyllanthus urinaria using high-speed countercurrent chromatography.

High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) has been successfully applied to the preparative separation of corilagin and ellagic acid in one step from the Chinese medicinal plant Phyllanthus urinaria L. by use of direct and successive injections of a crude methanolic extract. Some aspects concerning the practical use of this technique in the described application are considered.

Countercurrent Distribution↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Extraction of phyllanthusols A and B from Phyllanthus acidus and analysis by capillary electrophoresis.

Extracts of roots Phyllanthus acidus were examined by free zone capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and MEKC using the sweeping technique which involves application of a negative potential to the inlet end of the capillary and very much longer than conventional injection times. The latter technique, using a buffer of 50 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2) containing 80 mM sodium dodecylsulphate and 30% methanol was found to allow complete resolution of the active constituents of P. acidus, phyllanthusols A and B, from each other and from other extracted components in under 30 min. Several other components could be detected when hydrodynamic injection times of 500 s were used. The separation, combined with an appropriate extraction procedure and using an internal standard of proguanil, permitted quantification of both phyllanthusols. Calibrations were linear over the range 2-8 micrograms/mL for phyllanthusol A, and 1-4 micrograms/mL for phyllanthusol B. Within-day and day-to-day repeatability RSDs were below 10%, and the precision of extraction RSD was around 14%. The limits of quantification and detection were 0.55 and 0.24 microgram/mL, respectively.

Benzofurans↗

PubMed2003

Screening of 25 compounds isolated from Phyllanthus species for anti-human hepatitis B virus in vitro.

Using an HBV-producing cell line and inhibition of the expression of the HBsAg and HBeAg as antiviral indicators, a study was conducted on 25 compounds isolated from four Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) plants, including P. amarus Schum. & Thonn., P. multi florus Willd., P. tenellus Roxb. and P. virgatus Forst. f. It was found that niranthin (1), nirtetralin (3), hinokinin (5) and geraniin (13) at the non-cytotoxic concentration of 50 micro m, suppressed effectively both HBsAg and HBeAg expression, with the highest inhibition at 74.3%, 45.3%; 69.6%, 33.9%; 68.1%, 52.3%; 32.1%, 46.6%, respectively. Of these, niranthin (1) showed the best anti-HBsAg activity, while the most potent anti-HBeAg activity was observed with hinokinin (5).

4-Butyrolactone↗

PubMed2003

In vitro antiviral activity of Phyllanthus orbicularis extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1.

The antiviral activity of butanol- and acetic acid-soluble fractions, prepared from the leaves and stems of Phyllanthus orbicularis H.B.K., has been investigated against acyclovir-sensitive or -resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains, using human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) and green ape kidney (Vero) cell lines. Both fractions showed antiviral selectivity indexes (SI) from 10.3 to 22.8, while their extracellular virucidal activities reached SI values ranging from 371 to 1,040. Time-addition experiments suggested that the active compounds present in the studied fractions acted on early steps of the virus replication cycle.

Acyclovir↗