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PubMed1993

Peracetic acid and its application to medical instrument sterilization.

Peracetic acid is recognized as a powerful germicidal agent. However, heretofore its corrosive nature has prevented its direct use for medical instrument sterilization. A specially formulated buffered peracetic acid sterilant with anticorrosives has been developed for use in the STERIS PROCESS. The STERIS SYSTEM 1 Processor and the STERIS 20 Sterilant Concentrate have met or exceed the rigorous requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and Food and Drug Administration for making claims related to sterilization. With this system, medical devices including endoscopes are sterilized and ready for use in less than 30 min.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid as sanitising agents for stainless steel food processing surfaces using epifluorescence microscopy.

The effects of the sanitising agents sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus adhering to stainless steel were compared using epifluorescence microscopy. The bacteria were isolated from chicken carcasses and allowed to adhere to stainless steel coupons for 1 h before being rinsed with sterile distilled water and treated with the sanitising agents at 250 or 1000 mg l(-1) (peracetic acid) or 100 or 200 mg l(-1) (hypochlorite) for 10 min. P. fluorescens showed the greatest adhesive ability, followed by E. coli, while S. aureus adhered in lowest numbers. In all cases, sodium hypochlorite was more effective than peracetic acid in killing or removing the adherent cells. After treatment with either concentration of hypochlorite, the number of adhered cells per field (area 8.66 x 10(-3) mm2) was reduced from 118.5, 52.0 and 28.0 to 1.0, 0.0 and 0.0 for E. coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. These are equivalent to reductions from 13.7 x 10(3), 6.0 x 10(3) and 3.2 x 10(3) to 1.2 x 10(2) cells mm(-2) for E. coli and less than this number for the other two species. A median value of zero was not attained for any of the peracetic acid-treated coupons. This sanitising agent was the least effective against S. aureus, achieving only a little over 50% reduction in viable adhered cell numbers at 250 mg l(-1). In view of the importance of these microorganisms as food contaminants, and on economic grounds, peracetic acid cannot be recommended as the sanitising agent of choice for chicken processing equipment.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Action of chronic peracetic acid (wofasteril) administration on the rabbit oral mucosa, vaginal mucosa, and skin.

In a long-term experiment on rabbits 0.2% peracetic acid (0.5% Wofasteril) was distributed upon the dorsal skin, the oral and the vaginal mucosa 3 times per week for 12 months. Each type of tissue was applied 153 individual doses. The histological examinations did not yield dysplasias in the sense of a carcinogenic action of peracetic acid. Despite the very high dosage as it will never be demanded in therapeutical measures, the mucosal tissues under study neither showed inflammations nor scar formation after 12 months of administration. Merely in the dorsal skin a loss of minute accessory hairs in the animal fell was observed. From morphological points of view it seems justified to extend the indication of 0.2% peracetic acid (0.5% Wofasteril) to the mucosal membrane for preparatory arrangements of surgical interventions and for therapeutical measures in bacterially induced inflammatory processes. Clinical testing can be recommended. Before permanent use of peracetic acid for hand disinfection the possible hazards of depilation must be tested dermatologically.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of peracetic acid to sterilize human donor skin for production of acellular dermal matrices for clinical use.

We previously reported methods for sterilizing human skin for clinical use. In a comparison of gamma-irradiation, glycerol, and ethylene oxide, sterilization with ethylene oxide after treatment with glycerol provided the most satisfactory dermis in terms of structure and its ability to produce reconstructed skin with many of the characteristics of normal skin. However, the use of ethylene oxide is becoming less common in the United Kingdom due to concerns about its possible genotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate peracetic acid as an alternative sterilizing agent. Skin sterilized with peracetic acid was compared with skin sterilized using glycerol alone or glycerol with ethylene oxide. The effect of subsequently storing peracetic acid sterilized skin in glycerol or propylene glycol was also examined. Acellular dermal matrices were produced after removal of the epidermis and cells in the dermis, processed for histological and ultrastructural analysis, and the biological function was evaluated by reconstitution with keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Results showed that sterilized acellular matrices retained the integrity of dermal structure and major components of the basement membrane. There were no overall significant differences in the ability of these matrices to form reconstructed skin, but peracetic acid alone gave a lower histologic score than when combined with glycerol or propylene glycol. We conclude that peracetic acid sterilization followed by preservation in glycerol or propylene glycol offers a convenient alternative protocol for processing of human skin. It is suggested that this sterile acellular dermis may be suitable for clinical use.

Dermis↗
PubMed1976

[Serum sterilization in the cold with peracetic acid].

On the basis of broad antimicrobic effect including also bacterial spores, mycoplasmas and viruses, the peracetic acid suits to sterilize in cold. By means of the final 0,1 to 0.02% concentration of the peracetic acid acting for 30 min. up to 5 days, it succeeded in sterilizing the serum used to prepare culture medium for bacteria, mycoplasmas and tissue cultures. Growth controls shown at least as good results as were those in using filtered sera. Chemical sterilization by means of the peracetic acid leads to significant diminution of neutralization and complementfixation antibodies in serum.

Acetates↗
PubMed1976

[Cold sterilization of serums with peracetic acid].

On the basis of broad antimicrobic effect including also bacterial spores, mycoplasmas and viruses, the peracetic acid suits to sterilize in cold. By means of the final 0,1 to 0.02% concentration of the peracetic acid acting for 30 min. up to 5 days, it succeeded in sterilizing the serum used to prepare culture medium for bacteria, mycoplasmas and tissue cultures. Growth controls shown at least as good results as were those in using filtered sera. Chemical sterilization by means of the peracetic acid leads to significant diminution of neutralization and complementfixation antibodies in serum.

Acetates↗
PubMed1989

[The preventive and therapeutic effect of peracetic acid on the development of surgical infection].

The paper reports on the possibility of application of peracetic acid on live tissue by correcting those properties which presented the obstruction for its former application on live tissue. Using laboratory technique the degree of peracetic acid acidity was put to pH 5 and the concentration of 0.2% was determined by testing in vitro on the resistant hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The prophylactic and therapeutic activity on artificially induced infection of wounds by above mentioned bacteria was investigated in experiments (rabbits n = 30). The prophylactic and therapeutical efficacy of peracetic acid of certain properties was proved by comparing it with the control group of wounds where physiological solution was used as a compress.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pilot-plant comparative study of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite wastewater disinfection.

Peracetic acid (PAA) use in wastewater disinfection was assessed by examining its performances in a pilot plant fed by the effluent from a conventional activated-sludge treatment plant. The influence of PAA initial concentrations (0.5-4.0 mg/l) and contact times (8-38 min) on the presence of seven microorganisms (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., and bacteriophages anti-E. coli) and on residual biocide and halogenated organic compound (AOXs) concentrations were evaluated. The data so obtained were compared to the corresponding results acquired using sodium hypochlorite (HYP) in the same experimental conditions. The biocide effect of PAA against total and fecal coliforms, E. coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. was similar to that shown by HYP. The former disinfectant was, however, less efficient than the latter in the reduction of fecal streptococci and bacteriophages anti-E. coli. In both cases the biocide quantities initially introduced in the sewage resulted in the presence of significant concentrations at the end of the contact time. No significant variation of AOX content was detected in the effluent treated with PAA, whereas a progressive increment of such compounds was found when increasing quantities of HYP were added to the sewage.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1976

[Peracetic acid as a disinfectant in the fight against tuberculosis--experimental data-- (author's transl)].

M. tuberculosis is susceptible to peracetic acid as a Disinfectant. However, there is no unanimity how the transmission of Mycobacteriaceae can be prevented and which quantitative requirements are necessary for its action. In practical work protein-like substances and varying numbers of tubercle bacilli are important in the efficacy of sputum disinfection. The tuberculocide effect of peracetic acid is scarcely influenced by such admixtures or by the number of test organisms. A preliminary attempt for killing M. tuberculosis in sputum by means of peracetic acid was successful.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

Surface fixation of dried blood by glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid.

The difficulties of successful prion inactivation by chemical agents has led to changes in recommendations regarding the reprocessing of instruments including flexible endoscopes. One of the changes is the preference for peracetic acid instead of glutaraldehyde in order to avoid fixation of organic material, but the surface fixation by various active agents has not been fully investigated. We used a standardized amount of dried blood soil on metal carriers (on average 22 mg). One part of the carriers was exposed to different disinfectants (four based on peracetic acid, three based on glutaraldehyde, two based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), one based on QAC and amines, one based on phenols and one cleaning agent) and air dried. The difference compared with the non-exposed soiled carrier was taken as the measure of blood removal by exposure to the disinfectants. In addition the other part of the carriers was exposed to a cleaning agent and air dried. The cleaning agent itself was capable of removing more than 99% of the dried blood and served as a control for non-fixation. The rate of fixation of dried blood was calculated as the ratio of the weight of residual soil on 'soiled, disinfected and cleaned' carriers and on 'soiled and disinfected' carriers. All experiments were repeated eight times. Blood removal varied between 90.3% +/- 1.5% (phenol-based disinfectant) and < 10% (glutaraldehyde-based preparations). Fixation of the remainder was between 76.9 +/- 8.4% and 102.5 +/- 1.1% with glutaraldehyde and between 19.2% +/- 3.3% and 78.1% +/- 2.4% with peracetic acid. No other preparations showed a potential for blood fixation (< 1.3%). Our findings underline the potential for blood fixation, not only by glutaraldehyde, but also by peracetic acid, and support the evidence that effective cleaning should precede the chemical disinfection.

Blood↗
PubMed2006

Toxicogenomic response of Staphylococcus aureus to peracetic acid.

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for many incidents of hospital-acquired infection, which causes 90,000 deaths and dollars 4.5 billion loss a year in the United States. Despite a wide use of disinfectants such as peracetic acid in health care environments, we certainly need better understanding of the effects of antimicrobial application on target pathogens to avert infection outbreaks. Consequently, herein, we explored for the first time the toxicogenomic response of S. aureus to a sublethal concentration of peracetic acid (1 mM) by using microarray-based transcriptome analysis. In particular, we investigated the dynamics of global gene expression profiles during its cellular response, which involved initial growth inhibition (10 min) and subsequent partial recovery (20 min). Further, we compared transcriptome responses to peracetic acid between S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our findings show that (i) the regulation of membrane transport genes was significantly altered, (ii) DNA repair and replication genes were selectively induced, and (iii) primary metabolism-related genes were differently repressed between the two growth states. Most intriguingly, we revealed that many virulence factor genes were induced upon the exposure, which proposes a possibilitythatthe pathogenesis of S. aureus may be stimulated in response to peracetic acid.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1997

Disinfection of bronchoscopes, contaminated in vitro with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and Mycobacterium chelonae in sputum, using stabilized, buffered peracetic acid solution ('Nu-Cidex').

The efficacy of 0.35% stabilized buffered peracetic acid solution ('Nu-Cidex') against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and Mycobacterium chelonae in homogenized sputum was tested. An in-use method, using an automated bronchoscope washing machine, showed that over 10 cycles, at a disinfectant contact time of 5 min, M. tuberculosis and M. chelonae were effectively eradicated from the bronchoscope, even in the absence of detergent and pre-cleaning. M. avium-intracellulare was not eradicated in only one of 10 cycles with contact times of 5 and 10 min, but numbers were reduced by > 7 log10 and > 5 log10, respectively. With detergent present, M. avium-intracellulare was successfully eradicated in all cycles at a contact time of 5 min or greater. The results demonstrate that peracetic acid is an effective mycobactericidal agent for use in the disinfection of bronchoscopes.

Bronchoscopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Further research on the kinetics of inactivation of HAV and enteroviruses with peracetic acid. Note II].

Further research was performed on the disinfectant efficacy of peracetic acid on viruses. Hepatitis A virus (HM-175 strain), Poliovirus 2 (attenuated strain) and Coxsackie virus B5 (isolated strain) were tested using peracetic acid concentrations between 160 mg/l and 1280 mg/l. Inactivation tests were carried out at +20 degrees C and at 3 different pH conditions, acid, neutral and basic. The results confirmed that HAV virus, which showed a decline with concentrations above 320 mg/l, has the highest resistance with respect to the other viruses. The other two Enteroviruses were found to be less resistant, especially in neutral and acid conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Submicroscopic study of bacteria and spores under the effect of peracetic acid and various aspects of the mechanism of its action].

Microbial cells (E. coli and staphylococcus) and B. cereus spores were used in this work. Peracetic acid in a concentration of 0.005% caused the death of 99% of the microbes in 20 minutes, and 0.1% peracetic acid caused the death of 99% of the spores in 45 minutes. Changes in the surface and internal structures of the cells were revealed on the ultrathin sections of microbial cells and spores after the action of the preparation. The noted changes were explained by disturbance of permeability barrier and a high reactogenic capacity of the activated oxygen of peracetic acid.

Acetates↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of the Steris System 1 Peracetic Acid Endoscope Processor.

An automated endoscope sterilizing machine, the Steris System 1 Processor, was tested for bactericidal and sporicidal efficacy. The disinfectant, peracetic acid, was diluted to 0.2% within an enclosed system. The exposure time to the disinfectant was 12 min and the overall cycle time ranged from 25-38 min, mean 29 min. Preliminary suspension tests, with and without yeast or serum, showed a log10 reduction of > 5 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in 5 min with 0.2% peracetic acid. After a routine cycle in the machine, endoscopes contaminated with the same organisms showed no growth. Two of 24 spore strips, containing 10(6) B. subtilis showed a small number of survivors (less than 10 per strip). No significant damage to the endoscope was observed although the number of cycles tested was small (i.e. 31). The advantage of the system is that staff are not directly exposed to the agent, but the costs per cycle are higher than glutaraldehyde, since peracetic acid is not renewed. Unlike other automated processors the Steris machine has no cleaning cycle.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1997

[Experimental studies of the effect of peracetic acid on the endometrium of cattle].

Histological investigations were made on uteri of 61 cattle (27 of them after intrauterine treatment). The response activated by 0.2% peracetic acid in the bovine endometrium was a primary inflammatory process, however, necrotising within clearly pronounced limits. Degenerative alterations were the major histological findings 35 minutes from application of 0.2% peracetic acid. They were recordable from the epithelium but at that point in time could easily affect the entire cellular stratum. Histopathological phenomena on the fourth day from application of 0.2% peracetic acid were clearly less strongly pronounced than on the third day. Histiocyte infiltrates of moderate and rarely high intensity reflected increased phagocytosis in the process of endometrial regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Peracetic acid: alternative to the sterilization of bronchofibroscopes].

The Steris system for cold sterilization with peracetic acid was evaluated by effecting a series of contaminations of a fiberoptic bronchoscope (FB) with specimens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii and Mycobacterium kansasi. The FB was contaminated 24 times, 8 times by each microorganism, using specimens containing more than 10(8) cfu/ml. After fixing the secretions on the FB and washing it with enzyme soap, the BF was sterilized. Specimens were taken for culturing after contamination of the FB, after washing, immediately after sterilization and 1 hour after sterilization. No microorganism growth of any of the samples was detected either immediately after sterilization or one hour later. Microbiological data confirmed contamination of the FB after aspiration and fixation of the inoculate. Chemical and biological tests with B. stearothermophilus spores as specified by the manufacturer were correct in all cases: 24 contaminations and 52 processes of prior training. The efficacy of washing with enzyme soap before sterilization stands out. In 14 of the 24 samples, culture was negative after washing and in 7 the concentration of microorganisms was less than 500 cfu/ml, which confirms the need for appropriate washing before any disinfection or sterilization process is begun. In conclusion, the Steris system based on peracetic acid is an alternative to other systems for cold sterilization or high level disinfection.

Acinetobacter↗