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PubMedDate not supplied

Systemic candidosis and concomitant aspergillosis and zygomycosis in two Amazon parakeets (Amazona aestiva).

Systemic candidosis and concomitant aspergillosis and zygomycosis were diagnosed immunohistochemically in two Amazon parakeets (Amazona aestiva). In the bird with systemic candidosis, subacute necrotic lesions were present in the lung and the gastrointestinal tract, whereas chronic giant cell-containing granulomas were located in the liver, heart, spleen and on the serosal lining of the small intestine. Although the lesions in the liver, heart and spleen most likely developed as a result of haematogenous spread, the granulomas on the serosal surface may have developed after a local transmural intestinal invasion. In the second bird, aspergillosis and zygomycosis were restricted to the lung, whereas some zygomycetes were found in the air sacs as well as in the heart and kidneys. In all organs the zygomycotic lesions were dominated by thrombosing vasculitis, supporting haematogenous dissemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Auditory duration discrimination in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Two parakeets were trained by a method of avoidance conditioning to respond to duration differences in successively occurring tone bursts. Difference limens for duration were obtained at six durations (20-160 ms) of a 2.86-kHz tone presented at a sensation level of 60 dB. Calculations of the Weber fractions at each duration showed threshold values which compare favorably to similar measures for man ranging between 0.10 and 0.20.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Leucocytozoon-like infection in parakeets, budgerigars and a common buzzard.

The gross and histological lesions of a protozoan infection, possibly caused by Leucocytozoon, in parakeets (genera Neophema and Cyanoramphus), budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and a wild buzzard (Buteo buteo) are described. The infection appears not to have been identified before in budgerigars in Great Britain, and in its chronic form resulted in vomiting and wasting. The possible identity of the parasite and the epidemiological factors are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Exposure to parakeets and bronchiolitis obliterans.

Case report of a 64-year-old woman with increasing dyspnea and cough. She cared at home for 8 parakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus). Subsequent studies revealed a restrictive pulmonary defect and transbronchial biopsy, a histological bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). No significant elevated anti-avian IgG could be detected, probably because of a transient hypogammaglobulinaemia. The implication of antigenic exposure to avian antigens in the pathogenesis of BO is discussed.

Agammaglobulinemia↗
PubMed1998

Do parakeets exhibit derived stimulus control? Some thoughts on experimental control procedures.

Breaking new ground in the study of emergent stimulus control in nonverbal subjects may require innovation in procedures. A recent study of parakeets is exemplary. This study used intricate procedures for maintaining test-trial performance without differential reinforcement of the target emergent performance. Also, it used successive simple discrimination procedures, which are rare in such studies. Given the importance of these innovations and the outcomes that they produced, we suggest additional control procedures that would rule out the possibility of adventitious reinforcement of the test-trial performances.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Congestive heart failure associated with myxomatous degeneration of the left atrioventricular valve in a parakeet.

Congestive heart failure was diagnosed in a 27-year-old Indian ringneck parakeet with exercise-induced dyspnea. A grade IV/VI holosystolic murmur that radiated to the right sternal area was auscultated over the left side of the sternum. Radiography revealed progressive cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, pulmonary edema, and accumulation of fluid within the coelomic cavity. Echocardiography revealed biatrial enlargement and enlargement of the right ventricle. Doppler recording revealed high velocity left and right atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Treatment with digoxin and furosemide alleviated clinical signs for approximately 10 months. Gross postmortem examination revealed cardiac enlargement and eccentric hypertrophy of both ventricles on cross-section. Pulmonary congestion and edema, hepatomegaly, hepatic congestion, and ascites were also evident. Histologic examination of the heart revealed myxomatous degeneration of the left atrioventricular valve, muscular hypertrophy of the right atrioventricular valve, and biventricular chronic myofiber degeneration and necrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Neurohypophysial-adrenal gland responses to water-deprivation in the rose-ringed parakeet.

The aim of the present investigation is to study the relative influence of neuohypophysis, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla under dehydration stress in the parakeet. Birds subjected to dehydration for 7 days lost body weight. Neurosecretory material (NSM) was partially depleted from the neurohypophysis. Adrenal gland weight was increased followed by a hypertrophy of the cortical tissue. A fall in adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid level was marked. Adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of the adrenal medulla were suppressed as was evident from cytochemical and biochemical findings. It is suggested that neurohypophysis, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are involved in maintaining water homeostasis in this avian species.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2000

Influence of photoperiods on glycemic and adrenal catecholaminergic responses to melatonin administrations in adult male roseringed parakeets, Psittacula krameri Neumann.

Effects of daily (one hour prior to onset of darkness) injection of melatonin (25 micrograms/100 g body wt. for 30 days) on concentrations of blood glucose and adrenal catecholamines were studied in adult male roseringed parakeets, P. krameri under both natural (NP; about 12L:12D) and artificial long (LP; 16L:8D; lights were available in between 0600 and 2200 hrs) or short (SP; 8L:16D; lights were available between 0600 and 1400 hrs) photoperiodic conditions. The results indicate that neither LP, nor SP as such exerts any significant effect on blood glucose titre of control (vehicle of hormone administered) birds. Treatment with melatonin, however, induced hyperglycemia in both NP and LP bird groups, but hypoglycemia in SP birds. Unlike glycemic levels, amount of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in adrenals of control birds exhibited significant changes under altered photoperiods. A decrease in E and an increase in NE were noted in adrenals of both LP and SP birds. Exogenous melatonin in NP birds also caused a decrease in E and concomittant rise in NE levels. On the other hand, treatment of melatonin in both LP and SP bird groups resulted in an increase in the quantity of both E and NE compared to respective values in adrenals of melatonin injected NP birds. However, relative to the amount of E and NE in adrenals of placebo treated LP and SP birds, significant effect of melatonin treatment was observed only in SP birds. The results suggest that influences of exogenous melatonin on the levels of both blood glucose and adrenal catecholamines are largely modulated by short rather than long photoperiods.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory adenovirus-like infection in a rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri).

Intranuclear inclusions were observed under light microscopy in the bronchial epithelial cells of a recently purchased female rose-ringed parakeet that died of chlamydiosis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous particles of adenovirus morphology. A latent adenovirus infection may have become more severe following chlamydiosis and the stress of handling.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycobacterium infection in a gray-cheeked parakeet.

A gray-cheeked parakeet, approximately 3 years of age, was submitted for necropsy. Clinical signs included diarrhea, decreased feed consumption, fluffing of feathers, shivering, weight loss, and limping. Necropsy revealed enlargement and pale discoloration of the spleen and intestines. The liver contained multifocal pale foci. Granulomas, some of which had necrotic centers, were present along the subserosa of the intestinal tract. Microscopic examination revealed diffuse granulomatous splenitis, enteritis, and multifocal granulomatous hepatitis. Numerous acid-fast bacteria were demonstrated in the spleen, liver, and intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Inventory of the shedding of Chlamydia psittaci by parakeets in the Utrecht area using ELISA].

Using a Chlamydia-ELISA test to detect the agent in cloacal swabs in budgerigars and other parakeets, the following findings may be summarised: --10/25 Breeders of budgerigars (40 per cent) housed birds shedding the agent, involving ten per cent of all birds tested, average shedding being 28 per cent in positive lofts. --4/15 Pet shops (27 per cent) were found to have positive birds on sale, at least three per cent of all tested birds being shedders, the proportion of shedders averaging nine per cent per infected pet shop. --In the flocks of five breeders of psittaciformes, which were known positive flocks from the outset average shedding was eighteen per cent. The test may also be used for detecting the agent in organs. The shedding pattern in known positive birds was apparently decreasing, when a large dose of corticosteroids was administered, shedding recurred. The possibility of a cage bird sanitation scheme is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A papova-like virus infection of splendid parakeets (Neophema splendida).

The lesions associated with a papova-like virus infection in two splendid parakeets (Neophema splendida) are described. The most obvious microscopic lesion in both birds was enlargement of renal medullary collecting-duct epithelial cells. The nuclei of these cells were also enlarged, pleomorphic, and often bizarre, and intranuclear and intracytoplasmic virus-like particles (48 nm in diameter) were demonstrated within them. One bird also had a hepatopathy characterized by hepatocyte enlargement and nuclear pleomorphism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of tetracycline levels in parakeets.

Parakeets were fed hulled millet seed containing 0.5% chlortetracycline (CTC) or minocycline. Blood concentrations of more than 1 micrograms CTC/ml and more than 5 micrograms minocycline/ml were obtained. Equivalent drug assay results were obtained from blood specimens collected by venipuncture or by use of treated filter-paper discs. The latter is a fairly simple method for assaying CTC concentrations in blood of treated psittacines.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

The effect of a MAO inhibitor on reserpine-induced secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla of the rose-ringed parakeet.

The effect of MAO inhibitor on reserpine-induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla of the rose-ringed parakeet was investigated in this biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural study. The MAO inhibitor provided some blockade of epinephrine secretion and was ineffective in blocking norepinephrine secretion. Differences between birds and mammals were noted, suggesting that different mechanisms of catecholamine release may be operating in the two classes.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1982

The nature and treatment of giardiasis in parakeets.

The prevalence of giardiasis was studied in 77 parakeets from 4 widely varied sources and was found to be 66%. The infection appeared most common in young birds. Cysts and trophozoites were found in fecal samples and persisted in birds caged alone for up to 4 months, New infections appeared when infected and noninfected birds were caged together, Treatment with 200 ppm of dimetridazole in the drinking water was less effective than 3 oral doses given at the rate of 1.5 mg/30 g of body weight every 12 hours by stomach tube. Metronidazole therapy was not effective.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Giardia infection in parakeets.

Giardia infection causing high morbidity and mortality in parakeets in 3 commercial aviaries is described. The disease was successfully treated with dimetridazole.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Histological and histochemical studies on the female reproductive system of rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) after testosterone propionate treatment.

Intramuscular injections of testosterone propionate (Perandren, CIBA) at a dose level of 2.5 mg per day for 10 days into adult female parakeet caused an increment of differentiated follicles in the ovary. The histological study of the testosterone treated oviduct of the bird showed well developed villi with a significant number of tubular glands particularly in the middle and distal parts of the oviduct. The high level of alkaline phosphatase activity and ascorbic acid concentration in the distal part of the oviduct in treated birds probably increase the power of hatchable eggs which has a close relationship with the enzyme and vitamin C concentration in the uterus. The testosterone treatment causes a marked depletion of granulosal vitamins from ovary but augments the ascorbate mobilization in the thecal region to a very great extent probably due to more LH secretion from the pituitary.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗