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PubMed1962

Effect of p-fluorophenylalanine of psittacosis virus in tissue cultures.

Tanami, Yoh (University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston) and Morris Pollard. Effect of p-fluorophenylalanine on psittacosis virus in tissue cultures. J. Bacteriol. 83:437-442. 1962.-The inhibitory effect of p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA) on maturation of psittacosis virus was investigated, with attention to the time sequence of viral protein synthesis. Extracellular virus particles were not inactivated by FPA at a concentration of 100 mug per ml, at which level it interfered with maturation of intracellular virus. When FPA was added to infected tissue cultures earlier than 15 hr after infection, intracellular virus maturation was suppressed. However, when FPA was added after 15 hr, infective virus was produced, which indicates that the synthesis of a FPA-sensitive virus precursor (presumably viral protein) had already occurred. A latent ("dormant") infection of psittacosis virus, established in a medium deficient in phenylalanine and tyrosine, was also investigated.

Chlamydia↗
PubMed1963

PSITTACOSIS-INFECTED CELL SYSTEM FOR STUDIES ON RADIATION DAMAGE.

Sharon, Nehama (University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.), Morris Pollard, and W. R. Klemm. Psittacosis-infected cell system for studies on radiation damage. J. Bacteriol. 86:1139-1144. 1963.-The unique replication pattern of the agent of psittacosis in cells provides a means for studying biological effects of radiation and the influence of radioprotective drugs on this cell virus system. Intracellular psittacosis virus (strain TT) showed a distinctive sensitivity to X irradiation at 3 to 9 hr after onset of infection. This sensitivity to X rays disappeared later in the replication cycle when the virus-orientated ribonucleic acid matrix appeared in the infected cell. The effect of X rays was on the early stages of the virus, since evidence of subsequent developmental stages could not be observed. During the sensitive stage, the amount of surviving virus was related to the dose of X rays. Irradiation caused an irreversible reaction on sensitive virus. The progeny of surviving virus were unaltered in susceptibility to X rays. Addition of glutathione to infected cultures before irradiation increased the amount of surviving virus. Cysteine.HCl and heat-inactivated calf serum were only protective to the virus. Cysteamine was toxic to the cells, and low concentrations gave no protection. Other compounds tested failed to protect the viral agent against the effect of X rays.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LATENT PSITTACOSIS VIRUS IN MCCOY CELLS.

Kajima, Masahiro (University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.), Nehama Sharon, and Morris Pollard. Electron microscopy of latent psittacosis virus in McCoy cells. J. Bacteriol. 88:709-715. 1964.-Replication of psittacosis virus in McCoy cells was observed periodically by electron microscopy, and was correlated with the appearance of inclusion bodies in infected cells stained by acridine orange fluorochrome. Three well-defined morphological stages characterized the replication cycle: (i) noninfectious initial body, (ii) noninfectious intermediate body, and (iii) infectious mature or elementary body. When replication of virus was interrupted by aminopterin, the virus failed to develop beyond the noninfective initial body stage; however, after treatment of such cultures with folinic acid, intermediate and mature virus particles appeared in the cells. Latent psittacosis virus, as described here, represented a virus in which the replication process was interrupted at a noninfective (eclipse) stage of the developmental cycle.

Acridines↗
PubMed1994

Utility of complement fixation and microimmunofluorescence assays for detecting serologic responses in patients with clinically diagnosed psittacosis.

The serodiagnosis of human psittacosis was considerably improved by a microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay that uses selected strains of Chlamydia psittaci, C. pneumoniae, and C. trachomatis as antigens. The 78 patients examined in the study were clinically diagnosed as having psittacosis on the basis of compatible clinical symptoms following exposure to sick birds. The conventional complement fixation (CF) test identified 36 patients, or 46% (36 of 78) of the total, as positive. Antibody responses to C. psittaci were demonstrated by the MIF test in all 36 CF-positive patients. The MIF test also detected antibody responses to C. psittaci in 12 patients (15% of the total) whose sera were negative or anticomplementary in the CF test. Seven patients, or 9% (7 of 78) of the total, were identified by the MIF test as having C. pneumoniae infections. About 30% of the study patients (23 of 78) showed no serologic evidence of either C. psittaci or C. pneumoniae infection by both the CF and the MIF tests. Four distinctive serologic reaction patterns were observed in the study patients. Recognition of these reaction patterns and judicious corroboration of serologic responses to the chlamydial species by the MIF test with epidemiologic and clinical information will increase the efficiency and accuracy of serodiagnosis for human psittacosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Psittacosis in the elderly.

Six elderly patients with serological evidence of psittacosis but atypical syndromes are described. These cases illustrate the difficulties in diagnosing this infection in the old. Four patients were febrile and three had lesions visible on X-ray of the chest. Three died, in one acute toxic viral myocarditis seemed the cause. All were treated with tetracycline, which must be given generously. Psittacosis infection would probably be more commonly diagnosed in the old if serological examinations were carried out in old people immediately on their administration to hospital because of a severe febrile illness. Serological tests appear clearly to be the most certain means of identifying psittacosis in patients with multiple pathology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Wild-pigeon-related psittacosis in a family.

Three members of a family acquired psittacosis after exposure to a wild pigeon. Each of the patients had pulmonary infiltrates, prominent headache, abdominal complaints, and serologic evidence for infection with Chlamydia psittaci. Of 759 cases of psittacosis reported to the Centers for Disease Control for the period of 1974 to 1981, some 75 (10 percent) were associated with pigeons. Fifty-two of the cases were associated with domestic pigeons and 23 with wild pigeons. Pigeons represent a largely unrecognized reservoir of psittacosis in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Probable psittacosis outbreak linked to wild birds.

In autumn 2002, an outbreak of probable psittacosis occurred among residents of the Blue Mountains district, Australia. We conducted a case-control study to determine independent risk factors for psittacosis by comparing exposures between hospitalized patients and other residents selected randomly from the telephone directory. Of the 59 case-patients with laboratory results supportive of psittacosis, 48 participated in a case-control study with 310 controls. Independent risk factors were residence in the upper Blue Mountains (odds ratio [OR] 15.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6-41.7), age of 50-64 years (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.5-10.5), direct contact with wild birds (OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.5-22), and mowing lawns without a grass catcher (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-8.0). Protective equipment is recommended for residents in areas frequented by free-ranging birds if contact with birds and their droppings is likely when performing outdoor activities such as lawn mowing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis), 2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Psittacosis--also known as parrot fever and ornithosis--is spread by a bacterial infection of birds that can cause severe pneumonia and other serious health problems among humans. From 1988 through 1998, 813 cases of psittacosis (infection with Chlamydia psittaci) were reported to CDC, and most resulted from exposure to infected pet birds, usually cockatiels, parakeets, parrots, and macaws. In birds, C. psittaci infection is referred to as avian chlamydiosis (AC). Infected birds shed the bacteria through feces and nasal discharges, and humans become infected from exposure to these materials. This compendium provides information about psittacosis and AC to public health officials, physicians, veterinarians, the pet bird industry, and others concerned about controlling these diseases and protecting public health. The recommendations in this compendium provide standardized procedures for controlling AC in birds, a vital step to protecting human health.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Psittacosis. A flu like syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Psittacosis is a relatively common cause of community acquired pneumonia in adults in Australia. Although the illness is usually mild to moderate in severity, it can, be life threatening. It should be considered as a possible cause of any flu like illness. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic investigation and outpatient management of psittacosis. DISCUSSION: The key to the management of psittacosis is considering the diagnosis. If a history is obtained of contact with birds, a careful search for respiratory symptoms, signs or chest X-ray changes should take place. If the clinical likelihood is high, empirical therapy with doxycycline should be started. Acute and convalescent serology should then be taken to help establish the diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1959

Some general remarks and new observations on psittacosis and ornithosis.

Complement-fixation tests of sera from patients with mild or obscure respiratory infections have shown that psittacosis is more prevalent in man than the occasional dramatic outbreaks had hitherto led one to suppose. In this paper, the author discusses the epidemiology of the disease in humans with special reference to the various sources of infection, which are now known to include a number of non-psittacine birds-particularly, turkeys, ducks and pigeons.After reviewing the distribution of human infection, describing the methods of diagnosing the infection in man and birds, and outlining briefly the mechanism of immunity, the author proceeds to the question of therapy with tetracycline compounds, which have proved effective for the treatment of human psittacosis provided that they are administered soon enough and over a sufficiently long period. He then deals with the public health aspects of the disease and with the problem of control, pointing out the many difficulties involved. Addition of tetracycline compounds to the feed has been successful in eradicating the infection from a few parakeet-breeding aviaries, but the results with parrots, pigeons and turkeys have been less promising; it is hoped, nevertheless, that a suitable chemotherapeutic method can be developed.Finally, the author reviews briefly the known instances of infection of mammals other than man with viruses of the psittacosis group.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[A case of psittacosis showing a localized peripheral air-space consolidation].

A 29-year-old man was admitted with fever and anorexia. Radiographic examinations of the chest showed a localized peripheral non-segmental air-space consolidation in the right lower lobe. He had a history of exposure to parakeets, and psittacosis was diagnosed based on the elevated serum complement fixation titer against Chlamydia psittaci. The common radiographic finding of psittacosis is ground-glass attenuation radiating from the hilar areas. We report a rare case of psittacosis presenting a localized consolidation, clearly limited to the subpleural region of the lung.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[A case of psittacosis].

A 67-year-old Japanese housewife, who had been attended the out patient department of medicine, Fukuoka Dental College (FDC) Hospital for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, was admitted to FDC Hospital because of high fever, exhaustion, anorexia, myalgia and mild stupor. Her ECG finding revealed atrial fibrillation and roentgenologic examination of the chest showed diffuse opacities in the left lung field (S10) without pleural effusion. As she had told her physician that her pet parakeet had been dead recently, she was diagnosed immediately as psittacosis. She was instantly treated with minocycline orally and deslanoside intravenously. Laboratory findings on admission disclosed the following results: Complement-fixing antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci were 1:64, and liver dysfunction (GOT 253, GPT 86, LDH 846) was shown. The white blood cell count was 4,700 associated with shift to the left, C-reactive protein was 6 plus and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 109 mm in 1 hour. The course in the hospital was satisfactory and after 38 hospital days she was discharged with complete recovery from the psittacosis. It is emphasized the importance of that the question about the history of contact with psittacine birds or other avian species is essential to diagnose psittacosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Psittacosis in the RSA.

Patients usually provisionally diagnosed as having typhoid fever or pneumonia are regularly admitted to the Rietfontein Fever Hospital suffering from psittacosis. The main symptoms are intense headache, chills and fever and an irritating non-productive cough. Later most patients develop signs of pneumonitis most clearly seen on radiographic examination. An important clue to the diagnosis is a history of contact with birds, most often budgerigars and more recently cockatiels. The diagnosis may be confirmed by the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci, the causative organism, but more usually reliance is placed on the results of serological tests revealing the development of chlamydial antibodies. None of the patients in this series developed serious complications, but if not treated psittacosis sufferers may develop severe pneumonitis, hepatitis and gastro-enteritis; the mortality rate is up to 20%. A rare but fatal complication is chlamydial endocarditis, presenting with the signs and symptoms of subacute bacterial endocarditis, but giving repeated negative blood cultures. The illness responds specifically to treatment with tetracycline antibiotics within 48 hours. Chlamydial infections are widespread among avian species. In the RSA most cases of psittacosis have resulted from contact with budgerigars and cockatiels, but outbreaks have been associated with imported batches of birds including South American parrots and Australian finches, emphasizing the need for vigilance at seaports.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

Psittacosis in Manitoba.

Paired blood specimens submitted to the Virus Laboratory, between January and September 1970, from 200 patients with a lower respiratory tract infection were examined for antibodies to the psittacosis-human pneumonitis group antigen. A high static titre of antibodies was found in four patients and a rising titre in three. The illness varied in the seven patients, tending to be severe, chronic and recurrent. All patients recovered following a course of antibiotic therapy which was repeated in four; treatment tended to be inadequate since the diagnosis of psittacosis was made retrospectively. The likely source of the infection in four of the patients was budgerigars, in one it was pigeons, in one it was a canary as well as a pigeon, and in one the source was not identified. Two additional patients had a fairly high static titre of antibodies to the psittacosis-human pneumonitis antigen but were excluded from this report since they showed a diagnostic increase in antibodies to a respiratory virus during the course of their illness; both patients had an avian contact and are being followed up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

The elusive source of psittacosis in the Arctic.

Eskimos and Arctic Indians have a high incidence of psittacosis antibodies. The following Arctic birds were therefore examined in an endeavour to find the reservoir of infection: snow geese in their Arctic nesting grounds; migrating geese in the spring and in the fall; ptarmigan, raven, and snow bunting on the Arctic Circle in the late winter. Psittacosis virus was not recovered from any of the birds examined, but a percentage of migrating geese had psittacosis antibodies. The source of human and avian antibodies in the Arctic remains elusive.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Psittacosis as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)].

Diagnosis of acute, primary extensive pneumopathies provoking severe hypoxemia is particularly difficult, became of the non-specific radiological findings, resulting from the oedema and associated alveolar collapse, and the fact that the clinical picture and biological test results are not very characteristic of a particular etiology. Similar findings may be obtained, therefore, in bacterial pneumopathies so-called typical pulmonary affections, certain forms of acute, tuberculosis, and other types of infection of three patients admitted for acute respiratory insufficiency, two died after treatment with a betalactamine, alone or associated with an aminoside, subsequent serology providing evidence of psittacosis. Diagnosis was immediately established in the third patient, the wife of one of the other cases, and she recovered after erythromycin treatment. The lungs of the two patients that died showed suggestive bronchiolitis and peribronchiolar alveolitis, together with obliterative alveolar granulations and fibrosis, probably secondary to the psittacosis, and responsible for the fatal outcome. Psittacosis as a cause of an extensive pneumopathy of probable infectious origin may easily pass unrecognized, typical etiologies being infections due to pneumococcus, Legionella pneumophila. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viruses. Erythromycin, active against these microorganisms, would therefore appear to be the antibiotic therapy that should be prescribed initially, those with wider spectrums being reserved for cases with atypical radiological findings, or when precise bacteriological data is available.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Enrofloxacin (Baytril)--an alternative for psittacosis prevention and therapy in imported psittacines].

It was the aim of the presented work to test Enrofloxacin under field conditions of compulsory prophylaxis and treatment of psittacosis, as JUNG (1993) had already demonstrated the effectiveness of this antibiotic against Chlamydia psittaci. During official quarantine 22 groups comprising 2536 birds were treated with Baytril. With suitable feed like steamed maize and a dose of 500 mg/kg Enrofloxacin the mean blood values ranged from 0.9 to 4.1 micrograms/ml within the different species. Application via drinking water can only be advised as an alternative in sick birds with reduced food intake. Duration of excretion (limit was the minimal inhibitory dose of Enrofloxacin with Chlamydia psittaci, 0.125 micrograms/ml was depending on the uptake of Enrofloxacin and correlated with serum levels. With mean serum levels of 1.0 micrograms/ml the minimal inhibitory dose for Chlamydia psittaci was attained in all birds after 14 days. The tissue concentrations measured in Patagonian conures surpassed serum levels several-fold, with the exception of brain tissue. Out of 22 quarantine groups only two were naturally infected with Chlamydia. One group of 196 Senegal parrots could only be cured from chlamydial infection after substituting their normal mixed feed with medicated maize containing 1000 mg/kg Enrofloxacin. In 50 per cent of the Salmonella infected groups Salmonella could again be grown from faecal samples after the end of treatment. For the treatment of psittacosis mean blood levels of 0.5 micrograms/ml are imperative and duration of treatment should not be below 14 days. Satisfactory hygienic conditions provided Baytril is a valuable therapeutic drug against psittacosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Hepatic psittacosis: a case of liver abnormality diagnosed by ultrasonography].

Psittacosis marked by liver and spleen involvement and minimal pericarditis was observed in an 18-year-old patient hospitalized for fever of 1 month duration. At admission, there was no other clinical manifestation and the chest X-ray showed no sign of pulmonary involvement. Liver tests revealed cholestasis. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed multiple nodular formations in the liver and spleen, images confirmed on computed tomography. Liver biopsy showed granulomatous with hyperplasia of the Kupffer cells surrounded by healthy tissue. Complement fixation to psittacosis antigen was positive and increased significantly over a 15-day interval. Treatment with tetracycline led to rapid remission of the fever and normalization of the liver tests and hepatic images. Liver involvement in psittacosis is not uncommon, but this is apparently the first case reporting echographic anomalies. The absence of pulmonary involvement has been reported earlier in a few cases. The diagnosis is usually suggested on the basis of epidemiologic criteria and confirmed by complement fixation.

Adolescent↗