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PubMed1994

Evaluation of the image quality of ink-jet printed paper copies of digital chest radiographs as compared with film: a receiver operating characteristic study.

Paper copies of digital radiographs printed with the continuous ink-jet technique have proved to be of a high enough quality for demonstration purposes. We present a study on the image quality of ink-jet printed paper copies of digital chest radiographs, based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Eighty-three digital radiographs of a chest phantom with simulated tumors in the mediastinum and right lung, derived from a computed radiography (CR) system were presented in two series of hard copies as ink-jet printed paper copies and as laser recorded film. The images, with a matrix of 1,760 x 2,140 pixels, were printed with a spatial resolution of 10 pixels/mm in the CR film recorder as well as in the ink-jet printer. On film, every image was recorded in two versions, one optimized for the mediastinum and one for the lungs. On paper, only one image was printed; this constituted an effort to optimize both the mediastinum and the lungs. The ink-jet printed images, printed on a matt coated paper, were viewed as on-sight images with reflected light. The examinations were reviewed by six radiologists, and ROC curves were constructed. No significant difference was found between the performance of film and that of ink-jet paper prints. Because the cost for a paper copy is only a tenth of that of film, remarkable cost reductions can be achieved by using the ink jet technique instead. Our results show that further quality studies of ink-jet printed images are worthwhile.

Copying Processes↗

PubMed2005

Laser printing of single cells: statistical analysis, cell viability, and stress.

Methods to print patterns of mammalian cells to various substrates with high resolution offer unique possibilities to contribute to a wide range of fields including tissue engineering, cell separation, and functional genomics. This manuscript details experiments demonstrating that BioLP Biological Laser Printing, can be used to rapidly and accurately print patterns of single cells in a noncontact manner. Human osteosarcoma cells were deposited into a biopolymer matrix, and after 6 days of incubation, the printed cells are shown to be 100% viable. Printing low numbers of cells per spot by BioLP is shown to follow a Poisson distribution, indicating that the reproducibility for the number of cells per spot is therefore determined not by the variance in printed volume per drop but by random sampling statistics. Potential cell damage during the laser printing process is also investigated via immunocytochemical studies that demonstrate minimal expression of heat shock proteins by printed cells. Overall, we find that BioLP is able to print patterns of osteosarcoma cells with high viability, little to no heat or shear damage to the cells, and at the ultimate single cell resolution.

Cell Count↗

PubMed2003

Effects of relative humidity and buffer additives on the contact printing of microarrays by quill pins.

DNA microarrays printed with quill pins exhibit significant variation in probe DNA spots. Interspot variations and nonuniform distribution of probe within spots are major sources of experimental uncertainty in microarray analysis. To gain better insight into the sources of variation, we analyzed 450 consecutive depositions printed at relative humidities between 40 and 80% using three print buffers. Increasing relative humidity improved printing performance by delaying pin failure but did not reduce the variability in spot characteristics. Adding either betaine or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the print buffer also improved quill pin performance. Least interspot variation was observed with the DMSO additive printed at 80% relative humidity, but this additive also resulted in the greatest intraspot variation. Least intraspot variation was observed with 1.5M betaine printed at 60% relative humidity, but these conditions produced microarrays with high interspot variability. Evaporation of printing solution from the quill reservoir appeared to be the primary cause of interspot and intraspot variations. Our studies indicate that relative humidity and printing solution additives reduce evaporation. Based on the spot variability requirements for a particular application, humidity and additives may be chosen to optimize either inter- or intraspot variability.

Buffers↗

PubMed2006

Printed circuit board industry.

The printed circuit board is the platform upon which microelectronic components such as semiconductor chips and capacitors are mounted. It provides the electrical interconnections between components and is found in virtually all electronics products. Once considered low technology, the printed circuit board is evolving into a high-technology product. Printed circuit board manufacturing is highly complicated, requiring large equipment investments and over 50 process steps. Many of the high-speed, miniaturized printed circuit boards are now manufactured in cleanrooms with the same health and safety problems posed by other microelectronics manufacturing. Asia produces three-fourths of the world's printed circuit boards. In Asian countries, glycol ethers are the major solvents used in the printed circuit board industry. Large quantities of hazardous chemicals such as formaldehyde, dimethylformamide, and lead are used by the printed circuit board industry. For decades, chemically intensive and often sloppy manufacturing processes exposed tens of thousands of workers to a large number of chemicals that are now known to be reproductive toxicants and carcinogens. The printed circuit board industry has exposed workers to high doses of toxic metals, solvents, acids, and photolithographic chemicals. Only recently has there been any serious effort to diminish the quantity of lead distributed worldwide by the printed circuit board industry. Billions of electronics products have been discarded in every region of the world. This paper summarizes recent regulatory and enforcement efforts.

Electronics↗

PubMed2006

A comparison of Web and print media for physical activity promotion among adolescent girls.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of a Web-based physical activity (PA) intervention with identical content delivered in a printed workbook among a sample of adolescent girls. METHODS: Participants consisted of 319 girls with home Internet access enrolled in four middle schools within one school district. A randomized trial design was used to compare changes in PA self-efficacy and intentions after two weeks of exposure to either a Web- or print-based intervention delivered to their home. Self-reported physical activity was assessed as a secondary outcome. Analysis of covariance was conducted to determine changes between the intervention groups while controlling for baseline levels of PA constructs. RESULTS: Both Web and print groups had significant changes in physical activity self-efficacy (Web: t[155] = 2.58, p = .01; print: t[156] = 3.11, p = .002) and intentions (Web: t[157] = 2.27, p = .02; print: t[159] = 6.32, p < or = .001). The print group demonstrated significantly greater increases in intentions compared with the Web group (F [1,315] = 13.53, p < or = .001). Self-reported physical activity increased significantly in the print group only (t[159] = 3.21, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS: It cannot be assumed that new media technologies are superior to traditional media such as print for health communication to adolescents. These results suggest that a printed workbook was more effective than an identical website for increasing physical activity intentions and behavior among a sample of middle school girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Comparisons of dynamic retinoscopy measurements with a print card, a video display terminal, and a PRIO System Tester as test targets.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic retinoscopy is a common clinical test for assessment of visual function in patients with symptoms related to computer use. It has been suggested that performing dynamic retinoscopy with a fixation target resembling a computer screen may be valuable in the examination of computer users. However, such targets differ in luminance and other characteristics from the printed paper test cards typically used for dynamic retinoscopy. METHOD: To address the effect of varying test targets on dynamic retinoscopy results, this study compared lag of accommodation results from dynamic retinoscopy with three different fixation targets: (a) a printed paper target, (b) a video display terminal, and (c) the PRIO vision testing device, which is designed to simulate a computer screen. MEM (monocular estimate method) dynamic retinoscopy was performed with the print target and with the PRIO device. RESULTS: The difference between results with the different test conditions were generally small, with a statistically significant 0.32 D lower lag found on MEM retinoscopy with the PRIO target IMEM-PRIO) than on MEM retinoscopy with a print target (MEM-PRINT). Mean lag measurements on MEM with a print target and on Nott retinoscopy with the video display terminal (NOTT-VDT) were only 0.04 D different. The 95% limits of agreement for the difference between MEM-PRINT and MEM-PRIO (+/- 0.6 D) was similar to the 95% limits of agreement for the interexaminer reliability of the two procedures (+/- 0.6 D for MEM-PRINT and +/- 0.7 D for MEM-PRIO). CONCLUSION: There was a small but statistically significant difference in lag of accommodation measured with MEM dynamic retinoscopy on the PRIO testing device when compared to a print card.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1987

Effectiveness of a printed leaflet for enabling patients to use digoxin side-effect information.

The effectiveness of a printed leaflet designed to inform patients about digoxin was evaluated. The printed leaflet alone was compared to the verbal consultation alone and the verbal consultation in addition to the printed leaflet. The study assessed patients' decisions about the appropriate course of action to take if side-effect symptoms occurred. Patients receiving the printed leaflet alone scored higher than patients receiving the verbal consultation; however, they scored lower than patients receiving both the printed leaflet and verbal consultation together. Patients receiving both verbal and printed information scored significantly higher than those receiving verbal consultation only. The findings suggest that printed materials together with verbal consultation are essential for enabling patients to make appropriate decisions with respect to side effects. There is not enough evidence to support the use of printed materials in place of verbal consultation. Health practitioners should use printed materials as an adjunct to verbal information.

Digoxin↗

PubMed2026

Application of Three-Dimensionally Printed Surgical Guides in Precise Sacral Tumor Excision and Defect Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Precise resection of sacral tumors remains technically demanding due to their deep anatomical location and close proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Conventional freehand techniques often result in suboptimal resection margins, excessive blood loss, and compromised lumbopelvic stability. This study evaluated whether patient-specific three-dimensional (3D)-printed guiding templates improve surgical accuracy and perioperative outcomes in sacral tumor resection and reconstruction. METHODS: Nineteen patients undergoing en bloc sacral tumor resection (S1-S3 involvement) with spinopelvic reconstruction (2006-2020) were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into a 3D-printing group (n = 10) and a conventional freehand group (n = 9). In the 3D-printing group, computer-aided design and 3D-printed templates were used for osteotomy, screw placement, and defect reconstruction. Perioperative metrics, surgical accuracy, and complications were compared between groups using Welch's t-test and the Hodges-Lehmann method; oncologic events during follow-up were recorded descriptively. RESULTS: The 3D-printing group demonstrated significantly shorter operative time (456.5 ± 62.36 vs. 574.44 ± 114.58 min, p = 0.012), reduced blood loss (4081.40 ± 838.99 vs. 5090.0 ± 1059.67 mL, p = 0.034), and fewer fluoroscopic exposures (4.2 ± 0.79 vs. 10.0 ± 1.58, p < 0.001) compared with the conventional group. Osteotomy accuracy was also superior in the 3D-printing group, with significantly lower angular deviation (3.33° ± 0.45° vs. 6.79° ± 2.16°, p = 0.0012). Postoperative complication rates were comparable (30% vs. 44.4%, p = 0.649), but hospital stay was significantly shorter in the 3D-printing group (10.7 ± 2.71 vs. 18.11 ± 4.01 days, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patient-specific 3D-printed guiding templates enhance precision in sacral tumor excision and reconstruction, improving surgical efficiency and perioperative safety. This computer-assisted, template-guided approach represents a valuable advancement for complex sacral oncologic surgery.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Subjective image quality of digital panoramic radiographs displayed on monitor and printed on various hardcopy media.

The subjective image quality of panoramic radiographs shown on a diagnostic computer monitor were compared with professional direct thermal prints and with common inkjet prints on different paper qualities. Indirect digital panoramic radiographs were obtained from 15 patients. The images were printed with a direct thermal printer in their original format. Afterwards, these were loaded in an imaging software programme (Microsoft Photo Editor) and assessed both on computer monitor and inkjet prints on transparency, glossy, satin and regular paper. Five observers assessed subjective image quality for different regions and anatomical landmarks on a 5-point rating scale. Data were statistically analysed and inter- and intra-observer performances were calculated. Best image quality was obtained with direct thermal prints, followed in descending order by panoramic images viewed on the monitor, inkjet prints on transparencies, glossy paper, satin paper and finally regular paper. The differences were significant except for monitor images versus direct thermal prints, inkjet-transparencies and inkjet-glossy images and inkjet-satin versus inkjet-glossy images. The subjective image quality of indirect digital panoramic images is different for images shown on the computer monitor and for printed images depending on both the printer and paper type used.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) dental implants: A systematic review of the effect of printing parameters on mechanical behaviour and surface quality.

PURPOSE: This systematic review evaluated how FDM printing parameters influence mechanical behaviour and surface characteristics of 3D-printed PEEK and identified parameter combinations linked to the most favourable mechanical performance and surface quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted in: MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Compendex (last update: January 2025). Studies that evaluated the effect of FDM printing parameters on mechanical and surface properties of PEEK were included. Outcomes comprised compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, surface hardness, roughness, and wettability. RESULTS: Of 4005 reports screened, 54 manuscripts were included. 92.6% (n = 50) of articles showed low risk-of-bias, while 7.4% (n = 4) showed medium risk-of-bias. Tensile strength was the most investigated mechanical parameter (78%), followed by elastic modulus (41%), flexural strength (30%), compressive strength (20%), and fracture toughness (6%). Surface roughness was the most evaluated surface property (30%), followed by hardness (17%) and wettability (6%). Across studies, higher printing temperatures, lower printing speed, thinner layer thickness, and maximum infill ratio in a horizontal printing orientation were associated with higher strengths, less warpage, increased accuracy, and improved surface quality. CONCLUSION: Specific combinations of FDM printing parameters can significantly improve the mechanical and surface properties of PEEK. However, it is difficult to meet all the optimal conditions simultaneously. Thus, balancing between different parameters must be considered in practical production.

Benzophenones↗

PubMed1999

How effective is tailored print communication?

This article reviews the "first generation" of tailored print communications studies in the published literature, describing the purpose, theoretical framework, sample, research design, message type and source, outcomes measured, and findings of each. Eight studies compared tailored versus similar nontailored print; one compared tailored print versus an alternate intervention, and three included tailored print as one of several intervention components. Although studies varied by behavioral topic, type of tailoring, and measurement of behavioral outcomes, several themes persist. Compared to their nontailored counterparts, tailored print communications have been consistently better remembered, read, and perceived as relevant and/or credible. There is also evidence that tailored print communications are more effective for influencing health behaviors. Six of the eight tailored/nontailored comparisons found more behavior change among tailored than nontailored recipients. Tailored print communications have also demonstrated effectiveness as an adjunct to other intervention components such as self-help smoking cessation manuals. However, studies comparing tailored print communications with tailoring via other media such as telephone counseling have shown mixed results. Additional research is needed to assess whether the behavioral topic itself may make a difference in whether tailoring is appropriate and effective.

Health Behavior↗

PubMed2005

Luminous lip-prints as criminal evidence.

Luminescence is specially a useful property for the search of invisible evidences at the scene of a crime. In the latent fingerprints particular case, there are at one's disposal fluorescent reagents for their localization. The study of latent lip prints (that is lip prints from protective lipstick, or permanent or long-lasting lipstick that do not leave any visible marks) is more recent than fingerprints study. Because of the different composition of both types of prints, different reagents have been tried out on their developing. Although, lysochromes are particularly useful reagents to obtain latent lip prints, it may occur on coloured or multicoloured surfaces, the developing is not perceived due to contrast problems between the reagent and the surface where the print is searched. Again, luminescence offers the possibility to solve this problem. Nile Red is being studied as a potential developer for latent lip prints. The results on very old prints (over 1year) indicate that this reagent is highly efficient to get latent lip prints.

Forensic Medicine↗

PubMed1997

Effects of bilingualism and biliteracy on children's emerging concepts of print.

Three groups of 4- and 5-year-old children were examined for their concepts of how print refers to language. All of the children could identify printed letters and their sounds but not read alone. The groups studied were monolingual speakers of English, bilingual speakers of French and English, and bilingual speakers of Chinese (Mandarin) and English. Bilingual children were equally proficient in both languages and were familiar with print and storybooks in both languages. The tasks assessed children's understanding of the general correspondence between print and language in which the printed form represents a word and the specific correspondence between a constituent of print and one of language that determines representation in a given writing system. The general correspondence relation applies to all writing systems, but the specific correspondence relation changes for different kinds of writing systems. Bilingual children understood better than monolingual children the general symbolic representation of print. The older Chinese-English bilingual children also showed advanced understanding of the specific correspondence relations in English print.

Attention↗

PubMed1996

Mechanical properties of dense polylactic acid structures fabricated by three dimensional printing.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a bioresorbable polymer that is used in a number of clinical situations. Complex shapes of PLA are commonly machined for bone fixation and reconstruction. Solid free from fabrication methods, such as 3D printing, can produce complex-shaped articles directly from a CAD model. This study reports on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLLA parts. 3D printing is a solid free-form fabrication process which produces components by ink-jet printing a binder into sequential powder layers. Test bars were fabricated from low and high molecular weight PLA powders with chloroform used as a binder. The binder printed per unit line length of the powder was varied to analyze the effects of printing conditions on mechanical and physical properties of the PLA bars. Furthermore, cold isostatic pressing was performed after printing to improve the mechanical properties of the printed bars. The maximum measured tensile strength for the low molecular weight PLLA (53 000) is 17.40 +/- 0.71 MPa and for high molecular weight PLLA (312 000) is 15.94 +/- 1.50 MPa.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed2001

Online journals: impact on print journal usage.

PURPOSE: The research sought to determine the impact of online journals on the use of print journals and interlibrary loan (ILL). SETTING: The Library of the Health Sciences-Peoria is a regional site of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Library with a print journal collection of approximately 400 titles. Since 1999, UIC site licenses have given students and faculty affiliated with UIC-Peoria access to more than 4,000 online full-text journal titles through the Internet. METHODOLOGY: The Library of the Health Sciences-Peoria has conducted a journal-use study over an extended period of time. The information collected from this study was used to assess the impact of 104 online journals, added to the collection in January 1999, on the use of print journals. RESULTS: Results of the statistical analysis showed print journal usage decreased significantly since the introduction of online journals (F(1,147) = 12.10, P < 0.001). This decrease occurred regardless of whether a journal was available only in print or both online and in print. Interlibrary loan requests have also significantly decreased since the introduction of online journals (F(2,30) = 4.46, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in use of the print collection suggests that many patrons prefer to access journals online. The negative impact the online journals have had on the use of the journal titles available only in print suggests users may be compromising quality for convenience when selecting journal articles. Possible implications for collection development are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Print versus electronic journals: a preliminary investigation into the effect of journal format on research processes.

PURPOSE: To begin investigating the impact of electronic journals on research processes such as information seeking, the authors conducted a pilot journal-use study to test the hypothesis that patrons use print and electronic journals differently. METHODOLOGY: We placed fifteen high-use print titles also available in electronic format behind the circulation desk; patrons were asked to complete a survey upon requesting a journal. We also conducted a parallel survey of patrons using library computers. Both surveys asked patrons to identify themselves by user category and queried them about their journal use. RESULTS: During the month-long study, patrons completed sixty-nine surveys of electronic and ninety surveys of print journal use. Results analysis indicated that fellows, students, and residents preferred electronic journals, and faculty preferred print journals. Patrons used print journals for reading articles and scanning contents; they employed electronic journals for printing articles and checking references. Users considered electronic journals easier to access and search than print journals; however, they reported that print journals had higher quality text and figures. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This study is an introductory step in examining how electronic journals affect research processes. Our data revealed that there were distinct preferences in format among categories. In addition to collection management implications for libraries, these data also have implications for publishers and educators; current electronic formats do not facilitate all types of uses and thus may be changing learning patterns as well.

Consumer Behavior↗

PubMed2006

Jet-based methods to print living cells.

Cell printing has been popularized over the past few years as a revolutionary advance in tissue engineering has potentially enabled heterogeneous 3-D scaffolds to be built cell-by-cell. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art cell printing techniques that utilize fluid jetting phenomena to deposit 2- and 3-D patterns of living eukaryotic cells. There are four distinct categories of jetbased approaches to printing cells. Laser guidance direct write (LG DW) was the first reported technique to print viable cells by forming patterns of embryonic-chick spinal-cord cells on a glass slide (1999). Shortly after this, modified laser-induced forward transfer techniques (LIFT) and modified ink jet printers were also used to print viable cells, followed by the most recent demonstration using an electrohydrodynamic jetting (EHDJ) method. The low cost of some of these printing technologies has spurred debate as to whether they could be used on a large scale to manufacture tissue and possibly even whole organs. This review summarizes the published results of these cell printers (cell viability, retained genotype and phenotype), and also includes a physical description of the various jetting processes with a discussion of the stresses and forces that may be encountered by cells during printing. We conclude the review by comparing and contrasting the different jet-based techniques, while providing a map for future experiments that could lead to significant advances in the field of tissue engineering.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Migration of plasticizers from printing inks into foods.

It has been demonstrated that on storage of a tightly wound reel of polypropylene packaging film, specially printed for experimental purposes, transfer can occur of components from the ink on the outer surface of the film on to the inner food contact surface. For dicyclohexyl phthalate this transfer amounted to 6% of the total amount of plasticizer available in the printing ink system. It was subsequently shown for confectionery and snack food products wrapped in commercially printed polypropylene films that plasticizers only present in the printing ink migrated into the foods. The migration of plasticizer increased with storage time of the wrapped product; for dibutyl phthalate, for example, levels increased from 0.2 to 6.7 mg/kg over the period from 0 to 180 days storage of a chocolate-coated confectionery product. A small retail survey (47 samples) of confectionery, snack products and biscuits wrapped in printed polypropylene film showed the presence of one or more plasticizers at levels from 0.02 to 14.1 mg/kg for dibutyl phthalate, from less than 0.01 to 18.6 mg/kg for dicyclohexyl phthalate and from less than 0.01 to 1.8 mg/kg for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. In all cases there was a good correlation between the plasticizers found in the printing ink from the film and those in the food. Wide variations were found, however, in the amounts and types of plasticizers used in printed packaging of the same brand of retail food product purchased from different regions of the country.

Food Contamination↗