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PubMed1976

[Precipitin Reactions Between Host Organ Extracts And Antisera For Paragonimus And Clonorchis]

Precipitin reaction between host organ extracts and antisera for Paragonimus and Clonorchis were studied to know whether the antigens from two species of trematodes have common characters with those of host organs. The brain, lung, heart, liver and muscle of rat and rabbit were extracted in 0.1% saline solution by freezing-thawing technique. For immunization of rabbit, the extracts of Paragonimus and Clonorchis was emulsified with equal amount of Freund's adjuvant and 1.0 ml of the mixture was injected subcutaneously once every 10 days for 5 times, and 3 days after the last immunization, antisera were prepared. Precipitin bands by agar-gel double diffusion methods were examined between organ extracts of rabbit or rat and Paragonimus or Clonorchis antisera. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of liver, heart and muscle of rat and anti-Clonorchis rabbit sera but not appeared against brain and lung. 2. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of lung, muscle and liver of rat and anti-Paragonimus rabbit sera but not appeared against brain and heart. 3. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of liver and muscle of rabbit and anti-Clonorchis rabbit sera but not appeared against brain, heart and lung. 4. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of lung and muscle of rabbit and anti-Paragonimus rabbit sera but not appeared against liver. 5. The extracts of Paragonimus westermani showed precipitin bands against liver and brain of rat and liver of rabbit in agar-gel double diffusion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Restricted epitope recognition by precipitin-negative anti-La/SS-B-positive sera.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether anti-La/SS-B-positive sera that are precipitin negative show a distinct B cell epitope pattern. METHODS: Serum reactivity was tested with recombinant La/SS-B fusion proteins. RESULTS: Among the 18 precipitin-negative anti-La/SS-B-positive sera, reactivity was confined to the full-length recombinant protein (La33.3) in 8 (44%); 5 of 18 (28%) reacted only with La33.3 and with the first 107 N-terminal amino acids (LaA), and 4 (22%) reacted with La33.3, LaA, and the middle region of the La molecule (LaC; amino acids 111-242). One serum reacted with La33.3 and LaC. None of the 18 precipitin-negative sera was positive on a carboxy-terminal fragment (LaL2/3; amino acids 346-408). In contrast, all 26 precipitin-positive anti-La/SS-B-positive sera reacted with La33.3, LaA, and LaC, and 92% reacted with LaL2/3. Rheumatoid factor and serum IgG levels were significantly lower in the precipitin-negative group, providing further evidence of a distinct serologic subset. CONCLUSION: The restricted epitope recognition by these sera may explain the lack of precipitin formation and may represent an early autoantibody response to La/SS-B.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1993

Contrasting molecular patterns of MHC class II alleles associated with the anti-Sm and anti-RNP precipitin autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To find evidence of a potential genetic predisposition to the anti-Sm or anti-RNP precipitin autoantibody responses. METHODS: HLA-DR and DQ alleles determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism and/or oligotyping in 49 subjects with either anti-Sm alone or anti-RNP alone were compared with those in 139 race-matched normal control subjects and 59 race-matched lupus patients without anti-Sm and anti-RNP autoantibodies. RESULTS: Black patients with anti-Sm precipitin had increased frequencies of HLA-DR2 and the DQw6-associated DQA1*0102 (P = 0.007, odds ratio [OR] = 6.7) and DQB1*0602 (P = 0.001, OR = 9.1) chain alleles compared with normal black control subjects. Black patients with anti-RNP precipitin showed significant increases in the DQw5-associated DQA1*0101 (P = 0.03, OR = 5.5) and DQB1*0501 (P = 0.002, OR = 23.3) chain alleles compared with lupus patients without anti-Sm or RNP. While patients with anti-RNP precipitin showed an increased frequency of the DQw8-associated allele DQB1*0302 (P = 0.02, OR = 3.7) compared with normal controls, as well as an increased frequency of the DQw5-associated alleles DQA1*0101 and DQB1*0501 (P = 0.05, OR = 4.2) compared with lupus patients without anti-Sm or RNP. There were no specific HLA-DR2 or DR4 subtype associations found with either anti-Sm or RNP precipitin autoantibodies. CONCLUSION: There are distinct patterns of major histocompatibility complex class II allele associations with the anti-Sm versus the anti-RNP precipitin autoantibody responses, and HLA-DQ associations may be more primary than HLA-DR associations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1976

Alternaria IgG precipitins and adverse reactions.

Late reactions consisting of fever, malaise, and swelling at the site, 4 to 6 hr after injections of Alternaria extract occurred in several patients receiving immunotherapy with Alternaria. These patients had in common serum IgG precipitins and exquisite leukocyte histamine release sensitivity to Alternaria. Such precipitins were 3 times more frequent in patients receiving Alternaria immunotherapy than a control group of patients receiving immunotherapy with other antigens. A prospective study revealed that 5 of 23 Alternaria-sensitive persons had precipitins before immunotherapy and another 6 developed precipitins during therapy. Only one of the 23 experienced a late Alternaria reaction. Thus, precipitins to Alternaria are common and do not seem to be the basis for the late reactions we observed. The finding of precipitins does not contraindicate immunotherapy.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1958

Characterization of the reactant (gamma globulin factor) in the F II precipitin reaction and the F II tanned sheep cell agglutination test.

The material in gamma globulin ("reactant") which reacts with rheumatoid sera in the F II precipitin and F II tanned sheep cell agglutination tests was concentrated by precipitation with sodium sulfate. The concentrated "reactant" appeared to consist of polydispersed molecular aggregates of gamma globulin with s(20) constants as high as 40, as well as the previously described inhomogeneous aggregated material. Aggregated gamma globulin precipitated readily with most rheumatoid sera regardless of the reaction volume, and in low concentration inhibited the F II tanned sheep cell agglutination reaction and sensitized tanned erythrocytes to the agglutinating action of a positive rheumatoid serum. On the other hand, non-aggregated gamma globulin (7S) did not precipitate with rheumatoid sera and in low concentration did not inhibit the F II tanned sheep cell agglutination reaction, or sensitize tanned erythrocytes. Non-aggregated gamma globulin in large excess inhibited the precipitin reaction of aggregated gamma globulin with "rheumatoid factor," and accounted for the characteristic shape of the whole F II precipitin curves and the volume effect described by Vaughan (relation of increased precipitate yield relative to the reaction volume in whole F II precipitin studies). In serological systems other than the F II tanned sheep cell and F II precipitin reactions, the sensitization involves an antigen-antibody combination; i.e., sheep erythrocyte plus hemolysin in the sensitized sheep cell test, and egg albumin plus anti egg albumin in the absorption experiments with specific precipitates. The aggregation of gamma globulin that was essential for sensitization in the F II tanned sheep cell and F II precipitin tests may have simulated the aggregation of antibody gamma globulin that occurs with antigen-antibody union. The present information has been incorporated into a schematic hypothesis for the basis of the rheumatoid serological reactions.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Budgerigar fancier's lung. The persistence of budgerigar precipitins and the recovery of lung function after cessation of avian exposure.

Forty-eight budgerigar fanciers have been studied and twenty-five (52%) of these lost their serum budgerigar precipitins after cessation of avian exposure. Twenty (80%) subjects lost their precipitins within 2 years. The lung function was assessed serially in seventeen patients with allergic alveolitis and correlated with the persistence of their serum precipitins. There was no difference in the lung function at presentation or in the incidence of complete recovery between the ten subjects, whose precipitins persisted for longer than 2 years, and the seven individuals in whom the precipitins had disappeared within this time. These observations suggest that budgerigar precipitins do not have a major role to play in the continuing pathogenesis of allergic alveolitis.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1968

Prevention of staphylococcal bacteriophage activity by antigen A precipitins in human sera.

Antigen A precipitins in human sera prevented plaque formation and propagation of staphylococcal bacteriophages. Over 20% of total IgG was removed from human sera by absorption with staphylococci containing antigen A. The specific precipitating antibody in rabbit antisera formed lines of idenity with antigen A precipitins in lower dilutions of human sera but formed lines of nonidenity with antigen A precipitins in higher dilutions of the same sera, suggesting both specific and nonspecific antigen A precipitins in human sera. The specific and nonspecific antigen A precipitins in human sera may prevent the in vivo activity of staphylococcal bacteriophages which have been demonstrated previously in animals whose sera do not contain either specific or nonspecific antigen A precipitins.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1990

Precipitins in bird breeder's disease: how useful are they?

Precipitating antibodies to avian antigens play a controversial role in the diagnosis of bird breeder's disease (BBD). In order to establish the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of precipitins in our laboratory, we conducted a prospective study including 128 sera received in 1988 for determination, by immunoelectrophoresis, of avian precipitins. Accurate information was obtained for 90 patients; definitive clinical diagnosis was given by the patient's own physician. We found a high sensitivity (86%), specificity (93%) and accuracy (92%) of avian precipitins in the diagnosis of BBD. Bayes' theorem was applied to determine the predictive value of the test with varying disease prevalence, and established that precipitins were particularly valuable for low or medium a priori probability. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve we evaluated the effects of varying the positivity threshold of precipitins. The threshold used in this study appeared to offer the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity. These results suggest that the diagnostic value of avian precipitins in the work-up of BBD should be reconsidered, also because they represent a simple, cheap and non-invasive diagnostic test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Method for analysis of antigen-antibody precipitins in double immunodiffusion.

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antigen-antibody precipitin bands obtained by two-dimensional double immunodiffusion were systematically analyzed and compared using a microcomputer and a SPSS-PC statistical analysis package. Precipitins rated in respective agarose concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 1.5% were obtained from twofold dilutions of a calf thymus nuclear extract (CTNE) containing RNP antigen. These dilutions were reacted against the same dilutions of plasma containing anti-RNP antibody. A Mean Quality Index Score was calculated at each agarose concentration from the sum of ratings assigned for the intensity (thickness) of precipitin bands times the sum of ratings assigned for the clarity (clearness and sharpness) of the precipitin bands. This product was divided by the total number of possible precipitin reactions. The Mean Quality Index Score for the 0.4% agarose was significantly higher than the other concentrations (p less than or equal to 0.05). This method or similar approaches may allow a more systematic way of comparing precipitins developed in gel immunodiffusion.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1962

Diagnostic tests for thyroid antibodies: a comparison of the precipitin and latex-fixation (Hyland TAI) tests.

The clinical significance of thyroid antibodies is discussed and it is concluded that, of the antibody tests which have been extensively applied, the precipitin test is the most useful for diagnostic purposes. The recently introduced Hyland TA test is compared with the precipitin test. The TA test gives a rapid result and is slightly more sensitive, but it remains undecided whether a true positive result is always indicative of clinically important degrees of chronic thyroiditis. The TA test also gives occasional false positive results, not indicative of antibody to thyroglobulin. Furthermore, approximately 12% of precipitin-positive sera from patients with Hashimoto's disease give negative TA tests, and since these also have low titres, or are negative, in the tanned red cell haemagglutination test, the precipitin test is the only simple method of demonstrating the antibody concerned. In spite of these disadvantages, the TA test is regarded as a useful procedure, and there are advantages in using both the precipitin and TA tests together for routine diagnostic purposes. A modification is described whereby the TA test reagent may be used to titrate antibody to thyroglobulin.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1978

The absence of a relationship between serum precipitins and pulmonary disease in a community.

To study the role of serum precipitins in respiratory illness in a community, sera obtained from 3,047 residents of Tucson, Ariz., were tested for the presence of precipitating antibody to a battery of antigens. Positive reactions were obtained in 54 subjects (1.8 percent), a lower incidence than has been reported previously. The majority of these subjects were older than 54 years of age, an age distribution significantly older than the entire sample (P less than 0.01). Pulmonary function among the subjects with positive precipitin reactions was not significantly different from that of the asymptomatic nonsmokers of the entire sample. None of the subjects who were lifelong residents of Arizona had serum precipitins to any of the thermophilic actinomycetes antigens which were used in the testing. These antigens have been found in association with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, most frequently among patients living in the north central United States and were derived from strains of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomycetes candidus and vulgaris. Each subject with precipitins to one or more of the tested antigens was matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic class with two subjects from the sample who had negative precipitin reactions. The groups did not differ in their prevalence of respiratory symptoms or abnormalities of pulmonary function. We conclude that the presence of precipitating serum antibodies among subjects in a community is not indicative of the presence of immunologic pulmonary disease but merely reflects previous exposure to the tested antigen. In addition, individuals whose sera contain precipitating antibody appear to have no increased tendency to develop other types of pulmonary disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Quantitative precipitin analysis of free and hidden RF IgM.

Quantitative precipitin analysis using rabbit IgG anti-human Fc mu was performed with 16 RF IgM, six macroglobulinaemic IgM and four normal IgM. Abnormal precipitin curves were obtained for all RF IgM, even when the latter were not readily demonstrated with conventional serological tests for RF, and for macroglobulinaemic IgM with sedimentation rates greater than 19S. These IgM formed significantly more precipitates with IgG anti-Fcmu in the antigen excess zone than did normal IgM, but the precipitin curves for the other zones were similar for all IgM. The underlying mechanisms of some of the reactions were studied and discussed. Because the divergence in the precipitin reaction for normal IgM and RF IgM was so pronounced, a model precipitin curve was constructed. This could be used to detect RF IgM, even when not readily demonstrable with conventional serological tests for RF, by direct analysis of serum. The results obtained for RF IgM suggested that the method might be applied to RF IgG and intermediate complexes comprised of IgG. The mechanisms demonstrated here might be used to develop immunological methods for routine use.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Composition, serologic reactivity, and immunolocalization of a 120-kilodalton tube precipitin antigen of Coccidioides immitis.

Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis largely depends on serologic tests. In this investigation, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect patient immunoglobulin M (IgM) precipitin antibody binding to a 120-kilodalton (kDa) fraction previously isolated from an alkali-soluble, water-soluble extract of the arthroconidial wall and mycelial culture filtrate plus toluene lysate of Coccidioides immitis. Results of the serologic response to this tube precipitin antigen (TP-Ag) in the ELISA correlated well with results of immunodiffusion assays of 30 serum samples from patients. Immunoelectron microscopic examinations of arthroconidia and spherules were performed with patient IgM precipitin antibodies isolated from sera eluted over a solid-phase immunosorbent column containing the purified 120-kDa TP-Ag. The antibody probe located the 120-kDa TP-Ag on the walls of in vitro-grown arthroconidia and spherules. Pronase digestion and heating (100 degrees C, 5 min) had no apparent effect on the activity of the 120-kDa TP-Ag, while periodate oxidation resulted in total loss of its immunodiffusion-TP activity. Analysis of the carbohydrate composition of the TP-Ag revealed xylose, 3-O-methylmannose (3-O-MM), mannose, galactose, and glucose. Competitive inhibition ELISAs were used to demonstrate that 3-O-MM is largely responsible for the reactivity of IgM precipitin antibodies with the 120-kDa TP-Ag. Synthetic 3-O-MM may be a useful probe for detection of anti-Coccidioides precipitin antibodies in the ELISA.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

Detection of candida serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: an adjunct in determining significant candidiasis.

We report our experience with the use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection and quantitation of candida serum precipitins in 164 patients. Group I consisted of 24 patients with significant candidiasis; group II consisted of 97 patients with either colonization or transient candidemia; and group III consisted of 43 subjects with noncandida systemic mycoses, bacterial infections, and normal controls. Prospective studies were done in ten patients. Double immunodiffusion was performed in all cases. Ratios of counterimmunoelectrophoresis precipitin detection were significantly different between groups I and II and groups I and III (P less than 0.001). Precipitin titers of 1:8 or greater were found more often in group I as compared to group II or III (P less than 0.001). All prospectively studied patients who developed significant candidiasis had peak precipitin titers of greater than or equal to 1:8(greater than fourfold titer increase) during the period of observation. Quantitation of candida serum precipitins by counterimmunoelectrophoresis is helpful in diagnosing significant candidiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Precipitins to dietary proteins in serum and upper intestinal secretions of coeliac children.

We have used precipitin tests to detect antibodies to 10 dietary proteins in the serum (71 cases) and intestinal secretions (51 cases) of a group of children. Thirty-three of the patients had untreated coeliac disease. Our aims were to find out if, in coeliac patients, there was intestinal secretion of antibodies to wheat proteins only or if, as in coeliac serum, antibodies to many food proteins were present; and to confirm that secretion of antibodies to wheat or gluten was specific for coeliac disease.Precipitins to one or more dietary antigens were detected in the intestinal secretions of 26 out of 30 coeliacs and of 11 out of 21 children who did not have coeliac disease. Most of the positive reactions were with the antigens wheat flour, gluten, oatmeal, and egg. Though precipitins to wheat flour or gluten were present in the intestinal secretions of 22 out of 30 coeliacs this was not specific for coeliac disease for these precipitins were also present in 8 out of 21 non-coeliac children.Serum precipitins were detected in 27 out of 33 coeliacs (to the antigens wheat flour, gluten, oatmeal, rice flour, milk, bovine calf serum, sheep serum, and egg) and in 5 out of 33 non-coeliacs (mainly to milk and calf serum, but two infants aged 3 and 5 months had precipitins to several antigens).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Significance of precipitins and asymptomatic lymphocytic alveolitis: a 20-yr follow-up.

What is the significance of serum precipitins and lymphocytic alveolitis in a healthy subject exposed to antigens responsible for hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)? This study was done to evaluate the 20-yr outcome of asymptomatic dairy farmers with or without precipitins or lymphocytic alveolitis in their bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Twenty-seven of the initial 43 farmers were restudied. Of the missing 16, 11 refused the follow-up, three had died and two could not be located. The restudied farmers had a clinical evaluation, lung function tests and a high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Only one subject, an asthmatic, had dyspnoea, none described present or past symptoms suggestive of HP. Of those who were no longer on the farm, none had quit because of respiratory problems. Lung function changes were as expected with aging. The only difference was that farmers with positive precipitins had a statistically significant greater decrease in their forced expiratory volume in one second than the sero-negative farmers. Four HRCTs showed signs of minimal parenchymal abnormalities; these were not more prevalent for subjects with or without precipitins or BAL lymphocytosis. Serum precipitins and asymptomatic lymphocytic alveolitis in an asymptomatic, exposed dairy farmer have no clinically meaningful long-term consequences.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins).

Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum.

Antigens↗
PubMed1958

The use of gel diffusion precipitin plates in the study of Brucella.

The use of gel diffusion precipitin plates in the study of brucella is described.Cultures of Brucella melitensis yielded a diffusible precipitin antigen which produced lines with sera of rabbits, goats, and cattle that had been infected with either Br. abortus or Br. melitensis. The precipitin lines varied in number from one to three.A diffusible precipitin antigen could not be prepared from Br. abortus and Br. suis cultures by the methods which were effective in producing such an antigen from Br. melitensis.No precipitin reactions occurred with sera from cattle in brucella-free herds which had been inoculated with Strain 19 vaccine, although some of these sera were positive to the agglutination test.

Animals↗