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PubMed2006

Popularity, social acceptance, and aggression in adolescent peer groups: links with academic performance and school attendance.

This article reports a short-term longitudinal study focusing on popularity and social acceptance as predictors of academic engagement for a sample of 342 adolescents (approximate average age of 14). These youths were followed for 4 consecutive semesters. Popularity, social acceptance, and aggression were assessed with a peer nomination inventory, and data on academic engagement were obtained from school records. For adolescents who were highly aggressive, increases in popularity were associated with increases in unexplained absences and decreases in grade point average. Conversely, changes in social acceptance were not predictive of changes in grade point average or unexplained absences. These results highlight the importance of multidimensional conceptualizations of social standing for research on school adjustment during adolescence and emphasize the potential risks associated with popularity.

Achievement↗

PubMed2001

A historical perspective of the popular use of electric and magnetic therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To review the history of the therapeutic use of static electric and magnetic fields and to understand its implications for current popular and medical acceptance of these and other alternative and complementary therapies. DATA SOURCES: Comprehensive MEDLINE (1960-2000) and CINAHL (1982-2000) computer literature searches by using key words such as electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic, therapy, medicine, EMF, history of medicine, and fields. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of the selected articles. In addition, discussions were held with curators of medical history museums and supplemental searches were made of Internet sources through various search engines. STUDY SELECTION: Primary references were used whenever possible. In a few instances, secondary references, particularly those requiring translations of early texts, were used. DATA SYNTHESIS: The use of electric and magnetic forces to treat disease has intrigued the general public and the scientific community since at least the time of the ancient Greeks. The popularity of these therapies has waxed and waned over the millennia, but at all times the popular imagination, often spurred by dynamic and colorful practitioners of pseudoscience, has been more excited than the medical or political establishment. In fact, a pattern seems to reappear. In each era, unsophisticated public acceptance is met first with medical disdain, then with investigation, and, finally, with a failure to find objective evidence of efficacy. This pattern continues today with the public acceptance of magnetic therapy (and alternative and complementary medicine in general) far outstripping acceptance by the medical community. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic implications of applying electrical and magnetic fields to heal disease have continually captured the popular imagination. Approaches thousands of years apart can be remarkably similar, but, in each era, proof has been lacking and the prevailing medical establishment has remained unconvinced. Interest persists today. Although these agents may have a future role in the healing of human disease, their history and a minimal scientific rationale makes it unlikely that the dichotomy between the hopes of the public and the medical skepticism will disappear.

Advertising↗

PubMed1994

Social problem solving, social behavior, and children's peer popularity.

This study examined social problem-solving ability and peer social behavior in popular and unpopular 5-6-year-old children. The 4 most popular and 4 least popular individuals in a school class of 26 children were identified. Responses to a series of four social dilemmas were obtained, and the children were videotaped during free class activities. Popular children gave significantly more effective (p < .01) and relationship oriented (p < .05) strategies for resolving social dilemmas than unpopular children, and they were involved in more peer interactions (p < .05), were more positively reinforcing (p < .01), and showed more positive activity when alone (p < .01).

Child↗

PubMed1989

Paradigms underlying the study of nerves as a popular illness term in eastern Kentucky.

Theoretical paradigms underlying the study of nerves as a popular illness term in eastern Kentucky are examined in light of the three knowledge-constitutive interests identified by Habermas (1965). A positivist biomedical approach to popular illness categories that focuses on the nosological features of the term fails to recognize the social relations communicated by the complaint. A hermeneutic approach to illness terms that focuses on the individual communication of distress may also conceal the social relations that shape the health of those who express their distress in popular illness terms. A study of nerves in eastern Kentucky, informed by a critical perspective, suggests that a broad range of general symptoms is linked to social relations through the popular illness category of nerves. The daily lives of individuals who complain of nerves are characterized by continuous struggles to cope with the responsibilities of family life in an Appalachian context of poverty, restricted opportunities for employment, and limited sources of emotional and social support. Experiences of distress that result from this struggle are interpreted, but the informants, as symptoms of nerves.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2004

Popular opinion leaders in London: a response to Kelly.

Controlled trials conducted in the USA provide clear evidence that peer education can bring about a reduction in high risk sexual behaviour among gay men. HIV prevention interventions that systematically identified, recruited, trained and engaged popular opinion leaders (POLs) made a significant impact on sexual behaviour at a community level in small US towns. However, recent trials conducted in the UK have failed to replicate these findings. A POL intervention in London made no significant impact at a community level on the risk behaviours of gay men. Jeffrey Kelly, one of the authors of the US studies, has identified nine core elements central to the popular opinion leader model. In Kelly's view 'the UK projects were not tests of the popular opinion leader model because they did not employ most of these POL core elements'. The absence of any significant impact of the UK programmes on sexual risk behaviour at a community level was not, therefore, surprising. In fact, the London POL project incorporated all the core elements into its design and succeeded in employing seven out of nine in its delivery. Attempts to employ all the core elements, however, were hampered by problems in recruiting popular opinion leaders as well as barriers to communication. Process evaluation revealed that it was these obstacles which limited diffusion. This in turn explained the absence of any impact of the London POL project on sexual risk behaviour at a community level. The obstacles to successful diffusion in London have provided a valuable opportunity for examining the processes that underlie the POL model. Our study raises the question as to whether social interventions shown to be effective in one setting, place or moment in time can be replicated in another.

HIV Infections↗

PubMed2005

The adventures of the Randy Professor and Angela the Sugar Mummy: sex in fictional serials in Ugandan popular magazines.

In 1996 newspaper vendors in Ugandan towns started selling a new kind of locally produced 'lifestyle' magazine. On the covers there were young, scantily dressed girls and inside news articles, fictional serials, lifestyle articles, agony aunt columns, etc. The new magazines gained an enormous popularity in a short space of time. Everywhere people were seen reading them and copies became brown and tattered from use. Using content analysis, we analyse the fictional serials which appeared in three of these magazines. We focus on these because they were the most sexually explicit type of content and, from a public health perspective, the most relevant with regard to HIV prevention. The stories were presented as simple entertainment, depicting the adventures of stereotypical characters. They provided people with explicit and unrestricted sexual fantasy which was, at the same time, devoid of any real risk. Although they could be interpreted as providing a discourse which challenged the main messages of HIV-prevention campaigns (sex is good for you, have as much of it as possible, and don't let condoms spoil the enjoyment), they also suggest that behaviour change may be more popular if sex and sexual health are not separated from sexual pleasure, and safe sex is promoted from a positive perspective (emphasis on sexual enjoyment) rather than a negative one (prevention of disease). The popularity of the magazines underscores the importance of entertainment value when discussing sex, and suggests alternative possibilities for disseminating health messages. Illustrated popular magazines such as those discussed here could be suitable as intervention, though they would need some adaptation to counter gender stereotypes and sexual violence.

HIV Infections↗

PubMed2003

Adolescent oral sex, peer popularity, and perceptions of best friends' sexual behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To provided initial descriptive information regarding adolescents' engagement in oral sex and to investigate adolescents' perceptions of their best friends' sexual behavior and peer-reported popularity as two social mechanisms that may influence engagement in oral sex. METHODS: A total of 212 tenth graders reported their engagement in oral sex and intercourse, number of sexual partners, and use of sexually transmitted infection (STI) protection, as well as perceptions of their best friends' sexual behaviors. Sociometric assessment yielded peer-reported measures of adolescents' preference- and reputation-based popularity. RESULTS: Adolescents were more likely to report engagement in oral sex than intercourse, report more oral sex partners than intercourse partners, and were unlikely to report use of STI protection during oral sex. Perceptions of best friends' behavior were significantly associated with adolescents' own oral sex behavior, but not intercourse. Adolescents who reported sexual activity had high levels of reputation-based popularity, but not likeability among peers; however, sex with more partners was associated with lower levels of popularity. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for prevention programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The two faces of adolescents' success with peers: adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior.

This study assessed the hypothesis that popularity in adolescence takes on a twofold role, marking high levels of concurrent adaptation but predicting increases over time in both positive and negative behaviors sanctioned by peer norms. Multimethod, longitudinal data, on a diverse community sample of 185 adolescents (13 to 14 years), addressed these hypotheses. As hypothesized, popular adolescents displayed higher concurrent levels of ego development, secure attachment, and more adaptive interactions with mothers and best friends. Longitudinal analyses supported a popularity-socialization hypothesis, however, in which popular adolescents were more likely to increase behaviors that receive approval in the peer group (e.g., minor levels of drug use and delinquency) and decrease behaviors unlikely to be well received by peers (e.g., hostile behavior with peers).

Achievement↗

PubMed2003

Popularity, friendship quantity, and friendship quality: interactive influences on children's loneliness and depression.

A mediational model positing that the effects of popularity on children's loneliness and depression are passed through indexes of friendship experiences was tested using structural equation modeling. Children (193 3rd through 6th graders) completed a battery of sociometric and self-report questionnaires from which measures of popularity, multiple friendship dimensions (i.e., quantity and quality of best and good friendships), and loneliness and depression were derived. Confirmation of a slightly modified model supported the mediational hypothesis. Although popularity exerted no direct impact on the adjustment indexes, it strongly influenced friendship, which, in turn, affected depression through its strong association with loneliness. It appears that popularity is important for setting the stage for relationship development, but that it is dyadic friendship experiences that most directly influence feelings of loneliness and depression.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Advantages and drawbacks of popular supercritical fluid chromatography/mass interfacing approaches--a user's perspective.

Mobile phases in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) have low viscosities and high diffusion coefficients with respect to those of traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These properties allow higher mobile phase flow rates and/or longer columns in SFC, resulting in rapid analyses and high efficiency separations. In addition, chiral SFC is becoming especially popular. Mass spectrometry (MS) is arguably the most popular "informative" detector for chromatographic separations. Most SFC/MS is performed with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources. Unlike LC/MS, the interface between the SFC column and the API source must allow control of the downstream (post-column) pressure while also providing good chromatographic fidelity. Here we compare and contrast the popular interfacing approaches. Some are simple, such as direct effluent introduction with no active back-pressure-regulator (BPR) in high speed bioanalytical applications. The pressure-regulating-fluid interface is more versatile and provides excellent chromatographic fidelity, but is less user friendly. The pre-BPR- split interface and an interface which provides total-flow-introduction with a mechanical BPR are good compromises between user friendliness and performance, and have become the most popular among practitioners. Applications of SFC/MS using these various interfaces are also discussed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2003

School adjustment in adolescence for previously rejected, average and popular children.

BACKGROUND: Earlier research shows that peer-rejected children are at risk of a wide range of subsequent adjustment difficulties in different social contexts, as, for example, in school. AIMS: This study investigated the academic performance and school adjustment in adolescence of children with different peer status in middle childhood. SAMPLE: Age 15 boys and girls (N=90), who at age 10 and 11 were sociometrically rejected, popular, or of average popularity in their school class. METHODS: School marks, intelligence scales, and self-reports were used as adjustment measures. School dropout rate for boys was also included. RESULTS: The academic performance and intelligence level of rejected boys and girls were short of the standards of children from the other status groups, while the scores of popular boys and girls were of superior standard. There were some slight indications that rejected girls (but not rejected boys) had negative attitudes towards school and schoolwork, and that popular girls had positive school attitudes. The school dropout rate of rejected boys was much higher than that of other boys. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the rejected children are a risk group for school problems also over a long period of time. Considering the important developmental aspects of the adolescence years, there appear to be good reasons, therefore, to worry about the future adulthood adjustment of peer-rejected children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Where is the popular mandate? A reply to conventional wisdom.

Current federal policies include substantial cuts in government expenditures for health programs and for care of the poor, elderly, and handicapped, and the weakening of government regulations in health and medical care. These policies are presented by many political, academic, and medical leaders as responding to a popular mandate both to cut government expenditures in all non-military areas and to diminish government intervention in health care and medicine. Also, it is assumed that the tax revolt that occurred in the late seventies further triggered the need for tax cuts and cuts in all social expenditures, including health and educational expenditures. The evidence of North American people's wants, wishes, and desires--measured by leading polls--leads to opposite conclusions, however. In the period 1977-1982, there has been continuous popular support of government programs for health and education; for care of the elderly, poor, and handicapped; and for strengthening government regulations in health care and medicine. During these years, there has been a popular mandate not to decrease but, rather, to increase such interventions. Thus, the current policies cannot be presented as responding to a popular mandate. In fact, the mandate is for policies precisely opposite to the ones which are being implemented by the Reagan Administration.

Financing, Government↗

PubMed2002

[How to popularize science].

There are three aims of popularizing science: one, to reduce sciencephobia in general population; two, to help the youth in their choice of career; and three, to prepare the ground for good public reception of scientific endeavours, which in turn will favour research funding through democratic institutions. Beside the short overview of attempts at popularizing science in Croatia and abroad, the author proposes recommendations for good writing in popular scientific journals and stresses the problem of combining two styles, that is, the scientific and the artistic in popular scientific writing.

Communication↗

PubMed2005

[Rank and shape of the therapy of mental diseases within popular medicine of early modern time: the instance of the dukedom of Styria].

The article intends to revise the traditional picture of attitudes towards mental illnesses among popular healers and medical "laymen" in early modern time, at which it relies on a systematical examination of popular medical manuscripts preserved in the archive of the province of Styria in Austria. It was-- and is--a quite common belief, that popular medical treatment (here defined as treatment not performed by officially recognized and systematically trained experts like physicians, surgeons and chemists) mainly was based on communicating with the "supernatural", especially, when psychopathological phenomena were regarded; nevertheless it can be shown that this was not the case, at least not within the investigated region. Yet the impression, that popular medicine did not pay a lot of attention towards mental diseases in general, is supported by the analyses of the pertinent Styrian sources: Out of 13 relevant manuscripts only 6 contain pertinent prescriptions at all; and though there are thousands of prescriptions altogether, only 32 refer clearly to the psychiatric domain. The diagnostic terms used in that texts, moreover, often correspond to those of German-language representations of academic medicine of the same time ("Unsinnigkeyt" etc.). As far as the effects of the existing preparations are concerned, an investigation of their elements shows, that quite a lot of them may well have been of considerable therapeutical value, at least in fighting certain symptoms, like insomnia, restlessness and anxiety, maybe also lethargic states. This is also true for the famous 'Granatapfel' of the Duchess Eleonora Maria Rosalia (which partly originates from Styria). Singular medicaments even may have been appropriate for a causal therapy in somatically based mental diseases like "pellagra".

Austria↗

PubMed1987

Characteristics, content, and significance of the popular health periodicals literature.

An analysis of the content of sixty popular health periodicals covered in 1986 by the Consumer Health & Nutrition Index was made to identify the characteristics and concerns of popular health magazines and newsletters. The literature mirrors the health values and anxieties of the American public. While some of the literature diverges from mainstream allopathic medicine, most popular publications succeed in presenting coherent, reasoned, and documented viewpoints. Because there is no consensus on many medical problems, it is important that individuals have the freedom to read dissenting and alternative points of view and consider multiple options before making informed and reasoned health decisions. The popular literature is a valuable yet inexpensive source of reliable information on topics of current concern. The publications are not as well known as they deserve to be because they have not been adequately indexed, while they have not been indexed because they are not well known. The Consumer Health & Nutrition Index now provides expanded subject access to sixty health-related periodicals plus all health-related articles in sixteen general interest magazines.

Health Education↗

PubMed1978

Effects of ambiguous and unambiguous stimulus word differences on popular responses of schizophrenics.

Tested that aspect of response interference theory that predicts that schizophrenics give fewer dominant and more competing responses for ambiguous, but not unambiguous, conditions. It was hypothesized that schizophrenics would evidence in a word association task greater gains, after treatment, in response popularity for ambiguous, but not for unambiguous, stimulus words. The prediction was assessed by administering a specially-constructed wordlist balanced for idiodynamic semantic sets (Moran, 1966). Results, from a pre- and posttest control group design, met predictions for 24 matched pairs of schizophrenics and neurotics: after 5 weeks of treatment, schizophrenics gained significantly in popular responses for ambiguous but not for unambiguous stimulus words, whereas neurotics did not gain significantly for either condition. Positive correlation for schizophrenics between ambiguous word response popularity gains in home and community adjustment as rated by a significant other coincided with expectations from response interference theory (Broen, 1968).

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The popularity of injections in the Third World: origins and consequences for poliomyelitis.

Paralysis from poliomyelitis may follow injections yet injections are extremely popular in the Third World. Some injections are given by hospital doctors and nurses but the majority are given by traditional healers, pharmacists and paramedical workers who have acquired syringes. Many injections may be given to a sick child. I suggest that the early use of vaccines did not persuade people of the mystic of injections and that the mystic predated the use of penicillin. The earliest mystical result would have been the injection of quinine for malaria and antrypal for sleeping sickness. The words brilliant, spectacular and dramatic were first used to describe the mass campaigns against yaws and kala-azar in the 1920s and 1930s. A single injection healed the ugly lesions in a week: cause and effect were visible. In the 1950s penicillin was used in mass eradication campaigns. The countries where injections are so popular correspond roughly with the areas of mass eradication programmes. Many or perhaps most of the injections are not sterile and present a great risk of attendant paralysis. Proof that injections are causal may be impossible. Meanwhile we need to know why injections are so popular and how they can be less so.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1997

"Popular" health and the state: dialectics of the peace process in El Salvador.

The poor performance of large-scale "vertical" rural health programs tied to state Ministries of Health in Third World countries has often been attributed to a lack of "political will". But that term tells little about the conditions that favor health reform and may obscure disparate power relations and struggles over development. This work explores such a struggle over community health that emerged as part of the peace process in a former war zone of El Salvador since the 1992 ceasefire. The formalized negotiations (and behind-the-scenes confrontations) over health in Chalatenango province took place between Ministry of Health administrators and proponents of a "popular" health system that has functioned in repopulated villages of rebel-controlled Chalatenango since 1987. The Ministry has set up its own national (U.S. AID-designed) community health worker program, and agreed in theory with the popular system's emphasis on village-based lay health promoters; however, in negotiations and efforts at collaboration in Chalatenango the Ministry has been unwilling to support the promoters in the popular system, to accommodate local participation in health decision-making, or to restructure its own physician-centered practices around the need for more comprehensive approaches to health.

Civil Disorders↗