3. Early pluses and minuses to progress 1924--1934.
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Child↗
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The pluses and minuses of exercise testing.
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Aged↗
Diagnosis of chest pain. Pluses and minuses of stress tests.
The differential diagnosis of chest pain often can be made by careful history taking. However, an adequate physical examination is also important and is considered mandatory by patients. If a definite diagnosis of nonanginal chest pain is made, no further studies are necessary. Electrocardiographic stress tests give important prognostic information in patients with definite angina and also give diagnostic information in patients with atypical angina. They are poor screening procedures for detecting persons at risk for sudden death. Radionuclide and echocardiographic stress tests are expensive and usually not necessary.
Algorithms↗
The monobloc frontofacial advancement: do the pluses outweigh the minuses?
The results of 32 patients who underwent transcranial monobloc frontofacial advancement by the senior author (Wolfe) are examined. Fifteen of the patients were Crouzon's and 17 were Apert's, 14 of whom also underwent simultaneous facial bipartition. The ages ranged from 7 months to 14 years. Although a transcranial facial advancement carries with it substantial risks, with careful consideration of airway control, the anterior cranial base dura, and the retrofrontal dead space, the procedure is recommended for carefully selected patients. The indications and contraindications for the procedure in various age groups are given.
Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
[Sonography of the larynx--an alternative to laryngoscopy?].
PROBLEM: The aim of this study was to determine whether the pictorial results obtained from B-mode ultrasonography duplicate those of laryngeal endoscopy and whether there are any additional advantages when using ultrasonography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 22 patients with various diseases of the larynx were examined ultrasonically with the ultrasound plusing a Sonoline Elegra as well as with a '7.5 L40' and a 'VF 13/5' linear array. In order to compare both methods directly, reference data were prepared and contrasted. RESULTS: All of the laryngeal lesions recognised in the endoscopic investigation were also demonstrable by the use of ultrasound, although minor changes were difficult to detect. In one case, ultrasonography suggested the presence of an infiltration of the thyroid cartilage, otherwise no additional information was available using this method. CONCLUSIONS: Using ultrasonography, the image quality of the larynx is worse than that of the soft tissue of the neck, which is determined by the air-mucous membrane boundary as well as the (ossified) cartilaginous skeleton. Thus, ultrasonography is useful in cases of larger laryngeal lesions, while there is no advantage in the detection of small processes.
Adult↗
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of spinach chloroplast.
Picosecond fluorescent kinetics and time-resolved spectra of spinach chloroplast were measured at room temperature and low temperatures. The measurement is conducted with 530 nm excitation at an average intensity of 2-10(14) photons/cm2, pluse and at a pulse separation of 6 ns for the 100 pulses used. The 685 nm fluorescent kinetics was found to decay with two components, a fast component with a 56 ps lifetime, and a slow component with a 220 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescent kinetics at room temperature is a single exponential decay with a 100 ps lifetime. The 730 nm fluorescence lifetime was found to increase by a factor of 6 when the temperature was lowered from room temperature to 90 K, while the 685 and 695 nm fluorescent kinetics were unchanged. The time-resolved spectra data obtained within 10 ps after excitation is consistent with the kinetic data reported here. A two-level fluorescence scheme is proposed to explain the kinetics. The effect of excitation with high light intensity and multiple pulses is discussed.
Chloroplasts↗
Characterization of a major virion envelope glycoprotein complex of murine cytomegalovirus and its immunological cross-reactivity with human cytomegalovirus.
Three glycoproteins on the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) virion with apparent molecular weights of 150K (gp 150), 105K (gp 105), and 52K (gp52) were immunoprecipitated by two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 8G5.12A and 2E.12A. However, only 8G5.12A was able to neutralize MCMV infectivity in the presence of complement. The accessibility of these three glycoproteins to radiolabeling by surface-iodination reactions suggested that they were exposed on the surface of the virion. Western blot analysis of the three glycoproteins showed that gp150 shared antigenic determinants with gp105 and gp52. Briefly, the MAb 8G5.12A reacted with gp150 and gp105, whereas the MAb 2E8.12A reacted with gp150 and gp52. A third MAb 3H2.12A was also found to be reactive with gp150 and gp105 in Western blots, but was unable to immunoprecipitate these glycoproteins. Data from pluse-chase experiments suggested that all three virion glycoproteins were synthesized from a common 128K precursor, providing a partial explanation of their antigenic relatedness. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the presence of high-molecular-weight complexes formed by disulfide bonding between gp150, gp105, and gp52. Lastly, the MAb 8G5.12A was able to immunoprecipitate 84K and 99-110K glycoproteins from human CMV-infected WI-38 cells, demonstrating that conserved determinants exist between murine and human CMV envelope glycoproteins.
Animals↗
Episodic release of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in Surti and Marwari bucks younger than one year of age.
Studies on the episodic release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in Surti (n=2) and Marwari (n=2) bucks younger than one year of age (6 to 8 months) were carried out by collecting blood plasma during the breeding season. The studies revealed that definite pulsatile releases of LH and testosterone occur in both breeds of bucks. The overall number of LH and testosterone pluses over a 24 hour period was 9.1+/-1.00 and 7.5+/-0.28, respectively. The peak, basal and mean LH and testosterone concentrations did not show significant differences between the two breeds. The duration and interval of LH and testosterone pulses differed during light and dark hours. The time interval between LH peak followed by the testosterone peak was significantly (P<0.05) longer during the night than the day hours for both the breeds. The physiological basis of the findings are discussed.
Journal Article↗
In support of a gerontological nursing program: a resource exchange model.
Master's programs in gerontological nursing have not proven to be popular over the years, and that is still true today despite the increasing numbers of older adults with multiple health care needs. In an effort to market a new gerontological nursing masters' project successfully, a resource exchange network was developed to build a support system rather than a traditional advisory group. This article describes the Gerontological Nursing Network (GNN), provides examples of how resource exchange between GNN members and the project have been beneficial to each, and discusses pluses and problems in using such a model.
Education, Nursing, Graduate↗
Trichosanthin inhibits T cell activation by interfering with the recruitment of ZAP-70 to CD3 zeta chain.
Plant protein Trichosanthin (Tk) has been shown in our previous experiments to suppress antigenic response of T cells. Here we explored its inhibitory mechanisms on the proliferation of human Jurkat leukemia T cell triggered by anti-CD3 McAb. By examination of tyrosine phosphorylation of cell lysate, we were able to show that Tk could interfere with the PTK-related activity in the TCR/CD3-initiated signal transduction in addition to blocking the phosphorylation of PKC. As shown in our experiment, the expression intensity of ZAP-70, a kind of protein tyrosine kinase, was not changed but its phosphorylation could be inhibited. When physical link between CD3 zeta chain and ZAP-70 was further examined by using coimmunoprecipitation after pluse-treatment of the cell line with Tk, the anti-CD3 McAb-induced recruitment of ZAP-70 to CD3 zeta chain was observed to be blocked in some extent. This may account for, at least in part, how Trichosanthin was able to inhibit the TCR-triggered T cell proliferation.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Healthcare for a new Germany: the West and East German health systems and their unification process.
One of the new Germany's many challenges will be merging a socialist, centralized healthcare system with a decentralized network much like our own. Both Germanys' health services have clear pluses and minuses, and while preserving the best of each may not be completely possible, it is not as remote a goal as one might think. With a summary of the pre-unification East and West health systems, the authors map out Germany's healthcare options.
Delivery of Health Care↗
Improving treatment for the severely mentally ill: implications of the decade-long Italian psychiatric reform.
Recent reviews of the results of the important Italian Psychiatric Reform have been unusual in that they have ranged from very enthusiastic to very negative. No recent report has focused on extrapolating from the Italian experience the pluses and minuses that might be applicable to the U.S. system of delivery of mental health services so as to improve the care of the seriously mentally ill. In this paper I will summarize my observations and clinical research during 6 months in Italy, emphasizing what has not been reported by others; I will analyze the impact of the Italian changes on Italian practice and try to identify in a balanced way any inferences that can be drawn from the Italian experience that add to ideas now current in the United States about treatment of the severely mentally ill.
Chronic Disease↗
Identification of the replicative intermediates in SV40 DNA replication in vitro.
The soluble replication system is which the exogenously added simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA can be replicated semiconservatively in vitro, has been developed (Ariga and Sugano, J.Virol. 48, 481, 1983). This paper further characterized the in vitro products synthesized on the cloned DNA containing the origin of SV40 DNA replication. The time course and pluse-chase experiments showed that the in vitro products were converted from the open circle to closed circles having the various superhelical densities, and finally to the twisted formI DNA seen in vivo by the analysis of agarose gel electrophoresis, alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation, and density-transfer in isopycnic centrifugation. The replicative intermediates isolated after the short term incubation had replicated strands of the size smaller than the full length, most of which correspond to that of the putative Okazaki fragment. These and the previous results indicate that this in vitro system should be useful to investigate the molecular mechanism of SV40 DNA replication.
DNA Replication↗
Optical selection rules and phase-dependent adiabatic state control in a superconducting quantum circuit.
We analyze the optical selection rules of the microwave-assisted transitions in a flux qubit superconducting quantum circuit (SQC). We show that the parities of the states relevant to the superconducting phase in the SQC are well defined when the external magnetic flux phi(e) = phi(0)/2; then the selection rules are the same as the ones for the electric-dipole transitions in usual atoms. When phi(e) does not = phi(0)/2, the symmetry of the potential of the artificial "atom" is broken, a so-called delta-type "cyclic" three-level atom is formed, where one- and two-photon processes can coexist. We study how the population of these three states can be selectively transferred by adiabatically controlling the electromagnetic field pulses. Different from lambda-type atoms, the adiabatic population transfer in our three-level delta atom can be controlled not only by the amplitudes but also by the phases of the pluses.
Journal Article↗
Cooling mechanism for a nanomechanical [corrected] resonator by periodic coupling to a Cooper pair box.
We propose and study an active cooling mechanism for the nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) based on periodical coupling to a Cooper pair box (CPB), which is implemented by a designed series of magnetic flux pluses threading through the CPB. When the initial phonon number of the NAMR is not too large, this cooling protocol is efficient in decreasing the phonon number by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Our proposal is theoretically universal in cooling various boson systems of a single mode. It can be specifically generalized to prepare the nonclassical state of the NAMR.
Journal Article↗
A game plan for regional marketing.
Should your company consider taking a niche-marketing approach to fragmented national markets? Regional marketing is not for every firm or for every product or service. Here are the pluses to consider, as well as the pitfalls that must be overcome, before wading into regional waters.
Advertising↗
History of standard scoring, notation, and summation of neuromuscular signs. A current survey and recommendation.
In this article, we trace the history of scoring, notation, and summation of the neuromuscular signs of muscle weakness and decrease of tendon reflexes and sensation. We recommend a standard system to promote consistency in the effort introduced by Mitchell and Lewis to "represent systems and force by their signs." The scoring of neuromuscular signs began with Mitchell and Lewis in the 19th century who used pluses, minuses, and N (for normal) to express the activity of muscle stretch reflexes. Henry Plummer introduced an ordinal scoring approach for muscle weakness, reflex decrease and increase, and sensation loss. In 1919, he and Walter Sheldon and Henry Woltman introduced standard pre-printed examination forms with written instructions for notation and scoring. Robert Lovett, a Boston orthopedist, scored weak muscles of poliomyelitis patients from 2 (mild weakness) to 6 (paralyzed), 1 being normal. Lovett's approach was used, after reversing the order of the grades and decreasing each grade by 1, by a Committee of the Medical Research Council for evaluating return of muscle weakness after nerve injury. Despite dissimilarity to existing reflex and sensation scores and uneven width of grades, this approach was widely adopted for use in neurologic practice. We introduced the Neuropathy Impairment Score using a combination of the Mitchell, Plummer, and Lovett approaches, summing all individual scores of a standard set of neuromuscular examinations. In a non-representative survey of 19 neuromuscular physicians from different countries, we find that there is a considerable variability in the approaches used for grading. Assuming that scoring is useful, we herein suggest (a) impairments should be scored separately from hyperfunction and (b) for the scoring of impairments (muscle weakness, reflex decrease, and sensation loss), the same ordinal scoring approach should be used with 0 as normal and 1, 2, ... representing increasing impairment based on the judgment of percentage abnormality with corrections made for age, sex, physical fitness, and physical characteristics.
Data Collection↗
Compensation of spatial and temporal dispersion for acousto-optic multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy.
We describe novel approaches for compensating dispersion effects that arise when acousto-optic (AO) beam deflection of ultrafast laser pluses is used for multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy (MPLSM). AO deflection supports quick positioning of a laser beam to random locations, allowing high frame-rate imaging of user-selected sites of interest, in addition to conventional raster scanning. Compared to standard line-scan approaches, this results in improved signal strength (and thus increased signal-to-noise) as well as reduced photobleaching and photodamage. However, 2-D AO scanning has not yet been applied for multiphoton microscopy, largely because ultrafast laser pulses experience significant spatial and temporal dispersion while propagating through AO materials. We describe and quantify spatial dispersion, demonstrating it to be a significant barrier to achieving maximal spatial resolution. We also address temporal dispersion, which is a well-documented effect that limits multiphoton excitation efficacy, and is particularly severe for AO devices. To address both problems, we have developed a single diffraction grating scheme that reduces spatial dispersion more than three-fold throughout the field of view, and a novel four-pass stacked-prism prechirper that fully compensates for temporal dispersion while reducing by two-fold the required physical length relative to commonly employed designs. These developments enable the construction of a 2-D acousto-optic multiphoton laser-scanning microscope system.
Acoustics↗