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PubMed2005

[The current mind-brain theories in analytical philosophy of mind and their epistemic significance for psychiatry].

This article begins with an orientational survey of the historical evolution of analytical philosophy of mind (APM) which was formulated in the last 40 years as "philosophy of mind" in the Anglo-Saxon scientific-cultural world and which, in the meantime, dominates to a great extent contemporary German philosophy. Then there follows a discussion of the currently most popular mind-brain theories in philosophy. In comparison to the more marginal dualist variants (interactionism, epiphenomenalism, parallelism), it is mainly the monistic positions of non-reductive, reductive and eliminative materialism and the materialist functionalism underlying it, which determines analytical philosophy of mind and its influence on psychopathology and psychiatry. Under the additional influence of modern brain research methods, particularly neuroimaging, it is progressively developing into a subdiscipline of neuroscience, a complex and increasingly more firmly established scientific discipline which comprises the totality of all sciences dealing with neuronal functions, including the close epistemic associations of APM and neuroimaging. This is the effective epistemic central idea determining the theory of the neuronal network which, in the form of a connectionist psychopathology, is intended to make possible a fundamentally new access to the comprehension of psychiatric forms of illness. In this respect it is evident, however, that the perception of the naturality of the mind as the fundamental thesis of APM and thus of connectionism cannot be followed through, since, up to now, neither from the phenomenality of the mind (especially the quality of senses, "Qualia") nor from intentionality of the mind (i. e. the ability to act intentionally, free from the constraint of the causality of nature and thus in self-responsible fashion) has proved it possible to reconstruct a generally accepted naturalist theory. Furthermore, it has not been possible to reformulate it in an exclusively physical, i. e. non-phenomenological concept and terminology which is, above all, free from the intentionality idiom. The consequence of this, however, is that a connectionist psychopathology can only represent a subpersonal, i. e., subhuman area and that in order to establish a personal psychopathology, naturalistic unreduced theories of experience-qualities and intentional acts of completeness are absolutely essential. The neuroscientific-connectionist paradigm of psychopathology must therefore - at least for the present - be supplement by the paradigm of a non-natural (e. g. phenomenological-hermeneutic) psychopathology. This result can only encourage the relinquishing of epistemically one-sided materialist and other monistic mind-brain theories of APM in favour of an epistemically open pragmatic interactionist dualism as the scientific position which best represents the current state of knowledge.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Florence Nightingale and holistic philosophy.

Florence Nightingale lived at a time when allopathy and homeopathy were competing for dominance in medical care. Nightingale's philosophy of health and healing was more similar to the holistic philosophy of homeopathy than to the mechanistic philosophy of allopathy. Why, then, did Nightingale align organized nursing with allopathic medicine? Perhaps Nightingale, always the pragmatist, understood that allopathy would gain the dominant position in medicine. Perhaps aligning nursing with allopathy was a way to ensure the survival and legitimacy of nursing as a profession. Modern nursing can reconnect with Nightingale's holistic philosophy by preparing graduates conversant with holistic philosophy and by encouraging research that focuses on how the natural healing process is facilitated.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1984

[Medical philosophy reflected in the history of medicine].

The main aim of the Medical Humanics course, as well as that of this university, is to educate students so that they will continue philosophizing for themselves throughout their lives. Dr. Hisayoshi Omodaka, the founder of Japanese Medical Humanics (or Igaku Gairon), claimed that this discipline must be the philosophy of medicine. Medical Humanics should be the philosophy for physicians, researchers and all other health-related professionals. This philosophy is different from the philosophy which is taught independently to freshmen in the university. Thus the philosophy of medicine should embody those concrete materials which are harvested directly from the hot spots of medical practice. This paper is based on the author's series of lectures in medical humanics with the title: "Man and Medicine", given between October and December of 1982 to the 5th-year undergraduates. In this series the author attempted to express his own views, along with the philosophical thinking of many great physicians and thinkers, so far as they are reflected in the mirror of the history of medicine. The outline is as follows: (1) Usefulness of the history of medicine for medical students. (2) Origin of medicine and the occult sciences. (3) Western classic medicine: from Hippocrates to the Renaissance. (4) Chinese classic medicine. (5) Brief sketch of Japanese medicine: from ancient to Meiji period. There is a general tendency among both medical students and teachers to make little of the history of medicine. However, as William Hazlitt wrote in his poem, "By despising all that has preceded us, we teach others to despise ourselves".

Buddhism↗
PubMed1999

[Hippocratic philosophy].

The art of medicine was formed in Greece in close relationship to culture and philosophy. During the Christian era, it was projected through the Corpus Hippocraticus, in several ethical and philosophical documents such as The Oath of Medical Science, Medical Law, Decency, Precepts, Antique Medicine, Airs and Aphorisms, Waters and places. The central idea of Hippocratic philosophy is the principle of wholeness, summarized by Plato in the sentence "The certain knowledge of nature is solely possible from medicine and only when it is correctly approached as a whole". Clinical actions, are imbued by Hippocratic ethics; their aim is the ill that is an anthropos, a human being. The physician must take care of the ill with devotion, selflessness, comprehension and compassion. The oath is the supreme deontological code that summarizes the essential concepts of Hippocratic philosophy. Recent studies suggest that there is a great distance between the thinking of Hippocrates and present scientific medicine. Hippocratic philosophy rejects the epistemological principles of modern science. The Hippocratic logic is probabilistic and temporal and rejects the principles of noncontradiction, of identity and therefore the abstract determinism of contemporary science. The present force of the oath is explained because its ethics and epistemology are matters of medicine that understands the real world of the ill, trying to avoid suffering and injustice. Only Hippocrates can defend each ill as a whole with the wisdom of its philosophy.

Hippocratic Oath↗
PubMed2000

[Jena philosophies of nature around 1800].

This paper describes the situation and the outline of positions in philosophy of nature in Jena about 1800, in focusing on research other than the key figures Schelling and Hegel. In 1789, Schelling introduced philosophy of nature into the course program of Jena University. Already in 1800, two young scientists--a mathematician (Fischer) and a physiologist--reacted, announcing lectures on Schellingian topics. But only in late 1802, younger philosophers offered courses on those topics. From 1802 onwards, lectures were announced by Schad, Krause, Henrici, Hegel, Oken and the botanist Schelver. Apart from the Fisher lecture from 1800, the program of these presentations was based on Schellingian principles. Analyses of the ideas of Schad, Krause and Schelver show that, about 1800, philosophy of nature in Jena conserved basic ideas of the early philosophy of nature of Schelling. Thus, philosophy of nature in this period of Jena University seemed to follow just one line of reasoning.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[The philosophy & medicinal thought of Dong Mu Lee Jae-Ma].

In this paper, the philosophy and the content of medicinal philosophy of Lee Jae-Ma were illuminated through the history and philosophy of the late Choseon times from 1837 to 1900. Some conclusions were as follows: 1) Lee Jae-Ma was a philosopher as well as a physician, and his philosophical background was well appeared in the book of (Kogchigo). 2) Although the philosophy of Lee Jae-Ma and its terms were derived from the Kyunghakseol of Confucianism, the concept of these terms was different from the Neo-Confucianism of Song Dynasty in China. 3) The four phases of the philosophy of Lee Jae-Ma was originated from the four important trigrams, however, he did not take the meanings of the changes and development of the trigrams in , but also took the four components of construction of cosmos similar to the Western theory of four component. ...

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2005

[The philosophy of nursing management: a conceptual analysis].

This is a conceptual article about philosophy. The author aims to provide nursing professionals, both academic and clinical, with a point of reference covering nursing, management and philosophy, which it is hoped, will contribute to improvements in both academic and clinical nursing. The specific approach adopted is the dualistic perspective of philosophy of nursing and philosophy of management, searching for opportunities to communicate with nursing management, and, further, the possibility of establishing a philosophy of nursing management. The author argues that the most appropriate orientation for nursing management is that of a form of nonprofit organization management, and an indispensable element of health care management. If a medical institution can transcend public sector and private sector management models and adopt a nonprofit organization, management model, it could succeed in integrating the caring ideal of nursing with a humanistic organizational spirit. This would be beneficial to all parties with a stake in the effective provision of nursing care.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

RGP fitting philosophies for keratoconus.

Rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses are the choice of vision correction for most keratoconic patients. Various fitting philosophies and different lens designs are available and the question of which technique is the most appropriate is a controversial issue in the field of contact lens practice. This article reviews the different philosophies with respect to their rationale, optical performance and physiological influence on the cornea. The 'three-point-touch' approach is now the most widely-accepted corneal lens fitting philosophy in clinical practice. It provides a well-distributed pressure between the cone apex and the relatively normal peripheral cornea but other philosophies such as apical bearing and apical clearance also have advantages. Having considered the advantages and disadvantages of each philosophy, a variant of the three-point-touch appears to be a practical solution. Practitioners can fit keratoconic patients with a three-point-touch tending towards apical clearance to allow for disease progression and unexpected lack of follow-up. Wearing time, visual acuity and comfort are also important issues to be considered as all of these are essential to constitute a successful contact lens fitting.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward a philosophy of cancer research.

Every theory and all research assumes, either explicitly or implicitly, a scientific philosophy. Making the philosophy of cancer research explicit is likely to improve our understanding both of what we know and what we still need to discover. The implications for cancer research of three different philosophies of science are therefore outlined here: 1) reduction-mechanism; 2) holism; and 3) complementarity. We show that each of these philosophies leads to a different notion of causation, a different expectation of what represents a valid explanation of cancer, and thus to different problems that are addressed by different types of experiments. We conclude that the development of an appropriate philosophy of science is not only a relevant but necessary element in research on carcinogenesis.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Writing a philosophy of nursing?

Nurses in education and management settings are often required to write a philosophy for the facility. In this paper, the use of the concept of 'philosophy' in nursing education and nursing management is explored. The nature of philosophy is then outlined, with specific reference to its relationship with a special science such as nursing. In the light of this discussion, the real nature of the document that nursing authors call a 'philosophy' is discussed. The concepts of a life and world view and a mission statement are discussed in this regard. Specific proposals are then made for nurses in approaching the task of producing this planning document.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1999

Science and taste. Painting, passions, and the new philosophy in seventeenth-century Leiden.

This article argues that the art collection owned by Franciscus dele Boë, Sylvius, a professor of practical medicine at the University of Leiden from 1658 to 1672, gives insight into some aspects of the character and significance of the new philosophy in the midseventeenth century. Through his teaching, his advocacy, and his practice of the new experimental philosophy, Sylvius played a role in shaping and institutionalizing the practices of the new philosophy that spread throughout Europe in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sylvius's house design and large painting collection also exemplified the consumption and taste of the northern Netherlands in the seventeenth century. An examination of both Sylvius's science and his taste can help us understand what was at stake for Sylvius and his contemporaries in their practice of the new philosophy. This article finds that Sylvius's taste and his science both involved practices of social distinction, demarcation, and control. Moreover, both were enmeshed in controversy about the epistemological status of knowledge gained through the senses and about the practices by which that knowledge was gathered.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMed1991

The need for teaching philosophy in medical education.

The dearth of philosophical contributions to medicine has recently been discussed in a series of articles in this journal. The present article focuses on physicians' lack of training in philosophy as a part of the explanation of the scarcity of works in philosophy of medicine. In section I I outline two philosophy courses which would be reasonable additions to the medical school curriculum required of all medical students. In section II I suggest two other philosophy courses as electives in a medical education. All four courses are in the fields of epistemology and metaphysics, and so will help others see the relevance to medicine of philosophical fields other than ethics.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1991

The potential of medicine as a resource for philosophy.

In addition to the neglect of philosophy by medicine, emphasized in a recent editorial in this journal, there has been an equally important neglect of medicine by philosophy. Philosophy stands to gain from medicine in three respects: in materials, the conceptual difficulties arising in the practice of medicine being key data for philosophical enquiry; in methods, these data, through their problematic character, being ideally suited to the technique of linguistic analysis; and in results, the practical requirements of medicine placing a direct demand for progress on philosophical theory. The future of the relationship between philosophy and medicine depends on the development of a positive two-way trade between them.

Ethical Theory↗
PubMed1989

The development of a corporate philosophy in a mental health organization.

The importance of a corporate philosophy for a mental health organization is addressed in light of concepts such as organizational climate and corporate culture. The functions, benefits, and potential drawbacks of a corporate philosophy are discussed along with a review of some of the executive skills required to manage a corporate culture. A case study of the development of an organizational philosophy in a mental health organization is presented along with a sample statement of philosophy and organizational credo. Outcomes are described and implications for decision making, service delivery, and management are discussed.

Community Mental Health Centers↗
PubMed2005

Again, what the philosophy of biology is not.

There are many things that philosophy of biology might be. But, given the existence of a professional philosophy of biology that is arguably a progressive research program and, as such, unrivaled, it makes sense to define philosophy of biology more narrowly than the totality of intersecting concerns biologists and philosophers (let alone other scholars) might have. The reasons for the success of the "new" philosophy of biology remain poorly understood. I reflect on what Dutch and Flemish, and, more generally, European philosophers of biology could do to improve the situation of their discipline locally, regionally, and internationally, paying particular attention to the lessons to be learned from the "Science Wars."

Animals↗
PubMed1990

From educational philosophy to educational practice: fidelity and the curriculum in context.

As part of a higher degree on research methods, exploratory work was undertaken concerning educational philosophy and educational practice using an ethnographic approach. This author discusses, using this exploratory work, the difficulties of attempting fidelity to an educational philosophy, through curriculum practice. Schools of nursing are increasingly adopting a rational approach to education, without considering the wider social context within which education occurs. The attempt to establish and pursue a single philosophy, ignores the plurality of ideological commitments held by nurse teachers. Further research is proposed using naturalistic methods in order to understand the processes of interpretation and implementation of educational philosophy.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Midwifery models: students' conceptualization of a midwifery philosophy in clay.

Formulating a professional and personal philosophy statement assists nurses and midwives in clarifying focus and direction. It also facilitates grounding of the nursing and midwifery professions or professionals by enabling the identification of both shared beliefs and unique elements. The purpose of this activity was to assist beginning student nurse-midwives (SNMs) in exploring the intersection of their own and the profession's philosophy. Through the creation of a clay representation of their philosophical model, eight SNMs expressed their midwifery philosophies at the beginning of their clinical sequence by sculpting them in clay and then described their sculptures and how they exemplified their philosophies.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Care: a value expressed in philosophies of nursing services.

Philosophies are written to reflect the values of the institution. Nursing service philosophies describe the essential features of nursing as practiced in a specific site. In this study, 10 philosophies of nursing services from community and teaching hospitals were content analyzed. Care emerged as a theme in each of the philosophies. The care construct was further categorized as general care, care approaches, and care descriptors: goal-directed, quality, safe, cost-effective, effective, competent, and ethical. An exhaustive description of care as proposed by Colaizzi is presented.

Empathy↗