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PubMed1985

The development of Lewis Henry Morgan's evolutionism.

Lewis Henry Morgan never used the term evolution in any of his major sociological works. If he may be labeled an evolutionist, the specificity of his views must be taken into account. The main "evolutionist" issue that concerned him was that of the unity or diversity of the human species. This was an urgent political and theological issue in the America of his day, and it impinged also on research on the American Indians. Morgan's first major study was designed to demonstrate the unity of origin of the American aborigines and their "Asian" origins. His methods were derived from the tradition of Indo-European philology. It was virtually as an afterthought that he added a social evolutionary component to what he conceived of as an exercise in philology. Later he came under the direct influence of the English evolutionists, and this was crucial for the conception of Ancient Society.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2004

[German translation of the syphilis poem by Girolamo Fracastoro by the Essling wound physician Ernst Philipp Heinrich Späth (1809-1856). An unpublished hanwritten document of Dresden historical collection].

In 1840 the Dresden physician and professor at the Chirurgisch-medicinischen Akademie Johann Ludwig Choulant (1791-1861)--at that time one of the most well-known experts in history of medicine--received a German translation of the Fracastoro syphilis poem. This philological piece goes back to the physician and surgeon Ernst Philipp Heinrich Späth (1809-1856) who had already worked on the poem of Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) and its translation in the 1830s. Späth referred to the 1830 Latin publication of Choulant's syphilis poem--which he later used as the literary basis for his adaptation. Späth had acquired his knowledge of philology at a theology seminar in Urach and during his theology studies inTübingen. However, he quit his theology studies to switch to medicine. In 1832 he took the state examination and received a doctorate of medicine and surgery. In the very same year he established a practice as general practitioner, surgeon and obstetrician in Esslingen to eventually be appointed chief surgeon at the Esslingen hospital. Besides his work as a physician Späth was also a publisher, e.g. he also became the editor of the first local Esslingen newspaper. Späth's translation, apparently finished almost completely already in 1837, was sent to Choulant to ask his opinion in 1840. This version seems to be not only one of the rarest but also earliest German adaptations. Although hardly any other medical poem was so often translated into modern languages as Fracastoro's "Syphilidis sive morbi gallici libri III", there are only three German publications mentioned in a 1935 bibliography with the first complete German translation being published in 1858. Späth's script, however, has never been published and has remained in the handwritten estate of Choulant in Dresden ever since.

Germany↗
PubMed2003

[Assessment of the quality of edible fats consumed by selected groups of students in Cracow].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to assess the quality of edible fats consumed by selected students from Kraków, Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first group were students of year 4 of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, who during their course of study acquire knowledge of the most recent research concerning health risks and advantages of several types of fats. The second group were students of year 4 of the Philological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University (Institute of English Philology), whose course of study does not included these issues. The sample of group numbered 203 students (148 students of pharmacy, 55 students of English) and included both genders (156 women and 47 men). All students answered questions of original questionnaire containing questions on the quality and quantity of edible fats consumed, as well as criteria determining the selection of particular products. Respondents were also asked about their knowledge concerning the harmful effects of trans isomers of fatty acids on the human body. The study showed that among the students in Kraków butter prevails as bread spread, oils are dominant in frying, and olive oil prevails in salad making. The selection of the fat was correlated with gender, since men tended to select butter more frequently than women, both as bread spread and for frying. The knowledge concerning trans isomers of the unsaturated fatty acids was found to depend on the students' course of study. 68% of students of pharmacy were aware of the harmful effect of these isomers on the human body, while none of the students of English came across this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

"At times these ancient facts seem to lie before me like a patient on a hospital bed'--retrospective diagnosis and ancient medical history.

Research in ancient medical history, Greek and Roman as well as Mesopotamian and Egyptian, is usually done by philologically trained scholars; the ability to read texts in their original language is fundamental (though not sufficient) for any substantial work. There is, however, in such works the notion that something may be missing in fully understanding medicine of a certain time and culture. Does a medical historian of ancient medicine need, in addition to his philological and historical skills, a medical education? And in what way is a 'medical approach' to ancient medicine useful? Is it possible to stand at the bedside of a Hippocratic patient as a clinician or reconstruct the 'pathocoenosis', as Mirko D. Grmek (+ 2000) coined it, of ancient Greece? The present paper outlines the problem of applying present medical knowledge to ancient sources and touches on the topic of primary perception of disease and illness. An important aspect is that disease entities change in their socio-cultural setting. Examples ranging from the supposed Lupus erythematodes of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon to cases in the Hippocratic Epidemiae and plague descriptions of Greek authors illustrate the problem of retrospective diagnosis.

Ancient Lands↗
PubMed1986

The science of language and the evolution of mind: Max Müller's quarrel with Darwinism.

For Darwinism to succeed as a general theory of the development of life, it had to account for at least the rudiments of all human characteristics. Thus Darwin and his colleague G. J. Romanes had to make "mental evolution" the basis for scientific psychology. F. Max Müller, Oxford's professor of comparative philology, drew on Kant's work, Romantic Naturphilosophie, and his views on the history of language and the relation of language to thought to maintain that language showed a difference not in degree but in kind between man and the lower primates. In his debate with Romanes, he argued that the study of language, not Darwinist natural history, should be the basis for a science of human psychology. However, the two authors had such different definitions of the key terms in their discussion that their differences were not only unresolved but irresolvable.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A probable case of clicks influencing the sound patterns of some European languages.

In the history of various European languages (Latin, Spanish, English, Swedish, and various dialects of French) there are instances of the cluster mn appearing as mpn. There are philological controversies as to whether this 'epenthetic' p was actually pronounced or was just a learned hypercorrect spelling. I offer here a novel phonetic scenario supporting the claim that the p was pronounced and arose in a phonetically natural way: I posit that in the mn cluster there was temporal overlap of the m and n closures. The simultaneous labial and apical closure would create a pocket of air between them which, when the labial closure was released, would undergo a momentary rarefaction of pressure and thus be released with a click-like burst. Listeners would be likely to interpret this stop burst auditorily as a pulmonic [p] and this would be the basis of their own pronunciations.

Europe↗
PubMed2005

Galen's commentary on Hippocrates' De humoribus.

This paper deals with the fragments of the Galenic commentary on Hippocrates' De humoribus preserved in Oribasius, Rhazes, Maimonides, their philological history and a comparison of some passages.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2006

The rise of Soviet sociolinguistics from the ashes of Völkerpsychologie.

Nineteenth-century Russian philology was dominated by an approach derived from German Völkerpsychologie. Language and social consciousness were viewed as embodiments of "national-popular psychology." The shortcomings of this approach were becoming apparent at the end of the prerevolutionary period, but it was only in the 1920s that the hegemony of Völkerpsychologie was decisively challenged. Völkerpsychologie was attacked in the name of "objective psychology," and concrete studies of the relationship between language and social structure were carried out. By the end of the 1920s, völkerpsychologische ideas were subsumed into a new and progressive form of sociological linguistics.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1985

The conceptual neutering of gender and the criminalization of sex.

Thirty years ago the term gender was borrowed from philology for use in sexological psychology in a paper on hermaphroditism (Money, 1955). As originally defined, gender role consists of both introspective and the extraspective manifestations of the concept. In general usage, the introspective manifestations soon became separately known as gender identity. The acronym, G-I/R, being singular, restores the unity of the concept. Without this unity, gender role has become a socially transmitted acquisition, divorced from the biology of sex and the brain. Sex and gender have been partitioned between body and mind, respectively. The desexualization of gender is in accord with the Zeitgeist of contemporary sexual politics together with victimology and an expanding criminalization of sex. The funding of sexological research is being diverted to victimology, which is, de facto, a branch of law enforcement. Victimologists--and sexological professionals among them--are vulnerable to a backlash of being themselves criminalized. This happens as a result of false accusations of various types of malpractice, including sexual abuse of clients, especially children. Under Hitler, there was an historical parallel when the destruction of sexology was effected by the application of the theory of social eugenics and racial purity with sexologists had endorsed. They were among the first of Hitler's victims.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Surgeon.

It is a marvel of words and language that such disparate entities as bacteria, culture, and surgeons often find themselves in the same dish. Yet when one lifts the magic lid and pursues the ties of etymologic affiliations, one is enchanted by the fascinating thread that runs through words from their philologic beginnings to the manifold meanings acquired on the way. How many of us think, for example, of the connotations of culture and sensitivity when we order a "C & S" for a specimen of pus, when the word culture alone could take one back to mother earth or evoke the vision of parthenons of civilization; could lead to safaris of microbe hunters or to defenders of national heritage. With this essay the World Journal of Surgery begins a new feature on the roots and genealogy of surgical terms under the editorship of Professor William Gunn, author of Dictionnaire des Secours d'Urgence and the Multilingual Dictionary of Disaster Medicine and International Relief. It is appropriate for this journal that the series should begin with the word Surgeon.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1990

The 'hyperprosexia phenomenon' in traumatic brain injured patients (a forgotten term for an old problem).

In traumatic brain injured patients the basic functions of the cognitive, behavioral, emotional and intellectual systems are disturbed. The patients' ability to regulate the interaction between the ego and the external world is diminished and they present inflexible, concrete and sometimes inappropriate behavior. We have not observed anosognostic phenomena in these patients. Most of them are preoccupied with their physical impairments and unaware of their intellectual deficits. We hypothesize that this preoccupation or 'hyperprosexia phenomenon' may be observed in traumatic brain injured patients. The various neuropsychological, medical and philological aspects of these terms are discussed.

Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Making sense of microarray data distributions.

MOTIVATION: Typical analysis of microarray data has focused on spot by spot comparisons within a single organism. Less analysis has been done on the comparison of the entire distribution of spot intensities between experiments and between organisms. RESULTS: Here we show that mRNA transcription data from a wide range of organisms and measured with a range of experimental platforms show close agreement with Benford's law (Benford, PROC: Am. Phil. Soc., 78, 551-572, 1938) and Zipf's law (Zipf, The Psycho-biology of Language: an Introduction to Dynamic Philology, 1936 and Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort, 1949). The distribution of the bulk of microarray spot intensities is well approximated by a log-normal with the tail of the distribution being closer to power law. The variance, sigma(2), of log spot intensity shows a positive correlation with genome size (in terms of number of genes) and is therefore relatively fixed within some range for a given organism. The measured value of sigma(2) can be significantly smaller than the expected value if the mRNA is extracted from a sample of mixed cell types. Our research demonstrates that useful biological findings may result from analyzing microarray data at the level of entire intensity distributions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

Immunoglobulin allotypes in Hungarian Gypsies. Relationship to populations from India.

The allotypic markers of immunoglobulin heavy chains (Gm, Am and Em allotypes) provide important contributions to the differentiation between populations, and they are informative for tracing racial origin, migration and admixture of isolates and stray groups. The combined G1m; G2m; G3m; A2m; Em haplotypes are a highly polymorphic system that is a powerful tool in population genetics because of the existence of haplotypes that are unique for a particular race. In this paper, data on Gypsies living in Hungary are compared with those obtained in other populations, in particular Hindus and non-Hindus from India. The analysis agrees with anthropological and philological evidence for population movements from Asia to Europe.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed2002

The history of nephrology in the Talmudic corpus.

The kidneys, the bladder and nephrology in general were discussed in the Talmudic literature from their anatomical, pathological and philological aspects. The Sages' deliberations were based on the Biblical texts. The characteristic phraseology of the scriptures uses the kidneys as symbols of the human emotions, contrary to the heart, which is regarded as the location of wisdom. The kidney is considered to be the individual's seat of their deepest desires--perhaps because it is an "internal" organ, well hidden, surrounded by a capsule and by a layer of perinephric fat. The Talmudic corpus considers the kidneys to be the origin of secret counsels--"the kidneys advise". An injury to the kidneys is used symbolically as an example of a cruel and serious injury. The sages were concerned with nephrological problems such as a diseased kidney of small size, fluid and pus in the kidney, injuries, perforations and more. Fascinating advice is given regarding micturition, its timing, characteristics and significance. The Halakhah is concerned with the kidneys during the examination of an animal after slaughter for the fitness for its ritual consumption. The paper presents various nephrological diseases from the Talmudic corpus. Among them are, for example, "Tzemirtha"--urolithiasis; "Hydrakon"--hydronephrosis; "Suskhinta"--urinary retention; "Tzinit"--podagra, gout, and "Yerakon"--icterus. A survey of some Talmudic personalities will exemplify the existence of these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The Perì ouron treatise of Stephanus of Athens: Byzantine uroscopy of the 6th-7th centuries AD.

In the 6th-7th centuries AD, treatises on uroscopy were written by Theophilus, Magnus and the author of work transmitted through the ms. Parisinus gr. 2260, Stephanus of Athens. These works are the first to deal comprehensively with the problem of urines, uroscopy and their clinical role, so that a philological and content analysis and examination of their reciprocal relationships may clarify an important period in the birth and development of Byzantine uroscopy, which represents a significant epistemological passage in the medieval history of medicine (e.g. the positing of relationships between physical signs and systemic diseases).

Byzantium↗
PubMed2005

The ethnobotany of Christ's Thorn Jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) in Israel.

This article surveys the ethnobotany of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. in the Middle East from various aspects: historical, religious, philological, literary, linguistic, as well as pharmacological, among Muslims, Jews, and Christians. It is suggested that this is the only tree species considered "holy" by Muslims (all the individuals of the species are sanctified by religion) in addition to its status as "sacred tree " (particular trees which are venerated due to historical or magical events related to them, regardless of their botanical identity) in the Middle East. It has also a special status as "blessed tree" among the Druze.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Who was Rumpelstiltskin?

The author describes the way in which Rumpelstiltskin has perplexed and enthralled readers since the brothers Grimm recovered the tale from the realm of folklore. In standard translation, the story now lives in a fixed literary form and, consequently, in the imagination of every child who has ever heard or read the story--virtually every person in the English-speaking world. Therefore, deeply rooted in childhood experiences, Rumpelstiltskin can be expected to appear in analysis, and he does. The compelling central character is the title figure, Rumpelstiltskin, whose name and actions tell us who he is and what he was intended to 'mean'--especially to his contemplated audience. The original narrators of and listeners to this tale were female visitors to the evening spinning chamber (Spinnstube), where women gathered and told tales to amuse themselves to ward off sleep while they spun. The butt of this story is male impotence and bluster, and the key to the story's meaning arises from matching the etymological roots of the central character's name with his actions as they appear philologically and psychoanalytically.

Humans↗