Person X situation interaction in personality prediction: some specifics of the person factor.
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Anxiety↗
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Do person-oriented medical students choose person-oriented specialties? Do technology-oriented medical students avoid person-oriented specialties?
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Adult↗
[Personality characteristics seen in the EPPS (Edwards Personal Preference Schedule) test--with special reference to student nurse personality].
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Personality↗
An exploration of perception of body boundary, personal space, and body size in elderly persons.
A study of 108 elderly persons using the Body Distortion Questionnaire and the personal space simulation technique test did not support hypotheses that elderly persons with a large personal space will have a larger distortion of body boundary, a larger perception of large body size, a smaller perception of small body size, a larger distortion of body size, and a larger body distortion than elderly persons with a small personal space. The analyses with one-tail t tests showed elderly persons with a small personal space have a larger perception of large body size and a larger distortion of body size than elderly persons with a large personal space. When the extremes of personal space were used the results were the same. Males have a larger personal space and greater distortion of skin perceptions than females.
Aged↗
The relation between dopamine D2 receptor density and personality: preliminary evidence from the NEO personality inventory-revised.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between dopamine (DA) D2 receptor-specific binding and personality, we assessed the relation between DA D2 binding and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R). BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated a relation between DA D2 receptor-specific binding and a personality trait involving personal detachment as defined by the Karolinska Scales of Personality: A subsequent study using a different measure of personal detachment failed to replicate this finding, suggesting that metric properties of the personality scale may be important. To further examine this issue, we assessed the relation between DA D2 binding and a third personality measure, the NEO PI-R. METHODS: Eighteen adult subjects completed the NEO PI-R and participated in an 11C-raclopride positron emission tomography study to quantify striatal DA D2 receptor binding. RESULTS: We did not find a significant relation between binding and detachment-like traits on the NEO PI-R; however, we found a significant relation between DA D2 receptor binding and the NEO PI-R personality facet of Depression (r = 0.75, p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results fail to replicate the findings of previous studies reporting an association between DA D2 receptor density and personal detachment, suggesting that the relation is relatively specific to the trait defined by the Karolinska Scales of Personality. The relation between a nonclinical personality trait of depression and DA D2 binding, if replicated, may help to elucidate the role of dopamine in depression.
Adult↗
[Personal identity and multiple personality].
The present study analyses the internal organization of self concepts in a woman who meets the DSM III criteria of multiple personality disorder. The aim of this single case study, was to assess the personal identity of this patient, the degree of internal coherence and the hierarchical structure of the descriptions of self and others in the frame of cognitive theories of personality. After the clinical observation, the experimental procedure is presented. It consists in asking the patient to describe her different roles or alternated personalities (N = 12), as well as the target persons of her familial and social environment (N = 8) on the basis of a preestablished list of adjectives (extracted from the 16 P.F. Cattell sphere of personality). The factorial analysis of the contingency table: traits attributed x persons described shows a Guttman like hierarchical structure. Similarities and differences between the descriptions can be ordered on a unidimensional order, the multiple roles or personalities being no more complex nor simple than the target persons. The present results have been discussed in reference to cognitive theories of personality and their utility in studying personal identity and multiple personality.
Adult↗
Missing persons-missing data: the need to collect antemortem dental records of missing persons.
The subject of missing persons is of great concern to the community with numerous associated emotional, financial, and health costs. This paper examines the forensic medical issues raised by the delayed identification of individuals classified as "missing" and highlights the importance of including dental data in the investigation of missing persons. Focusing on Australia, the current approaches employed in missing persons investigations are outlined. Of particular significance is the fact that each of the eight Australian states and territories has its own Missing Persons Unit that operates within distinct state and territory legislation. Consequently, there is a lack of uniformity within Australia about the legal and procedural framework within which investigations of missing persons are conducted, and the interaction of that framework with coronial law procedures. One of the main investigative problems in missing persons investigations is the lack of forensic medical, particularly, odontological input. Forensic odontology has been employed in numerous cases in Australia where identity is unknown or uncertain because of remains being skeletonized, incinerated, or partly burnt. The routine employment of the forensic odontologist to assist in missing person inquiries, has however, been ignored. The failure to routinely employ forensic odontology in missing persons inquiries has resulted in numerous delays in identification. Three Australian cases are presented where the investigation of individuals whose identity was uncertain or unknown was prolonged due to the failure to utilize the appropriate (and available) dental resources. In light of the outcomes of these cases, we suggest that a national missing persons dental records database be established for future missing persons investigations. Such a database could be easily managed between a coronial system and a forensic medical institute. In Australia, a national missing persons dental records database could be incorporated into the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) managed, on behalf of Australia's Coroners, by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine. The existence of the NCIS would ensure operational collaboration in the implementation of the system and cost savings to Australian policing agencies involved in missing person inquiries. The implementation of such a database would facilitate timely and efficient reconciliation of clinical and postmortem dental records and have subsequent social and financial benefits.
Adult↗
Personality development and the dually diagnosed person.
Researchers in mental retardation have traditionally focused on cognitive aspects of the disorder and ignored social and personality factors. One consequence is that little attention has been paid to the mental health of mentally retarded persons. The argument is made that the personalities of mentally retarded persons are affected by the same factors that impact upon the personalities of nonretarded persons. The life experiences of mentally retarded persons, however have been shown to lead to personalities that are often characterized by overdependency on others, low aspiration levels, and outerdirected problem-solving styles. These personality characteristics are implicated in the high rate of mental unhealth in mentally retarded persons. Finally, the value of extending the developmental approach to the study of psychiatric problems in mentally retarded persons is discussed.
Child↗
Personality traits and personality disorders.
The structure of personality disorder traits was examined in a sample of 400 undergraduates who completed the personality disorder questionnaire from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-II). The relations between personality disorder and normal personality traits indexed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) were examined. The three-cluster model of personality traits--as described in the DSM scheme--found equivocal support. Exploratory principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis found four broad factors of personality disorder that overlapped with normal personality traits: an asthenic factor related to neuroticism; an antisocial factor associated with psychoticism; an asocial factor linked to introversion-extraversion; and an anankastic (obsessive-compulsive) factor. There is growing agreement about the number and type of broad personality disorder dimensions; similar dimensions may be found in clinical and non-clinical samples, suggesting that those people with personality disorders differ quantitatively rather than qualitatively from others; and there is substantial overlap between normal and abnormal personality dimensions.
Adult↗
The comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and other DSM-III-R axis II personality disorders.
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the comorbidity of DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder and the other axis II personality disorders. The extent and direction of overlap provides a measure of the clarity of its diagnostic boundaries and descriptive validity. METHOD: In 110 outpatients without concurrent major axis I conditions, axis II diagnoses were assessed in semistructured format and all DSM-III-R personality disorder criteria were rated. Multiple diagnoses were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (20%) met criteria for borderline personality disorder; 18 (82%) had at least one additional personality disorder diagnosis. Using measures of frequencies and intercorrelation coefficients, the authors found that overlap was extensive and not confined to any one of the three designated axis II clusters. Factor analysis revealed 1) a group containing borderline personality disorder with paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and passive-aggressive personality disorders and 2) another grouping of schizoid, schizotypal, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and self-defeating personality disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Borderline personality disorder appears to constitute a broad, heterogeneous category with unclear boundaries that embraces a general personality disorder concept. Both further refinement of the borderline personality disorder construct and investigation into alternative models to the DSM-III-R axis II classification system are suggested.
Adolescent↗
Affective and impulsive personality disorder traits in the relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder.
OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that the risk for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits commonly found in patients with borderline personality disorder would be greater in the first-degree relatives of probands with borderline personality disorder than in two comparison groups. METHOD: Blind family history interviews were conducted with family informants to assess the extent to which first-degree relatives of 29 probands with borderline personality disorder, 22 probands with other personality disorders who met three or fewer of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, and 43 probands with schizophrenia fulfilled operationalized criteria for the two kinds of personality disorder traits and for other diagnostic categories. The crude proportions of adult relatives with each diagnosis, as well as the age-adjusted morbid risks, were assessed in the three groups of relatives. RESULTS: The risks for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits were independently greater in the 129 relatives of the borderline probands than in the 105 relatives of the probands with other personality disorders and the 218 relatives of the schizophrenic probands. There was no similarly greater risk for any other psychiatric disorder assessed, including major affective disorder. In addition, the relatives of borderline probands with current or past major depressive disorder showed a greater risk for major affective disorders than the relatives of never-depressed probands with other personality disorders but not the relatives of never-depressed borderline probands. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest familial transmission of the hallmark borderline-related personality characteristics and raise the possibility that these familial traits may be partially independent.
Adult↗
Special feature: personality and personality disorders. A facet theoretical analysis of the similarity relationships.
Categorical and dimensional models of personality, and personality disorders and their interrelationships, are discussed. A facet theoretical analysis of the structural relationships between personality factors and disorders is described. It is hypothesized that higher-order personality traits organize the personality of both the psychically healthy and the psychically ill, and that personality disorders represent maladaptive variants of traits that are evident in all persons to varying degrees. Data were collected from a clinical (n = 165) and a nonclinical sample (n = 100). Results show that the two classes of variables (personality factors and disorders) have similar relationships to each other, and can be structured in the form of a radex in both samples. Finally, the compatibility of the radex structure with other models is examined, comparing facet theory with factor analytical techniques. The results of the facet theoretical analysis further support the hypothesis of a universal personality model, and a continuous transition from normal personalities to personality disorders.
Adolescent↗
Comorbid personality disorders in subjects with panic disorder: do personality disorders increase clinical severity?
Personality disorders are common in subjects with panic disorder. Personality disorders have been shown to affect the course of panic disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine which personality disorders affect clinical severity in subjects with panic disorder. This study included 122 adults (71 women, 41 men) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) criteria for panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia). Clinical assessment was conducted by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders, and the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Global Assessment Functioning Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Patients who had a history of sexual abuse were assessed with Sexual Abuse Severity Scale. Logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, sexual abuse, and early onset of disorder. The rates of comorbid Axes I and II psychiatric disorders were 80.3% and 33.9%, respectively, in patients with panic disorder. Patients with panic disorder with comorbid personality disorders had more severe anxiety, depression, and agoraphobia symptoms, had earlier ages at onset, and had lower levels of functioning. The rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were 34.8% and 9.8%, respectively, in subjects with panic disorder. The rate of patients with panic disorder and a history of childhood sexual abuse was 12.5%. The predictor of sexual abuse was borderline personality disorder. The predictors of suicide attempt were comorbid paranoid and borderline personality disorders, and the predictors of suicidal ideation were comorbid major depression and avoidant personality disorder in subjects with panic disorder. In conclusion, this study documents that comorbid personality disorders increase the clinical severity of panic disorder. Borderline personality disorder may be the predictor of a history of sexual abuse and early onset in patients with panic disorder. Paranoid and borderline personality disorders may be associated with a high frequency of suicide attempts in patients with panic disorder.
Child↗
Being a case manager for persons with borderline personality disorder: perspectives of community mental health center clinicians.
The scope of case management has expanded to include persons with chronic, nonpsychotic disorders, in particular, persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Despite more widespread use, literature about case management for persons with this disorder is limited. To address this gap in knowledge, a study of the day-to-day experiences of case managers who care for persons with borderline personality disorder was conducted. Seventeen community mental health center case managers gave their informed consent to participate in individual, in-depth interviews. The interviews were analyzed using an interpretive phenomenological research approach. The analysis showed a pattern of monitoring self-involvement. The case managers monitored themselves in terms of expressing concern and setting boundaries. These shared practices highlight a central and unique component of being a case manager for persons with borderline personality disorder, that is, the case manager's focus of attention is on self. By focusing on the self, case managers seek to retain control of the nature of the relationship. The author asserts that the matter to be resolved is not to determine whether retaining or relinquishing control is better, but rather, how best to help practitioners maintain a helpful relationship over time with persons who have borderline personality disorder. In an effort to accomplish this goal, questions about current helping practices and suggestions for working collaboratively with persons who have this diagnosis are provided.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
On the incremental validity of MMPI-2 Psychopathology-5 scales over the revised NEO Personality Inventory scales for predicting personality disorders.
The hypothesis that the MMPI-2 Psychopathology-5 scales are better predictors of personality disorders than the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales was tested using Personality Adjective Checklist personality disorder scales with a 9-point response format. The three inventories were completed by 258 introductory psychology students (113 men and 145 women) for partial course credit. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed for predicting each Personality Adjective Checklist scale by entering the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales as a set in the first step and the Psychopathology-5 scales as a set in the second step. Incremental validity of the Psychopathology-5 scales over the Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales for predicting each Personality Adjective Checklist scale was measured by the R2 change at the end of the second step in the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Incremental validity values ranged from .01 to .09, with a median of .03, and were significant for only five Personality Adjective Checklist scales. Such results provided very little support for the hypothesis of relative superiority of the Psychopathology-5 scales over the Revised NEO Personality Inventory domain scales for predicting personality disorders.
Adult↗
On modelling personality disorders: are personality style and disordered functioning independent or interdependent constructs?
Current descriptors of personality disorder (PD) are an amalgam of two constructs, personality style and/or disorder. We seek to determine whether their intrinsic personality style descriptors are proxy measures of, or independent of, disordered personality functioning. In a sample of depressed patients, psychiatrists rated 16 differing PD personality style vignettes and assessed eight differing manifestations of disordered functioning. When "personality" vignettes and identified personality clusters were intercorrelated with "disorder" variables, interdependence was generally evident, suggesting that the personality descriptors underpinning current definition of the PDs actually act as proxy criteria for assessing disorder because they are, in and of themselves, descriptors of pathological functioning. The obsessional personality vignette provided an exception, seeming to be independent of disordered function. Such results assist consideration of how best to model, define and measure the personality disorders.
Adolescent↗
Longitudinal studies of personality disorders: four lessons from personality psychology.
The three longitudinal projects described in this special section of the Journal of Personality Disorders raise a number of intriguing questions concerning the natural history of personality disorders and offer more than their share of surprises. In addition, they underscore several valuable lessons derived from the literature on normal-range personality traits. Drawing in part from the writings of the American trait psychologist Gordon Allport, I describe four such lessons: (1) change and continuity of personality traits and disorders can and do coexist, (2) the covariation among personality traits helps to account for the "comorbidity" among personality disorders, (3) personality traits and disorders influence how individuals interpret life events, and (4) personality traits must be distinguished from behavioral adaptations to these traits. These lessons remind us that the science of personality disorders must be informed by the basic science of personality.
Anxiety Disorders↗
The role of person-to-person transmission in an epidemiologic study of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
OBJECTIVE: Recent laboratory studies suggest that may be transmitted from person-to-person. Recent exposure to persons with pneumonia (PCP) among HIV-infected persons with and without PCP was assessed to evaluate the person-to-person transmission hypothesis. DESIGN: A case-control study design was used. METHODS: In Seattle and Los Angeles, a history of contact with persons with PCP was compared between HIV-infected patients with laboratory-confirmed PCP (n = 209) and HIV-infected patients with no history of PCP (n = 254). RESULTS: No association was found between past exposures to persons with PCP and an increased odds for PCP [odds ratio (OR), 0.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3-1.1] in the total study group. In addition, no association was observed when the analysis was restricted to cases and controls who were not on adequate PCP prophylaxis in the previous 3 months (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.3-1.5). Most cases in Los Angeles (95%) and Seattle (96%) were not receiving PCP prophylaxis in the 3 months prior to a PCP diagnosis. Many controls in Los Angeles (54%) and Seattle (47%) were also not on prophylaxis. In addition, 23% of the Seattle cases and 42% of the Los Angeles cases were unaware of their HIV infection at the time of their PCP diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Although most participants were not on adequate prophylaxis, we found no evidence of person-to-person transmission of Pneumocystis carinii in a population with advanced HIV disease. The difficulty quantifying past exposures to persons with PCP is a limitation of this type of research.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗