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PubMed1995

Perception of gastric distension. Influence of mode of distension on perception thresholds and gastric compliance.

Gastric distension has been used to evaluate gastric sensory function in humans, but the methodology is poorly validated and studies in vivo comparing different distension protocols are lacking. We aimed to compare the influence of the mode of gastric distension on sensation and gastric compliance utilizing a barostat device. In seven healthy volunteers, we positioned a barostat bag in the proximal stomach and tested in random order (in triplicate) four different distension protocols: (1) standard ramp distension with 4 mm Hg pressure step increments of 20 sec duration; (2) slow ramp distension with 2 mm Hg pressure increments of 40 sec duration; (3) random distension using a pressure ramp consisting of 2 mm Hg increments of 40 sec duration with randomly interposed pressure steps 50% below the preceding pressure step; and (4) rapid random distension with 4 mm Hg pressure increments of 10 sec duration with randomly interposed pressure steps 50% below the preceding pressure step. The distension procedures yielded mean airflow rates during the different distension protocols between 2.4 ml/sec for standard ramp and 18.4 ml/sec for rapid random distension. First perception and maximal tolerable pressure were 10.9 +/- 1.1 mm Hg and 19.6 +/- 1.5 mm Hg, respectively. First perception and maximal tolerable pressures were significantly correlated (r = 0.93, P < 0.005). The gastric pressure at occurrence of perception and the maximal tolerated pressure were not significantly different for the different distension protocols but gastric compliance was significantly reduced during rapid ramp distension (P < 0.01 vs slow ramp and P < 0.05 vs random distension) but not during standard ramp distension. We conclude that gastric sensory pressure thresholds as assessed by isobaric distension are not influenced by the mode of distension. The high correlation of pressure thresholds at first perception and maximal tolerated distension suggest a single population of gastric mechanoreceptors that mediate first sensation at low intensity stimulation and pain at intense stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Perception of teasing in underweight persons: a modification of the perception of teasing scale.

The psychometric properties of the Perception of Teasing Scale-Underweight, a modified version of the Perception of Teasing Scale (1), were examined. One hundred eighty-three college students (81 male; 102 female; age range 17-57 years) completed questionnaires about underweight-related and competency-related teasing experiences, eating attitudes, body image, self-esteem, and mood. Factor analysis suggested the Perception of Teasing Scale-Underweight has a two-factor structure, measuring both underweight-related and competency-related teasing experiences. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were found between the Perception of Teasing Scale-Underweight, Beck Depression Inventory, Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale, Multidimentional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scales, Multiaxial Eating Disorder Scale, Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The pattern of correlations differed between the entire sample and those with a body mass index <21. One-way analysis of variance analyses found significant differences (p<0.05) between those with body mass index (BMI) <21 and those with BMI >21 for the weight-related event and weight-related impact scales, indicating that the measure discriminates between those individuals most likely to have been underweight as adolescents versus those most likely to have been normal weight or overweight. This measure provides a sound psychometric tool for examining underweight-related and competency-related teasing experiences. The impact of appearance and competence related teasing in underweight persons is less well understood than in overweight samples; therefore, future work should be conducted with a more underweight sample to bridge this gap in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Factors of risk perception and risk acceptability: a contribution for the knowledge of the perception of the risk associated with blood transfusion].

The concept of risk cannot be limited to simply knowing the probability of occurrence and the seriousness of the damages caused. It's a matter of social construction and numerous elements contribute towards its perception and acceptability. These elements have been studied for 20 years or so. Some of these elements influence risk perception such as awfulness, unfamiliarity, the number of people exposed to it, other elements influence its acceptance such as individual perceptions, social factors, ethics and equity. Their knowledge allows a better understanding of the evolution of perception and of the risk acceptability in general and transfusion risk in particular.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of perceptions of nutrition knowledge and disease using a group interactive system: the Perception Analyzer.

Food labels can be used as a tool for nutrition education, but the information available is of little value to consumers who do not understand how to apply it. In an effort to assess nutrition knowledge and identify misconceptions, a group interactive system--the Perception Analyzer--was used as a lecture aid and data collection tool. The Perception Analyzer is composed of a laptop computer, an antenna, and handheld electronic handsets, or dials, that participants use to answer questions. Participants (N = 621) were surveyed on 14 multiple-choice questions concerning nutrition with 4 nutrition questions repeated at the end of a session as a posttest. A knowledge score was calculated by counting correct answers. Linear regression analyses were used to study the main effects of demographic variables on the knowledge score. Our study reports the following: although participants reported reading food labels, nrisconceptions about label content were identified; analyses of mean scores indicated that age, education, and race influenced the nutrition knowledge score; and participants found the Perception Analyzer to be enjoyable. The findings indicate that because the Perception Analyzer provides immediate and anonymous feedback to a discussion leader about audience's current knowledge, it is a promising tool for nutrition education by dietetic practitioners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Flavor release and perception of flavored whey protein gels: perception is determined by texture rather than by release.

Five whey protein gels, with different gel hardnesses and waterholding capacities, were flavored with ethylbutyrate or diacetyl and evaluated by a 10-person panel to study the relation between the gel structure and the sensory perception, as well as the nosespace flavor concentration during eating. The sensory perception of the flavor compounds was measured by the time-intensity method, while simultaneously the nosespace flavor concentration was monitored by the MS-Nose. The nosespace flavor concentration was found to be independent of the gel hardness or waterholding capacity. However, significant changes in flavor intensity between the gels were perceived by the majority of the panelists, despite the fact that the panelists were instructed to focus only on flavor perception and to not take texture into account. From these observations it is concluded that the texture of gels determines perception of flavor intensity rather than the in-nose flavor concentration.

Gels↗
PubMed1975

Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.

Two experiments demonstrated that self-perceptions and social perceptions may persevere after the initial basis for such perceptions has been completely discredited. In both studies subjects first received false feedback, indicating that they had either succeeded or failed on a novel discrimination task and then were thoroughly debriefed concerning the predetermined and random nature of this outcome manipulation. In experiment 2, both the initial outcome manipulation and subsequent debriefing were watched and overheard by observers. Both actors and observers showed substantial perseverance of initial impressions concerning the actors' performance and abilities following a standard "outcome" debriefing. "Process" debriefing, in which explicit discussion of the perseverance process was provided, generally proved sufficient to eliminate erroneous self-perceptions. Biased attribution processes that might underlie perserverance phenomena and the implications of the present data for the ethical conduct of deception research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Physiognomic perception, vitality affect and delusional perception in autism.

The relationship between autism and schizophrenia has been denied from the symptomatological and epidemiological standpoints. However, the mechanism whereby psychotic symptoms appear in association with autism has not been investigated at any length. Therefore, an investigation was conducted on how the unique modes of perception in autism are related to the psychotic symptoms observed. Through the therapy of one case of adolescent autism, the author points out the existence of physiognomic perception and vitality affect as characteristic modes of perception in autism. It was inferred that should autistics be placed under circumstances forcing them to withdraw from open communalism, their unique interpretation of the environmental world could give rise to psychopathological phenomena which would be considered delusional perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive factors and cochlear implants: some thoughts on perception, learning, and memory in speech perception.

Over the past few years, there has been increased interest in studying some of the cognitive factors that affect speech perception performance of cochlear implant patients. In this paper, I provide a brief theoretical overview of the fundamental assumptions of the information-processing approach to cognition and discuss the role of perception, learning, and memory in speech perception and spoken language processing. The information-processing framework provides researchers and clinicians with a new way to understand the time-course of perceptual and cognitive development and the relations between perception and production of spoken language. Directions for future research using this approach are discussed including the study of individual differences, predicting success with a cochlear implant from a set of cognitive measures of performance and developing new intervention strategies.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of various sets of acoustic cues for the perception of prevocalic stop consonants. I. Perception experiment.

The purpose of the study presented in this paper and the accompanying paper [Smits et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 3865-3881 (1996)] is to evaluate whether detailed or gross time-frequency structures are more relevant for the perception of place of articulation of prevocalic stop consonants. To this end, first a perception experiment is carried out with "burst-spliced" stop-vowel utterances, containing the Dutch stops /b,d,p,t/ and /k/. From the utterances burst-only, burstless, and cross-spliced stimuli were created and presented to listeners. The results of the experiment show that the relative importance of burst and transitions for the perception of place of articulation to a great extent depends on place and voicing of the stop consonant and on the vowel context. Velar bursts are generally more effective in cueing place of articulation than other bursts. There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of /p/, /t/, and /k/ transitions, while /b/ transitions are more effective than /d/ transitions. The release burst dominates the perception of place of articulation in front-vowel contexts, while the formant transitions are generally dominant in nonfront vowel contexts. The bursts of unvoiced stops are perceptually more important than the bursts of voiced stops.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal resolution of auditory perception in relation to perception, memory, and language skills in typical children.

This study examined temporal resolution of auditory perception (TRAP) in relation to speech perception and phonological working memory in one experiment and in relation to measures of rapid naming, understanding of grammatical contrasts, and phonological awareness in a second experiment. In the TRAP test, 6- to 9-year-old children discriminated four pairs of two sine tones, 878 Hz and 1350 Hz, presented in blocks with stepwise decreasing interstimulus intervals from 256 ms to 8 ms. In Experiment 1, weak but significant correlations between TRAP and speech perception and phonological working memory were found, as well as a significantly lower TRAP performance by girls. Experiment 2 indicated a significant relation between TRAP and the phonological awareness task. The results give qualified support to the notion of a weak relationship between TRAP and speech perception and language skills among typical children. However, the gender differences in TRAP performance, the limited variance explained by the regression models, and the finding that only one of the language parameters correlated with TRAP do not support the notion of a causal relationship between language skills and TRAP. The possibility that TRAP is connected to general neurological maturation rather than specifically to language abilities is discussed.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between expressive language ability and rhythm perception, pitch perception, vocal range, and vocal midpoint among mentally retarded adults.

This study investigated the relationship between expressive language ability and rhythm perception, pitch perception, vocal range, and vocal midpoint for 28 mentally retarded adults. A standardized speech test determined language scores, a standardized music test assessed rhythm and pitch perception, and vocalization determined vocal range and midpoint. Multiple correlation and multiple linear regression analyses indicated a significant correlation between expressive language ability and rhythm perception. Further research with music tests more appropriate for mentally retarded adults is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Neural dynamics of 3-D surface perception: figure-ground separation and lightness perception.

This article develops the FACADE theory of three-dimensional (3-D) vision to simulate data concerning how two-dimensional pictures give rise to 3-D percepts of occluded and occluding surfaces. The theory suggests how geometrical and contrastive properties of an image can either cooperate or compete when forming the boundary and surface representations that subserve conscious visual percepts. Spatially long-range cooperation and short-range competition work together to separate boundaries of occluding figures from their occluded neighbors, thereby providing sensitivity to T-junctions without the need to assume that T-junction "detectors" exist. Both boundary and surface representations of occluded objects may be amodally completed, whereas the surface representations of unoccluded objects become visible through modal processes. Computer simulations include Bregman-Kanizsa figure-ground separation, Kanizsa stratification, and various lightness percepts, including the Münker-White, Benary cross, and checkerboard percepts.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perception in space. Visual aspects of space perception].

The ability to apprehend and appropriate space is based on a series of perceptive and cognitive processes, in which vision plays a leading part. Preliminary, elementary operations first allow a subject to achieve the elaboration of a visually structured percept. Both experiences on healthy subjects, and pathological data have provided evidence for a right hemisphere superiority in tasks such as localization of stimuli and discrimination of line orientation. Depth perception rests both on indirect cues (e.g. relative size of objects, perspective and movement parallax) and on two types of specific stereoscopic processes: the so-called local and global stereoscopies, which depend respectively on the integrity of visual cortices and of inferior occipito-temporal areas (with a right-hemisphere dominance). Movement perception is integrated at the level of area V5, at the lateral occipito-temporal junction on both sides. The accuracy of reaching movements and displacements within space require the elaboration of a system of coordinates in which the position of the egocentric reference will then be taken into account. This is achieved by successive coding of eye and head position relative to the body axis, and by building the body reference from proprioceptive and vestibular afferences to the parietal cortex. Finally, attention must be both diffusely scattered throughout the whole space and voluntarily allocated as needed on a given object. Simultanagnosia and unilateral spatial neglect (USN) are examples of disruption of these attentional processes. Simultanagnosia illustrates the loss of the ability to shift attention from one point to another, but both shrinking of the attentional field and poorly sustained fixation are also possible mechanisms of this syndrome. USN probably has several components. Unilateral brain damage causes interhemispheric attentional imbalance that explains the attentional preference for the ipsilesional side of space. The predominance of neglect following right-sided lesions might be the consequence of hemispheric specialization regarding directed attention, with the left hemisphere preferentially allocating attention to objects and the right one being able to attend to the whole space. The anatomical basis of such a functional differentiation is still unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Visual extinction and prior entry: impaired perception of temporal order with intact motion perception after unilateral parietal damage.

Two patients with left-sided visual extinction after right parietal damage were each given two 'prior entry' tasks that have recently been used to study attentional biases in normals. The first task presented two unconnected bars, one in each visual field, with the patients asked to judge which appeared sooner. Both patients reported that the right bar preceded the left unless the latter led by over 200 msec, suggesting a severe bias to the right affecting the time-course of visual awareness. The second task presented one continuous line in a scrolling format across the same spatial extent, with the patients asked to judge which direction the line moved in. The patients now performed normally. Thus, the perception of temporal order for separate events was impaired by the lesions, but without disrupting motion perception within single events. The implications are discussed for theories of normal and pathological attention, visual awareness, and motion perception.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Assessing consumer perceptions of inpatient psychiatric treatment: the perceptions of care survey.

BACKGROUND: Consumer perceptions of behavioral health care are widely recognized as important quality indicators. This article reports the development and use of the Perceptions of Care (PoC) survey, a standardized public domain measure of consumer perceptions of the quality of inpatient mental health or substance abuse care. The goals were to develop a low-cost, low-burden survey that would address important quality domains, allow for interprogram comparisons and national benchmarks, be useful for quality improvement purposes, and meet accreditation and payer requirements. METHODS: The sample was composed of 6,972 patients treated in 14 inpatient behavioral health or substance abuse treatment programs. The PoC survey was given to patients by program staff in the 24-hour period before discharge. RESULTS: Aggregate reports and ratings of care identified areas that are highly evaluated by consumers, as well as areas that provide opportunities for quality improvement. Factor analysis identified four domains of care, and a 100-point score was developed for each domain. Regression analyses identified significant predictors of perceptions of care for use in computing risk-adjusted scores. Unadjusted and adjusted scores were presented to demonstrate the impact of risk adjustment on quality of care scores and relative ranking of programs. Examples were given of how programs used survey results to improve the quality of care. DISCUSSION: Results demonstrated that the PoC survey is sensitive to detecting differences among inpatient behavioral health programs and can be useful in guiding quality improvement efforts. However, risk adjustment is important for appropriate interpretation of results.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1994

Perception of spouse in relation to perception of self by semantic differentials in depressed patients and their spouses.

Several studies have shown correlations between personality types and affective disorders. To investigate the influence on personality assessment of the reporting individual's own schemata according to the cognitive theory of depression, we used an instrument of 29 items of semantic differentials. We obtained responses from 45 patients (18 men, 27 women) upon their recovery and from their spouses. Each of these 90 individuals indicated self-perception on one copy and his or her perception of spouse on another. Factor analysis yielded four factors. Self-perception and perception by spouse were significantly positively correlated for all these factors for the patients and their spouses, indicating lack of schemata influence. Anxiety scores were higher for patients and for women. There was negative correlation for extroversion within couples. Male (but not female) patients showed a negative correlation with their spouses for anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Using interpersonal perception to characterize pharmacists' and patients' perceptions of the benefits of pharmaceutical care.

Pharmacists and patients seem to have divergent beliefs about potential pharmacy services. Patients have reported desiring more from pharmacists, yet pharmacists have cited lack of patient demand as a reason for not providing pharmaceutical care. Pharmacists (N = 147) and patients (N = 151) completed a questionnaire from multiple perspectives using an interpersonal perception approach assessing their perceptions of the benefits of pharmaceutical care. Findings revealed that pharmacists and patients disagreed on the benefits of those services. Further, they misunderstood each other's perceptions of those services. Few significant differences were found between patients who reported receiving additional services from their pharmacist and those who did not. By directly addressing these differences, pharmacists can attempt to improve patients' perceptions of pharmacy services while providing valuable new services.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Accuracy of perceptions of heart attack risk: what influences perceptions and can they be changed?

Using perceived risk of a heart attack, we examined the relative importance of perceived risk factors and sociodemographic variables on subjects' perception of heart attack risk, the relationship between perceived and objectively measured heart attack risk, and the effect of health risk appraisal (HRA) feedback on risk perceptions. Data derive from a random sample of 732 Greater Boston, Massachusetts area men and women ages 25-65 years, who participated in a field trial of health risk appraisal instruments. At baseline and approximately two months later, all respondents completed a questionnaire assessing their own health-related behavior, risk factors, and perception of heart attack risk. At baseline, respondents also completed one of four HRA instruments. Physiologic measures of cholesterol, blood pressure, and weight were taken at either baseline or follow-up visit. Results showed that respondents used established risk factors in estimating overall risk; that compared to objective measures of risk, a high percentage of respondents displayed an optimistic bias; and that HRA feedback had some effect on perception of heart attack risk for those at high risk. Implications of these results for health promotion are discussed.

Adult↗