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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Salivary secretion: stimulatory effects of chewing-gum versus paraffin tablets.

Paraffin tablets are commonly used in clinical saliva tests whereas chewing-gum is recommended to increase salivation in xerostomic patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effect on salivation of these stimuli. Saliva stimulated by chewing-gum or paraffin tablets was sampled on separate occasions from eight healthy subjects (25-45 yr). Whole or parotid saliva were collected for 6 min (1 min + 5 min) and 21 min (1 min + 5 min x 4), respectively. pH of saliva was measured with and without the addition of HC1 (titrated pH). Total parotid protein was measured using the microBSA-assay. Initially, flow rates were significantly higher during the chewing of gum vs. paraffin tablets (whole saliva 5.18 vs. 2.99 ml/min, parotid saliva 0.83 vs. 0.42 ml/min). Conversely, during final chewing periods, parotid flow rates, pH, and titrated pH were significantly higher during paraffin chewing. When comparing the stimuli, parotid protein output was higher initially during gum chewing, but in the final period paraffin chewing elicited the higher output. It was concluded that the clinical test of paraffin chewing gives a good estimate of the expected whole saliva response to chewing-gum. Furthermore, extended chewing of paraffin tablets seemed to influence parameters of parotid saliva positively.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Extremely elevated relative risk of paraffin lamp oil exposures in Orthodox Jewish children.

BACKGROUND: In observance of the Sabbath and other religious holidays, many Orthodox Jews maintain a burning lamp that uses paraffin lamp oil as fuel. Unintentional pediatric exposure to paraffin lamp oil, a hydrocarbon, is typically by ingestion and carries a risk of aspiration with subsequent pneumonitis. This investigation was prompted by an apparent increase in paraffin lamp oil exposures during the Jewish Sabbath, from sunset Friday until sunset Saturday, noted by the staff of our regional poison control center. OBJECTIVE: In this investigation, we retrospectively reviewed all exposures to paraffin lamp oil occurring in our large city in children <18 years old reported to our regional poison control center between January 1, 2000, and February 1, 2003. Reports were investigated to ascertain the frequency of occurrence of paraffin lamp oil exposures on the Jewish Sabbath and Jewish religious holidays. Caregivers of involved children were surveyed by telephone to determine the exposed child's religion and circumstances of exposure. RESULTS: During these 25 months, 45 cases met inclusion criteria, and all were ingestions. Orthodox Jews accounted for 32 cases (71%), 4 cases (9%) occurred in children who were not Orthodox Jews, and demographic data were unavailable in 9 cases (20%). Twenty-four cases (53%) occurred within 10 hours before or during the Jewish Sabbath or Jewish religious holidays. The relative risk of Orthodox Jewish children to ingest paraffin lamp oil, calculated by using census data, is 374 times that of other children. CONCLUSIONS: Public health authorities and caregivers of Orthodox Jewish children should be cognizant of this phenomenon. Educational efforts directed toward both Orthodox Jews and the general public aimed at preventing paraffin lamp oil exposures are warranted.

Child↗
PubMed1991

[Human breast cancer embedded in paraffin, fixed in Bouin's fluid. Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors].

A new immunohistochemical method using a monoclonal estrogen receptor (ER) antibody and a progesterone receptor (PR) antibody has been performed to determine hormonal receptors on Bouin's liquid fixed and paraffin embedded tissue. This technique has been evaluated by comparison with conventional immunohistochemistry on frozen sections for 100 surgical biopsy specimens of breast carcinoma Erica (C) Prica (C); in 77 of these cases it was compared with enzyme immunoassay analyses (ER-EIA, PR-EIA). After a pretreatment by proteinase K for ER, the two specific monoclonal antibodies ER or PR were incubated overnight and revealed with a streptavidin biotin complex. The specific staining for ER and PR were exclusively located in the nuclei of cancer cells in both paraffin for ER and PR were exclusively located in the nuclei of cancer cells in both paraffin and frozen sections. The results on paraffin-embedded material were compared successively with ERICA (C) and ER-EIA and with PRICA (C) and PR-EIA. In 100 breast infiltrating carcinomas studied simultaneously on both paraffin and frozen sections, the concordance was 82% for ER and 85% for PR. In 77 breast carcinoma studied simultaneously on paraffin sections and EIA, the concordance was 74% for ER and 79.2% for PR. These results suggest that in the absence of frozen material, an immunohistochemical method on paraffin-embedded material can be used with a lower sensibility than on frozen sections. However, the detection of both ER and PR allows the identification of the hormondependent cases.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Paraffin treatment of garlic for long-term preservation].

The optimal conditions have been developed for garlic preservation by its treatment with a mixture of food paraffin and monoglyceride in the ratio of 95:5 at 80 degrees C, followed by the storage at 0-1 degrees C, and relative humidity 65-75%. When garlic is treated with plasticized paraffin, the main hydrocarbon components of paraffin - n-alkanes C20-C31 are accumulated in its pulp. Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are practically absent in food paraffin and paraffined garlic. The quantitative parameters of the paraffined garlic characterizing high technological and economic effectiveness of the method, as well as insignificant increase in the p-alkanes content (1%) in the daily ration for humans, that contains paraffined garlic, have permitted the authors to recommend this method of garlic storage for using under industrial conditions, the technological regulations should be strictly kept to.

Food Preservation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Usefulness of paraffin embedding as complementary technic in the diagnosis of thyroid aspirates].

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic value of conventional direct cytologic smears and paraffin embedding in the preparation of samples obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. METHODS: Direct smears and paraffin embedding preparations were examined from 100 thyroid lesions. In 9 cases, the FNA smears and paraffin embedding blocks were, in addition, compared with surgical thyroid specimens. RESULTS: The FNA samples were adequate for diagnosis in the great majority of cases (93/100). In 72 aspirates, both smears and paraffin embedding preparations were adequate. In 17 cases only he latter preparations and in 4 specimens only the smears were considered adequate. When both smears and paraffin blocks were available (72 aspirates), there was diagnostic agreement in 63 cases. Overall the diagnostic percentage of FNA/paraffin-block preparations was 95.7% and of FNA/conventional smears was 81.7%. Statistical analysis demonstrated that paraffin blocks increased the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid FNA (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data point out to the value of complementing conventional FNA smears with paraffin embedding preparations for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Flow cytometric analysis of ploidy in solid neoplasms: comparison of fresh tissues with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens.

The DNA content of both fresh and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 30 solid neoplasms was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells from a single paraffin block of each tumor were disaggregated according to the method of Hedley et al. Cells were sampled from multiple sites of each fresh specimen. Fresh and deparaffinized cells were stored frozen and prepared for cytometric analysis by the technique of Vindelov et al. Thirteen fresh specimens showed DNA diploidy/tetraploidy and 17 showed DNA aneuploidy. Twenty-six of the 30 paraffin-embedded samples were concordant; aneuploid peaks present in histograms from fresh tissue specimens were absent in the 4 paraffin-embedded specimens that were discordant. For 2 of the discordant cases, a hyperdiploid peak that was absent in the initial paraffin-embedded samples was evident on analysis of cells from additional paraffin blocks, indicating ploidy heterogeneity. Peridiploid aneuploid peaks present in the other 2 fresh samples were not observed in initial or additional deparaffinized specimens. Although fresh tissues are preferred for ploidy examination by flow cytometry, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens, despite a few inherent pitfalls, are generally useful for retrospective studies that compare the ploidy status of solid neoplasms to therapeutic response and prognosis.

DNA, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1997

The epidemiology and clinical features of paraffin (kerosene) poisoning in rural African children.

One hundred and eleven children under 5 years of age admitted with a diagnosis of paraffin ingestion, constituting 9.1% of total ward admissions in this age group, were studied prospectively. The majority were between 13 and 36 months old. One-fifth of the children were in the care of another child at the same time of ingestion. Fourteen families had a past history of paraffin ingestion. Only 22% of households normally stored in paraffin above ground level and in only 15% of cases was paraffin stored in a container specified for that purpose. Emesis was attempted using home remedies in 72% of cases and was associated with a significant increase in vomiting. Vomiting had an impact on the exacerbation of the clinical features of paraffin poisoning, particularly fever. Clinical criteria laid down for suspected superadded bacterial lung infection resulted in half of the study group having blood cultures performed on day 1 and another 17 on day 4. Only two yielded isolates which possibly could have been indicative of bacteremia secondary to infective pneumonia. No child in the suspected group was treated with antibiotics and all recovered uneventfully. Admission chest X-rays contributed little to the management of the illness. Paraffin ingestion remains a serious contributor to child morbidity in rural South Africa and there appears to be room for further preventive education at community level. Specific measures could include storage of paraffin in designated containers above ground level and emphasis on adult supervision of children. Superadded bacterial pneumonia is uncommon and antibiotics in the management of suspected cases are not routinely indicated.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1990

Improved flow cytometric determination of proliferative activity (S-phase fraction) from paraffin-embedded tissue.

Recent studies suggest that proliferative activity (S-phase fraction [SPF]) may have greater prognostic significance than total nuclear DNA content; however, relatively few studies have examined SPF from paraffin-embedded tissue because of significant contamination of histograms with debris. In this study, cell cycle analysis was performed on 124 matched tissue specimens. Fresh tissue was divided into two equal portions; one portion was frozen, whereas the other portion was processed and embedded in paraffin. S-phase could be determined for both frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue in 81 cases. Correlation between SPF from frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue was demonstrated (r = 0.80) when debris was subtracted from histograms with the use of two new subtraction algorithms referred to as multicut and singlecut. Unlike other debris-subtraction algorithms, the quantity and distribution of debris calculated by these algorithms are dependent on the magnitude and position of histogram peaks. A lesser degree of correlation was demonstrated with the use of a standard exponential debris subtraction algorithm (r = 0.67). Correlation of SPF for aneuploid cases was greater when SPF was calculated as a percentage of the aneuploid cell population rather than as a percentage of the entire cell population. This was attributed to the observation that the proportion of aneuploid cells from paraffin-embedded tissue was less than that from frozen tissue. The results of this study indicate that SPF can be calculated from paraffin-embedded tissue with values comparable to those obtained from frozen tissue. The ability to calculate SPF reliably from paraffin-embedded tissue should allow additional evaluation of this parameter as a prognostic indicator.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

Immunohistochemical detection of T-cell subsets and other leukocytes in paraffin-embedded rat and mouse tissues with monoclonal antibodies.

We describe a method for immunohistochemical localization of T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, activated lymphocytes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes in rat and mouse tissue fixed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) and embedded in paraffin. Rat and mouse spleen and eyes were fixed in PLP for 18-24 hr, rapidly dehydrated, infiltrated under vacuum with paraffin at 54 degrees C, sectioned, and stained with appropriate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Sections of PLP-fixed, paraffin-embedded spleen were compared with acetone-fixed frozen spleen sections with respect to morphology and staining quality. Nine of 10 MAbs to rat antigens and eight of nine MAbs to mouse antigens stained paraffin sections equally or more intensely than frozen sections. The two MAbs that showed weaker staining still gave good staining on paraffin sections. Paraffin-embedded rat and mouse eyes were easier to section serially than frozen eyes, showed superior morphology, and individually stained cells were readily identified. Therefore, a combination of PLP fixation and low-temperature paraffin embedding permits detection of the major types of immune cell in rat and mouse tissues while maintaining good morphology, particularly in diseased, damaged, or delicate tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of cytofluorometric nuclear DNA ploidy analysis on fresh and paraffin embedded specimen.

The cytofluorometric nuclear DNA ploidy analysis was performed in gallbladder (GB) epithelium of eight patients of chronic cholecystitis to make a comparison between fresh and paraffin embedded tissue analysis, to make an ideal single cellular suspension, to evaluate the ploidy pattern affected by inflammation and to assess the histological correlations. Six (75%) fresh specimens and eight (100%) paraffin embedded specimens showed diploidy pattern of histogram. Two (25%) fresh specimens showed low ploidy pattern of histogram. There was a good correlation between histological findings and the ploidy patterns of 100% paraffin embedded specimens and 75% fresh specimens. The relative fluorescence intensity was found higher and more stable in paraffin embedded tissues than fresh tissues. Inflammation did not affect the ploidy patterns of paraffin embedded specimens whereas the ploidy patterns of fresh specimens were affected. It can be concluded that the DNA ploidy patterns and histological findings have a good correlation and inflammation does not affect the cytofluorometric DNA ploidy pattern when using the paraffin embedded specimens. Paraffin embedded specimens are superior to fresh specimens for making an ideal single cellular suspension to obtain stable, high, and accurate fluorescence intensity with less background fluorescence which makes the ploidy pattern behave like exact behavior of tissues.

Cholecystitis↗
PubMed1991

Quantitation of HER-2/neu oncoprotein overexpression in invasive breast cancer by image analysis: a study comparing fresh and paraffin-embedded material.

HER-2/neu oncoprotein overexpression was compared in fresh frozen and paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed invasive breast cancer material from the same patients. The HER-2/neu protein was detected by an immunohistochemical staining method, and the average amount of protein staining per cell was measured using the CAS-200 image analysis system and expressed relative to the amount of HER-2/neu protein of calibration cells of the SKBR3 cell line which are known to have amplification of the HER-2/neu gene and overexpression of the HER-2/neu protein. There was a significant correlation between degree of HER-2/neu protein overexpression and DNA-hyperdiploidy (P less than 0.01, chi 2 test). No significant correlation could be demonstrated between degree of HER-2/neu overexpression and tumor size, lymph node status, number of positive nodes or morphometric features. There was in general a good concordance (r = 0.83) in HER-2/neu expression values between fresh and paraffin-embedded material. Pairwise comparison of the two series (Wilcoxon signed ranks test) revealed no significant differences, indicating that there were no systematic differences between HER-2/neu assessments in fresh and paraffin material. When analysing the HER-2/neu expression values according to thresholds used earlier for overexpression, comparable results for fresh and paraffin material were obtained for most cases. In the fresh and paraffin material a different staining pattern was observed (more membrane staining in the fresh material in contrast to a more diffuse staining pattern in the paraffin material). It was concluded that both fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed material is suitable for assessment of HER-2/neu protein overexpression by image analysis and provides comparable HER-2/neu expression values in most cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Detection of numerical chromosome aberrations using in situ hybridization in paraffin sections of routinely processed bladder cancers.

An improved protocol for in situ hybridization (ISH) to routinely processed, paraffin-imbedded tissue sections from transitional bladder carcinoma (TCC) is presented. The protocol to detect numerical chromosome aberrations involved treatment of sections with thiocyanate prior to proteolytic digestion, resulting in reproducible ISH reactions. It was used to explore the influence of nuclear truncation in the detection of numerical chromosome aberrations and the detection of tumor cells among stromal and inflammatory cells, to compare the flow cytometric DNA index with chromosome copy number, and to study chromosome heterogeneity within tumors. For this study, a DNA probe for the chromosome region 1q12 was used. Hybridization of model systems with known chromosome numbers, such as sections of paraffin-embedded lymph nodes, paraffin-embedded human peripheral lymphocytes, T24 and Molt-4 cells with two, three, and four chromosomes 1, respectively, showed in at least 50% of the cells the proper number of chromosome hybridization signals in standard 6-microns-thick sections. Depending on the size of the nucleus, a certain percentage of the cells showed lower copy numbers as a result of truncation. In four cases of normal urothelium in paraffin sections, the percentage of nuclei with more than two chromosome spots did not exceed 5%. Comparison of the number of ISH signals, as detected in ethanol-fixed single cell suspensions of 11 TCCs [five flow cytometric (FCM) diploid, three FCM aneuploid, and three FCM tetraploid], with ISH results obtained in paraffin sections of the same tumors showed that typical numerical chromosome aberrations, such as trisomy and tetrasomy up to nonasomy, could be detected. However, the real chromosome copy number is underestimated, especially in tumors with high copy numbers, as detected in the single cell suspensions of the same tumors. Hybridization of a TCC with extremely large nuclei (DNA index = 3.2) containing six to nine ISH signals as detected in the isolated tumor cells, showed that an indication of these real chromosome copy numbers could be obtained in 6-microns paraffin sections. The accuracy for the detection of the chromosome copy number was even higher in cases where hybridization signals were counted in the mitotic cells. Furthermore, chromosome heterogeneity was detected by ISH using centromeric probes for chromosomes 7, 9, and 18, even though nuclei are truncated in the section. The surplus value of ISH on paraffin sections, as compared with ISH on isolated tumor cells, can be summarized as follows. (a) The focal tumor cell areas with chromosome aberrations can be recognized in the sections and be correlated with the histologic appearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1994

Paraffin ingestion--the problem.

Paraffin ingestion is the commonest cause of accidental childhood poisoning in South Africa. Children from the lower socio-economic group are affected most. They drink paraffin in the summer months from bottles or intermediate containers, mistaking it for water or cold-drink. The children are predominantly male with a mean age of 24 months. The clinical picture is one of respiratory distress with a hospital case fatality rate of 0.74%. The use of paraffin as a source of household energy in South Africa is on the increase. Based on a modernisation index it would seem that this trend will continue into the next century. It can therefore be expected that the number of cases of paraffin ingestion will steadily increase if no active steps are taken to address the problem. Prevention should entail a wide spectrum of measures, the basis of which should be a child-resistant container. An effective durable, low-cost child-resistant container which is easy to pour from should be made available by petroleum companies and/or entrepreneurs and distributed through their network. This should be combined with health education on the danger of paraffin. Health care workers and administrators should be made more aware of the problem and become involved in health education and prevention. Further research should be undertaken on the effect a change in the colour of paraffin and the use of child-resistant caps would have on the incidence of paraffin ingestion in South Africa.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1999

Heat pretreatment increases resolution in DNA flow cytometry of paraffin-embedded tumor tissue.

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry of single-cell suspensions prepared by enzymatic digestion from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue suffers from several major drawbacks. The most important factors that influence the results are the high and unpredictable coefficients of variation (CVs) of the G0/G1 peak in the DNA histogram and reduction of propidium iodide (PI) intercalation with DNA, resulting from protein cross-linking by formalin. METHODS: In this study we introduce a heating step (2 h incubation in citrate solution at 80 degrees C) prior to a brief pepsin digestion of tissue sections in the protocol for DNA content analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. This new method is compared with established methods for the preparation of cell suspensions from frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues with respect to cell yield, DNA histogram resolution, DNA dye saturation kinetics, cell cycle parameters, and antigen retrieval in various epithelial and nonepithelial tissues. RESULTS: The recovery of single cells from the paraffin sections was doubled by the heat treatment step, while the limited time of proteolysis resulted in decreased cell debris. Furthermore, an increased fraction of cells became cytokeratin-positive, while these immunocytochemically stained cells also exhibited a higher mean fluorescence intensity. The DNA histograms prepared from cell suspensions obtained according to this new protocol showed a significantly improved resolution, leading to a better identification of peridiploid cell populations. Heat pretreatment of paraffin-embedded archival tissue sections showed PI saturation kinetics similar to, or even better than, those of fresh unfixed tissues, independent of duration of fixation. CONCLUSIONS: This new method, making use of routinely available antigen retrieval principles, thus allows high-resolution DNA analysis of routinely fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Using external reference cells, inter- and intralaboratory standardization of DNA histograms can be achieved.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Expanding hematoma after extraperiosteal paraffin plombage.

PURPOSE: The development of a chronic expanding hematoma after paraffin plombage has not yet been reported because the procedure was performed only at a limited number of institutes during the short period before the development of antituberculous drugs. We herein report eight patients with chronic expanding hematoma several decades after undergoing extraperiosteal paraffin plombage. METHODS: We reviewed eight surgically treated patients with chronic expanding hematoma after undergoing extraperiosteal paraffin plombage. RESULTS: Swelling of the plombage space was shown in a chest roentgenogarm and a contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan as an expanding inhomogeneous mass with subcapsular enhancements. The patient symptoms included a chest or axillary tumor in three patients, and shoulder pain in two, while three were asymptomatic prior to radiological evidence of disease progression. No tuberculous bacillus was detected on microbacterial examination. Both the paraffin and hematomas were removed. The average operative bleeding was 161 ml. One patient underwent muscle transposition for postoperative infection of the residual space. Following the operation, seven patients remained free from the disease and one had hematoma recurrence 9 years later, which was again removed. CONCLUSION: A chronic expanding hematoma following extraperiosteal paraffin plombage is a rare complication. However, this disease should be considered when a patient who has undergone paraffin plombage presents with late complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

In situ hybridization for vasopressin mRNA in the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus; quantitative aspects of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections as compared to cryostat sections.

In order to study the suitability of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain tissue for vasopressin (AVP)-mRNA detection, we used symmetric halves of 5 human hypothalami. In every case, one half was formalin fixed for 10-35 days and paraffin embedded while the other half was frozen rapidly. Following in situ hybridization (ISH) histochemistry on systematically obtained sections of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of both halves, total amounts of AVP-mRNA in these nuclei were estimated using densitometry of film autoradiographs. Total amounts of radioactivity were found to vary considerably between patients and amounted to 1297 +/- 302 arbitrary units (AU) (PVN) (mean +/- SEM) and 2539 +/- 346 (SON) for the cryostat sections and 868 +/- 94 (PVN) and 1259 +/- 126 (SON) for the paraffin tissue. Variations introduced by the method itself yielded a coefficient of variation of only 0.19. Furthermore, a non-significant negative trend with postmortem delay was found in cryostat tissue, but not in paraffin sections. No effect of fixation time was observed in the paraffin tissue. Both ways of tissue treatment have specific advantages and disadvantages that may be different for other probes or other brain areas. For ISH of a highly abundant mRNA like AVP in a very heterogeneous brain area such as the human hypothalamus, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections can be used for quantitative analysis of entire brain nuclei because of the small variation in this tissue, the remarkably good signal recovery (some 75% as compared to cryostat sections) and its practical advantages with regards to anatomical orientation, storage and sampling of the tissue.

Fixatives↗
PubMed1996

A comparative study of silicone net dressing and paraffin gauze dressing in skin-grafted sites.

This prospective randomized study has compared paraffin gauze dressing (n = 19) with silicone net dressing (Mepitel, n = 19) applied as the first layer to newly grafted burn wounds. At the first postoperative dressing visual analogue pain scores were greater in the paraffin gauze group (mean 4.4) than in the silicone net group (mean 1.4, P < 0.01). All patients in the paraffin gauze group experienced some degree of pain on dressing removal, whereas 53 per cent of patients in the silicone net group experienced no pain. Overall graft take was similar in both groups, (silicone net mean 95.7 per cent; paraffin gauze mean 94.3 per cent). Dressings were harder to remove in the paraffin gauze group as assessed by a simple scoring system (P < 0.001). In conclusion silicone net dressing confers advantages over conventional paraffin gauze, especially in reducing patient discomfort during dressing changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Exposure of babies to C15-C45 mineral paraffins from human milk and breast salves.

Mineral paraffins widely occur in foods, but are also ingredients of body lotions, lip sticks, and breast salves. In this study it is shown that mineral paraffins are detectable in human milk. Thirty three human milk samples were found to contain mineral C(15)-C(45) paraffins at a mean concentration of 95+/-215mg/kg fat and a maximum of 1300mg/kg. The mineral paraffins found in human milk had average molecular weights between C(23) and C(33), and often more than half of the paraffins were below C(25). Beside exposure of babies via human milk, the intake by direct licking off salves (in the worst case consisting of vaseline) from the breast of their nursing mothers may be much higher. In a worst case situation, daily intake from breast care products by babies is estimated to reach 40mg/kg bw. Many compositions do not comply with the specifications and a temporary group ADI of 0-4mg/kg bw established by the SCF. This possible exposure of babies either calls for a toxicological re-evaluation of the mineral paraffins or for measures ensuring that exposure of babies is reduced.

Administration, Oral↗