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At first the author presents the familial background of Rheticus, then his education, his friendships and scientific contacts. Rheticus was professor of university in Wittenberg and Leipzig. Most interesting were his contacts with Paracelsus and Copernicus. Last two decades of life Rheticus spent in Cracow working as a physician and mathematician. He died in Kosice.
In this paper etiological and nosological concepts of the Renaissance medico, alchemist, philosopher, and theologist Theophrast von Hohenheim ("Paracelsus" (1493/94-1541)), concerning the "taubsucht [rage, fury]", the "mania", and contextual aspects, are shown. Paradigmatic oscillations between concepts of the present time and the views of Hohenheim are analyzed. Four kinds of "taubsucht" are presented by Hohenheim in his earliest psychopathologically orientated treatise "Von der Taubsucht". Their relations towards later texts are described. He introduces many disorders in later texts, e.g. "mania", "lunatici", "ebricata", "phantasmata", "vihisch vernunft", that resemble aspects of the four kinds of "taubsucht". Three main principles of etiology are documented and characterized as "theological-ethical", "elemental-sidereal", and "alchemistical". Contrary to today's preferred "descriptive" approach the main principle of Paracelsian classification is seen as "etiological-dimensional". Seven etiologic dimensions are described. Hierarchical correspondences between these dimensions are investigated. The seven dimensions are characterized as: a) Elemental influences (incorporation of psychotropic substances) b) Firmamental-sidereal influences (astrological and astronomical emanations) c) Spiritual influences (spirits deranging man's mind) d) Alchemistical ("chemical") influences e) Secondary diseases (caused by some pre-existing disorder) f) Intrinsic ethical and moral dispositions as the final cause of disorders (theological-ethical view) g) Heredity. By evaluating the paradigmatic aspects of Hohenheims nosological approach, differences with today's mainstream-views of psychiatry are seen in the field of "invisible" (spiritual and transcendental), "etiological-dimensional" explanations for the derangement of the mind (see b, c, f). Potential similarities are considered in the field of "visible" (materialistic), dimensions (see a, d, e, g). It is concluded that Hohenheim strives towards an integration of spiritual and materialistic aspects in the application of etiological and nosological tools. Hohenheims concepts are summarized as a 16th century "integrative" psychopathological approach.
450 years ago the Renaissance doctor Theophrastus von Hohenheim called Paracelsus (1493-1541) died. Inspite of a famous name and his renowned challenging nature, his way of thinking and his work remain in many parts unknown. His professional ethics revolve around mercy, charity and his passion for medical art. In his book 'Paragranum' he waves the ethics as a virtue into his succint concept of a 'new topical and veritable medical science'. It is the aim to show the Paracelsian professional ethics in its timeless fundamentals, as in its very personal character.
Not very long after the death of Paracelsus, Johannes Oporinus, once assistant to Hohenheim, wrote a letter full of invectives against his late master. Although four copies of this letter are known up to now, there is still much uncertainty left about the date (1555, 1565), the address (Johann Weyer, Reiner Solenander, Weyer and Solenander), and the text, because the original letter has not been found yet. In our study a new found copy--the eldest yet known--of the letter is presented, which is included in an 'Oratio de Theophrasto Paracelso' held by Gervasius Marstaller in Jena (1570). According to Marstaller he had received his copy of the (undated) letter by Reiner Solenander. In an appendix the letter is edited after Ms. 991. University Library Erlangen.
The inscription on Paracelsus' epitaph in the cemetery of Saint Sebastian in Salzburg is critically reviewed with regard to an allusion to Job, Chapter 19.
Paracelsus was a topic of intense discussion during the eighteenth century in the encyclopedias, works of philosophy, natural science and medicine of this time. His contributions to chemistry and the chemical foundation of medicine were acknowledge as well as his fight against the ancient humoral pathology and specific achievements in surgery and drug therapy. In contrast, his concept of science and use of language were rejected. The gap between his expressed moral standards and his own behavior was criticized. The contemporary circumstances must be taken into consideration.
About 1240, hunters of the Benedictine abbey Pfäfers detected a hot spring in the impassable Tamina gorge within the borders of the abbey, founded about 940 in the Franconian Churraetia: the famous thermal springs of Pfäfers. The followers of Benedikt of Nursia knew how to use the healing water for the benefit of ill people and founded thus the bathing tradition of Bad Pfäfers, famous for many centuries, and later of Bad Ragaz. In the summer of 1535 Paracelsus stayed in Bad Pfäfers as a guest of the abbot Johann Jakob Russinger. In the rough surroundings of the simple bath-houses near the origin of the spring in the dark 'Badtobel', the man from Hohenheim wrote, apart from a medical report for the sickly abbot, the famous script about bathing there: 'Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen, Tugenden, Krefften unnd Würckung, Ursprung unnd Herkommen, Regiment und Ordinanz'. Bad Pfäfers became famous in the German countries; in spite of all the difficulties to reach the place, the mineral spring became an important destination for countless people longing for health. In the year 1969 the services of the Old Bad Pfäfers have been discontinued. The zenith of the steady strive to ameliorate the effects of the healing water has been reached. Actual balneologic and medical measures in the health resort Bad Ragaz and on the sunny-terrace of Valens have taken the place of the old spa. Thanks to efforts over many years, means and ways have been found to avert demolition and to manage the stilish restoration of this last historic group of buildings in 'Badtobel' constructed at the beginning of the 18th century.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The views of Paracelsus about dying and death found on medical, philosophic and christian religious argumentation. Two visualizations using different solutions can be shown: a natural way as teleologic principle, a supernatural one in the horizon of eschatology.
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