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PubMedDate not supplied

Cephalobellus lobulata n. sp. (Oxyurida:Thelastomatidae) A parasite of Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: gryllotalpidae) from Argentina.

Cephalobellus lobulata n. sp. (Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) a parasite of the mole cricket Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) found in Argentina is described and illustrated. It is characterized by a short buccal cavity armed with three teeth, a striated cuticle with the first annule wide with four lobes and the second annule divided in twelve lobes. The male have three pairs of preanal papillae and two pairs of postanal papillae.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A new species of Thelastomathidae (Nematoda) a parasite of Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) in Argentina.

Gryllophila cephalobulata n. sp. (Nematoda, Thelastomatidae) a parasite of the mole cricket Neocurtilla claraziana (Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) isolated in Buenos Aires Province, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by cuticle annulated all along the length of the body; the first ring has 4 lobules, the second one has 14 lobules, the others rings are simple, the stoma is short and has 4 small teeth, the genital papillae are arranged in 5 pairs, of which 3 pairs are preanal and 2 pairs are postanal. The tail appendage of the male is long and filiform.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Integration of insect parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida steinernematidae) with insecticides for control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.).

To develop a successful integrated pest management program for pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.), it is important to ascertain the compatibility of infective juveniles of insect parasitic nematodes and chemical insecticides. Aqueous solutions of five pesticides (acephate, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, fipronil, and imidacloprid) used in turfgrass to control mole crickets were tested for compatibility with Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in the laboratory. Survival of S. scapterisci was >95% in solutions of acephate, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid. Infectivity of S. scapterisci in adult Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder was >60% in acephate and bifenthrin; however, infectivity was <40% in imidacloprid. The entomopathogenic nematode was compatible with most insecticides tested without significantly reduced survival or infectivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of combining imidacloprid and diatomaceous earth with Beauveria bassiana on mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) mortality.

Sublethal doses of three orthopteran-derived strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were topically applied to adult southern mole crickets, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), and tested in combination with substrate treatments of diatomaceous earth (DE) and imidacloprid. Crickets treated only with the high doses (10(8) conidia per cricket) of each of the three B. bassiana strains exhibited the shortest survival times as well as the highest percentage mortality at 28 d after treatment. However, these treatments did.not differ significantly from any of the diatomaceous earth combination treatments. Two of the strains tested, 5977 and 3622, exhibited synergistic interactions with DE, whereas the third strain, GHA, was not significant for synergy. Mortality caused by the combination treatment was still greater than the expected additive effect. DE abrades the insect cuticle and absorbs cuticular lipids, aiding the entry of germinating conidia into the mole cricket hemocoel. None of the three strains exhibited synergy when combined with imidacloprid, and mortality of all combination treatments was less than additive. For strain 5977, there was an antagonistic interaction with imidacloprid. It was difficult to obtain <30% mortality for imidacloprid only treatments, which was considered the upper limit for sublethal doses. The mean percentage mortality caused by imidacloprid was 37.5%, and this high percentage made it difficult for any combination treatment to cause significantly more mortality than the expected additive effect. These results clarify the interactions of other control products with B. bassiana and provide a basis for a reduced pesticide approach to mole cricket control.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A new species of Cephalobium (Rhabditida, Cephalobiidae), a parasite of Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) in Argentina.

Cephalobium odontolateralis n. sp. (Nematoda, Cephalobiidae) is described and illustrated from the nymphs of Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. It is characterized by a lateral large tooth in the stoma and by the arrangement and number of the genital papillae in the male; there are 6 pairs of postanal papillae, but none is preanal.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Naiadocystis phykoterion n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae), from the Mexican pygmy grasshopper, Paratettix mexicanus (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae), in the Texas big thicket with recognition of three previously described species of Naiadocystis.

Naiadocystis phykoterion n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae), is described from the Mexican pygmy grasshopper, Paratettix mexicanus (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae), collected from sandbars along Harmon Creek, Walker County, Texas, in the western edge of the Texas Big Thicket. Naiadocystis n. gen. is distinguished by the form of the epimerite complex, a simple cordoid or toroid epimerite with an interior obconoid structure resembling a funnel that tapers to a distinct axial canal bisecting the protomerite, which is conspicuous in all stages of development, and a satellite protomerite reduced to a linearly crateriform cup or sucker that receives and enfolds posterior end of primite deutomerite. Association is precocious, caudofrontal, and biassociative. Gametocysts are spherical. Sporoducts are present but vestigial and irregular in number. Oocysts are broadly elliptoid with 4 small spherical polar knobs, 1 each at 30 degrees, 150 degrees, 210 degrees, and 330 degrees, and dehisce en masse. The species described herein are differentiated by their overall size and relative proportion of cellular structures. Naiadocystis acantholobae (Hoshide, 1952) n. comb., Naiadocystis acrydiinarum (Semans, 1939) n. comb., and Naiadocystis tetrigis (Corbel, 1968) n. comb. are recognized as members of Naiadocystis previously placed within Gregarina (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Amoebogregarina Nigra n. gen., n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae) from adult Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southeastern Nebraska.

Amoebogregarina nigra n. gen., nov. comb. (Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) is described from trophozoites, gamonts, associations, gametocysts, and oocysts collected from adult Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Nemaha County, Nebraska. Host alimentary canals were examined for eugregarine parasites. Gregarines encountered were fixed as permanent specimens or subjected to a series of morphometric measurements. Morphometric analysis indicated the presence of Gregarina nigra, a poorly described taxon reported from a variety of Nearetic grasshopper species, Examination of G. nigra revealed a metamorphic epimerite assimilated by the protomerite on maturity. This epimerite-protomerite complex is unique within Gregarinidae, prompting creation of the genus Amoebogregarina. Amoebogregarina nigra is the type species in new combination. Gregarina indianensis is recognized as a junior synonym of A. nigra.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Chromosome polymorphism and C-banding variation of the brachypterous grasshopper Podisma sapporensis Shir. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) in Hokkaido, northern Japan.

The grasshopper Podisma sapporensis consists of two main chromosome races in Hokkaido. The western group of populations of P. sapporensis, belonging to the XO race, has a diploid number of chromosomes 2n = 23 in the male and 2n = 24 in the female (sex determination XO male/XX female). The eastern group of populations of this species, belonging to the XY race, differs from the western one as a result of Robertsonian translocation between the originally acrocentric X chromosome and M5 autosome in homozygous state, having resulted in the forming of chromosome sex determination neo-XY male/neo-XX female (2n = 22). These races are geographically isolated by the mountainous system consisting of the Mts Daisetsu and Hidaka range, occupying the central part of the island. The hybrid zones between the races have not so far been discovered. Various levels of polymorphism for the pericentric inversions and C-banding variation exist in different chromosomes throughout populations in both chromosome races. In some solitary populations (the population at the summit of Mt Yotei, populations in the vicinity of Naganuma, Oketo, and Tanno) pericentric inversions are fixed in some pairs of chromosomes, which enables marking of the discrete karyomorphes. In the Mt Daisengen population all chromosomes are two-armed as a result of fixing the pericentric inversions. These facts contradict karyotypical conservatism of the tribe Podismini. The level of diversity of P. sapporensis karyotypes could provide a new perspective on the evolutionary process of different karyotype in Orthoptera. The considerable occurrence of polymorphism in chromosomes suggests that karyotypic diversification is undergoing in P. sapporensis. The authors also proposed that P. sapporensis would be divided into four chromosome subraces in the XO chromosome race and two chromosome subraces in the XY race, on the basis of karyotypic features. These races may have been established by fundamental climatic changes during the glacial epoch.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Oxidative stress related enzymes in response to chromium (VI) toxicity in Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidae).

The toxic effects of Cr(VI) on antioxidant enzymes of Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidae) were determined. Changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx) were measured in O. chinensis insects injected with Cr(VI). Fifth-nymphs of O. chinensis insects were injected with Cr(VI) with different concentrations (0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 mg/kg of body weight). The results showed that Cr(VI) led to the change of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities at different concentrations, which revealed that: (1) The oxidative stress of SOD increased with the increase of Cr(VI) concentration. (2) With the increase of Cr(VI) concentrations, CAT activities for females increased at lower concentrations, but decreased at higher concentration range, which indicated that antioxidant system of O. chinensis was not influenced by the presence of Cr(VI). A very similar response to Cr(VI) effect for males indicated that Cr(VI) concentrations were not high enough to damage O. chinensis in terms of CAT. (3) The GPx activity for females increased in all treatments, which revealed that the damage power of Cr(VI) was increased with the increase of Cr(VI) concentrations in terms of GPx, but the effect was not so remarkable. There was not a consistent trend of GPx activities for males in all treatments of Cr(VI). Cr (VI)-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes were different for SOD, CAT and GPx, of which the tendency was that activities generally changed with increase of concentrations of Cr(VI) suggesting SOD, CAT, and GPx could serve as indices of oxidative stress to some extent.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Optic lobe neurosecretory cells in Poekilocerus pictus (Orthoptera), Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera), Belostoma indicum (Hemiptera), Polistes hebraeus (Hymenoptera) and Sandrocottus de jeani (Coleoptera).

Neurosecretory cells in the optic lobes of 5 insects viz. Poekilocerus pictus (Orthoptera), Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera) Belostoma indicum (Hemiptera), Polistes hebraeus (Hymenoptera) and Sandrocottus dejeani(Coleoptera) have been described. They occur in the distal optic chiasma of the optic lobes in the form of a cone-shaped concentration with two arms, a dorsal and a ventral. The number of neurosecretory cells in the optic lobes varies from species to species viz., about 150 in Poekilocerus, 115 in Periplaneta, 45 in Belostoma, 90 in Polistes and 70 in Sandrocottus. They are mostly monopolar but occasionally bipolar and stain green with PAF and red or sometimes deep purple with Heidenhain's Azan technique. The axons of the monopolar cells run into the optic lobe or the brain, while those of the bipolar cells form a sort of two way connection one end going to the eye and the other to the brain. Neurosecretory cells in all the insects described above have synchronous secretory cycles.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea) infecting New Zealand short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

A total of 282 short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae) was collected in a mountainous area of New Zealand's South Island and examined for hairworm (Nematomorpha) infections. Thirteen percent of female Sigaus obelisci and 3% of female S. australis harbored hairworms; males of both species, as well as male and female S. campestris, were all uninfected. All hairworms recovered belong to the species Euchordodes nigromaculatus, previously known only from wetas (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). No size differences were observed between infected and uninfected grasshoppers, and there was no relationship between host size and worm length. This is the first substantiated report of nematomorphs in grasshoppers in New Zealand.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Organization of a sensory neuropile in the auditory pathway of two groups of Orthoptera.

The anterior intermediate sensory neuropile (aISN) is a prominent neuropile in the ventral nerve cord of locusts and bushcrickets. Previous studies have shown that it receives its main sensory input from auditory receptors. In this paper we examine the structural and physiological relationship between tympanal receptor terminations and the dendrites of sound-sensitive interneurones in the homologous neuropile of locusts and bushcrickets. Each individual receptor fibre of the bushcricket terminates in a somewhat different target area of the neuropile. The ordering is with respect to the characteristic frequency of the fibres (tonotopic) in the anterior-posterior and dorsoventral axis. In the locust, representatives of the four tympanal receptor groups branch in different areas of the aISN. Most of the dorsal neuropilar region, and the anterior ventral region, do not receive input from tympanal receptors. The dendrites of identified sound-sensitive interneurones were examined in the context of this afferent projection. Local interneurones as well as intersegmental interneurones in bushcrickets have dendritic branches in the whole aISN or part of it and thus overlap with at least some receptors. By recording intracellularly from their main neurites, short-latency synaptic potentials were found in response to receptor spikes indicating monosynaptic input. The tuning of these neurones could be predicted by their dendritic morphology. In contrast, in the locust only local and bisegmental neurones are monosynaptically connected with tympanal receptors, but not the studied intersegmental neurones. This is consistent with the finding that most or all branches of intersegmental neurones lie in the dorsal area of neuropile where no receptors terminate. Anatomical and physiological evidence is presented for identified local neurones providing the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input for such intersegmental neurones. The difference in the basic wiring diagram in the homologous neuropile of the two orthopteran groups is discussed with respect to the possible different roles that sound plays in their behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Impact of descending brain neurons on the control of stridulation, walking, and flight in orthoptera.

Orthopteran insects (crickets, bushcrickets, and acridid grasshoppers) are preferred preparations for the study of the central nervous mechanisms that underlie behavior. Many of their behaviors are based on central rhythm-generating circuits located in the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Activities of these circuits must be coordinated and adapted to the behavioral context by sensory information, which can derive from proprioceptive or exteroceptive inputs. Information from various sensory modalities converges in yet unidentified "higher brain centers" that integrate and transform it into activity patterns across populations of descending brain neurons (DBNs). Transmission of "decisions" to the thoracic motor centers leads to adjustment of their functions in order to fit the sensory situation encountered. A number of unique DBNs has been identified by morphological and physiological criteria and their role in controlling aspects of specific behaviors has been the subject of various studies. Their functions range from "switch-like" transmitters of brain output to complex integration units for sensory inputs of various modalities and their appropriate insertion into the ongoing activities of the thoracic rhythm generators. This paper highlights some of the characteristics of DBNs by focussing on three motor behaviors: stridulation, a stereotyped behavior that seems to be mainly controlled by command-like DBNs; walking, a plastic behavior whose various parameters must continuously be adjusted to a changing sensory environment; and flight, in which the information for course corrections encoded for by different types of DBNs is transformed to match the rhythmic activity of the flight oscillators before it affects the respective motoneurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Recrystallization in a freezing tolerant Antarctic nematode, Panagrolaimus davidi, and an alpine weta, Hemideina maori (Orthoptera; Stenopelmatidae).

The ability of haemolymph from the freezing tolerant weta, Hemideina maori, and supernatant from homogenates of the freezing tolerant nematode Panagrolaimus davidi to inhibit the recrystallization of ice was examined using the "splat freezing" technique and annealing on a cryomicroscope stage. There was no recrystallization inhibition in weta haemolymph or in insect ringer controls. Recrystallization inhibition was present in the nematode supernatant but this was destroyed by heating and was absent in controls. P. davidi survives intracellular freezing and recrystallization inhibition may be important for the survival of this stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of an iridescent virus isolated from Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).

We have isolated an iridescent virus from commercially produced colonies of Gryllus bimaculatus in Germany, which showed apparent mortality. Transmission electron microscopy studies on adult cricket specimens revealed the paracrystalline assembly of icosahedral virus particles in the cytoplasm of hypertrophied abdominal fat body cells. The infecting agent could be cultivated in the lepidopteran cell line sf-9, where it caused cytopathogenic effects such as cell hypertrophy, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and cell death within 8 days postinfection. Infection titers of the first virus passage reached 10(7.5) TCID(50)/ml. Negatively stained virus particles (n = 100) had dimensions of 172 +/- 6 nm (apex to apex) and 148 +/- 5 nm (side to side). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virus proteins showed more than 20 distinct polypeptides with a major species of approximately 50 kDa. Analysis of the restriction fragment length profiles from digestion of purified viral DNA with the endonucleases EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII showed marked differences from the profiles of iridoviruses of lower vertebrates (genus Ranavirus), e.g., Rana esculenta Iridovirus and Frog virus 3. Restriction enzyme digests with the endonucleases MspI and HpaII indicated the lack of methylation of viral DNA. Polymerase chain reaction led to the amplification of a 420-bp gene fragment with 97% sequence homology to the major capsid protein gene of Chilo iridescent virus. These data indicate that this new isolate, which we propose to be termed Gryllus bimaculatus iridescent virus, belongs to the genus Iridovirus of the family Iridoviridae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

The phylogeny of the Caelifera (Insecta, Orthoptera) as deduced from mtrRNA gene sequences.

Fragments of both mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes of 32 caeliferan taxa (representing six of the seven superfamilies) and six outgroup Orthopteroids were sequenced. The combined alignment length was 630 bp after removal of all ambiguously aligned positions. Separation for the basal taxa was problematic and analysis using the LogDet transformation indicated that shared base composition biases were a confounding factor. The suborder Caelifera and all traditional caeliferan superfamilies except the Pamphagoidea are retrieved as monophyletic groups, though the Eumastacoidea lack significant bootstrap support. Of the traditional pamphagoid taxa, the Pamphagidae is embedded between classically acridid subfamilies, whereas Pyrgomorphidae is placed close to the Pneumoroidea. The morphological similarities of the Pyrgomorphidae and Pamphagidae may thus be homoplasic. A consensus tree based on five different methods of analysis indicated the following order: (Tridactyloidea, Tetrigoidea (Eumastacidae, Proscopiidae (Pneumoridae, Pyrgomorphidae (Acrididae + Pamphagidae)))).

Algorithms↗