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PubMed2003

Developmental recovery and deficit in children adopted from Eastern European orphanages.

This research examined the degree of developmental recovery during the 1st year of placement in a sample of 124 children adopted from Eastern European orphanages. At the time of adoption, substantial growth and developmental delays were identified, with about half below the 5th percentile on weight and on height. Results indicated that there was considerable catch-up in all areas at postadoption. However, older, later placed children exhibited more developmental delays compared with earlier adopted children. Regression analysis revealed that the degree of developmental delay at the time of adoption, along with the duration of time spent in the adoptive home and age at adoption placement, predicted significant amounts of variance associated with developmental catch-up. In contrast, weight and height at time of adoption were not related to children's development postadoption.

Adoption↗
PubMed1984

Short communication: effects of environmental enrichment on the mental and psychomotor development of orphanage children.

A group of orphanage-reared children received extra interaction in 5-min daily sessions for 6 weeks. Their mental and psychomotor development (Bayley Scales) were compared to a matched group of infants who were subject to routines at the institution during the same period. Between-group comparisons revealed improved scores for the experimental group. Within-group comparisons indicated that the experimental group had a greater rate of improvement from pre- to post-test than the control group. The differences were present to some extent after a 6-month follow-up. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An epidemic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Somali orphanage.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 53 young females (6-14 years old) in a Somali orphanage. A male guardian was found to be the effective transmitter having sexually abused the children. All the bacterial isolates were of the same serogroup WI and the same serovar Aedih. This presents an unusual example of a tight geographic cluster of infected people which is often characteristic of gonorrhoea epidemics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Two contagious ectoparasites in an orphanage children in Nasr City, Cairo.

Lice and scabies are the main ectoparasites transmitted by contagious, particularly among children living in crowded areas. Examination of an orphanage children (both sex, 2-6 years old), showed infestation with head louse (64.1%), body louse (53.8%) and scabies (26.9%). The results were discussed on the light of the work done before.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Psychiatrist Johann Christian August Heinroth's (1773-1843) practical work at St George's prison, orphanage and madhouse in Leipzig].

This paper ventures to give insights into and evaluate HEINROTH's practical work as a doctor at Leipzig's Georgenhaus on the basis of primary sources found at Leipzig and other Saxony archives. The analysis shows that HEINROTH took up this post because of financial needs. Hence there arose a conflict between this job at the city's orphanage and madhouse and HEINROTH's real ambition of becoming a professor of psychiatry at Leipzig University. THis continued for the whole of his time there. HEINROTH undertook an extremely responsible role and worked energetically at St George's from 1814 until 1834; almost the entire medical care of the 600 inmate lay in his hands. HEINROTH cannot be held responsible for the failure to reform the mental health care system, though urgently needed. On the contrary, he made every effort to ease his patients' mental anguish and life at St George's. However, it must be pointed out that HEINROTH entrusted to his assistants a great part of his duties. HEINROTH did not always fulfil his duties at the local prison to the agreed extent. Increased tensions between him and authorities led to mutual recriminations which ultimately resulted in HEINROTH's dismissal at Christmas 1833. No final judgement can be made as to what extent the arguments propounded by both parties were justified.

Germany↗
PubMed1990

Cryptosporidiosis among orphanage children in Thailand: a one year prospective study.

The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and other parasitic infections was studied among the orphanage children in Nonthaburi province, Thailand, during May 1986--April 1987. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in fecal specimens of 22 out of 303 diarrheal cases (7.3%) by using a modified cold Kinyoun acid-fast technique. None were found among 513 children without diarrhea. Most of the cryptosporidiosis cases were those under 3 years old. The duration of diarrhea in 20 cases varied from 1 to 25 days (mean = 6.6 days). All cases recovered uneventfully without repeated infection. No sexual preponderance was found. Most of the infections were documented during March to June when both temperature and rainfall were high. It was also noted that these children had high rates of other parasitic infections, 38.1% of the total population. Thus, cryptosporidiosis was not uncommon among children with diarrhea and could be detected almost throughout the year.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antigenic characteristics of influenza B virus strains isolated in an orphanage during an influenza outbreak in Moscow in the winter of 1988].

Examinations of ARD patients in an orphanage for defective children in Moscow during an influenza outbreak in the winter of 1988 yielded 12 influenza virus strains, including 6 influenza B strains and 6 influenza A (H3N2) strains. The antigenic analysis of hemagglutinin of influenza B virus isolates showed that with respect to the B/Leningrad/179/86 strain (an antigenic analogue of B/Ann Arbor/1/86 strain recommended for inclusion into the influenza vaccine for 1987-1988) they could be divided into 2 groups: antigenically close to the B/Leningrad/86 strain (isolate B/712) and markedly differing from it (the remaining isolates). As compared with reference strains of the previous years, all the new virus isolates fell into 4 groups: isolate B/712 antigenically related to B/Hong Kong/73 and B/Leningrad/86 strains; B/722 antigenically close to B/Singapore/222/79 and B/USSR/100/83 strains; B/724, an antigenic analogue to B/USSR/100/83; and the remaining isolates, to some or other extent, differing from various reference strains. This attests to simultaneous circulation of various antigenic variants of influenza B virus during the 1988 winter outbreak of influenza in Moscow. An interesting feature of the B/712/88 isolate consists in its antigenic specificity of hemagglutinin being indistinguishable from that of B/Hong Kong/8/73 strains.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiology of streptococcal pyoderma in an orphanage community of a tropical country.

A group of 89 children residing in an orphanage, situated about 12 km from Vellore town, Tamil Nadu, India, were surveyed for streptococcal pyoderma, every month, from October 1976 through to December 1978. The prevalence rate of pyoderma as defined by the isolation of group A streptococci (GAS) was 10.1% with monthly variations from 2.1% to 17.1%. Three meteorological data, namely, temperature, humidity and rainfall did not show any significant relationship with seasonal patterns of pyoderma. However, a hot and humid climate, prevalent for most of the year in Vellore, may be linked to the endemicity of this condition. Studies performed on a limited number of GAS strains showed a variety of M types in the lesions. During this survey, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) was not detected. In one child, a moderate albuminuria was observed; this resolved subsequently. We attest that an active surveillance of detection and treatment of pyoderma in a highly susceptible population plays an important role in the prevention of PSGN.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Incidence of Molluscum contagiosum in children with AIDS at the Cervanoda Orphanage, District of Constanta, Romania].

In Romania, the percentage of children infected by HIV or suffering from AIDS is very high with respect to adults: in 1991, 54% of children with AIDS in Europe were from Romania. Contamination occurred mainly after transfusion with HIV infected blood. Molluscum contagiosum is a benign viral condition in immuno-competent children but in children with AIDS cutaneous lesions are numerous and disseminated. In the Cernavoda Orphanage, we have examined 50 children with AIDS and found 74% of them with Molluscum contagiosum. Lesions were located mainly on the head and the face.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Association between neopterin and beta-2-microglobulin levels and HIV status in Romanian orphanage children.

Serologic markers of immune activation, neopterin and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), have been shown to predict progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease based on cohort studies in adults. Both parameters appear also to be valuable in distinguishing HIV-1 infants with progressive disease from asymptomatic infants and HIV-1 seronegative infants. In a cross-sectional study we examined the utility of neopterin and B2M testing in 135 infants of an orphanage in Romania, 69 of the infants (51%) were found to be HIV-1 antibody seropositive; 95% of the 135 infants were either hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen or antibody seropositive. In the HIV-1 seronegative infants B2M was higher in those with HBV antigenaemia. Serum neopterin and B2M concentrations were higher in HIV-1 seropositive than in seronegative infants (p = 7 x 10(-12) and 1 x 10(-6)). Children with CDC stage P2 had only slightly higher neopterin and B2M values as compared to stage P1 (P = 0.04 and 0.08). Our study indicates that measurement of neopterin and B2M is useful to monitor HIV-1 infection, particularly in areas where laboratory facilities are limited. Both parameters continue to be associated with HIV-1 infection even when there is a high background rate of other infections.

Biopterins↗
PubMed1998

A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages.

Attachment and indiscriminately friendly behavior were assessed in children who had spent at least 8 months in a Romanian orphanage (RO) and two comparison groups of children: a Canadian-born, nonadopted, never institutionalized comparison group (CB) and an early adopted comparison group adopted from Romania before the age of 4 months (EA). Attachment was assessed using 2 measures: an attachment security questionnaire based on parent report, and a Separation Reunion procedure that was coded using the Preschool Assessment of Attachment. Indiscriminately friendly behavior was examined using parents' responses to 5 questions about their children's behavior with new adults. Although RO children did not score differently from either CB or EA children on the attachment security measure based on parent report, they did display significantly more insecure attachment patterns than did children in the other 2 groups. In addition, RO children displayed significantly more indiscriminately friendly behavior than both CB and EA children, who did not differ in terms of indiscriminate friendliness. RO children's insecure attachment patterns were not associated with any aspect of their institutional environment, but were related to particular child and family characteristics. Specifically, insecure RO children had more behavior problems, scored lower on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and had parents who reported significantly more parenting stress than RO children classified as secure.

Adoption↗
PubMed1976

The psychological development of orphanage-reared infants: interventions with outcomes (Tehran).

This paper describes five successive interventions in the rearing of infants at an orphanage in Tehran, with their outcomes. The outcomes were assessed longitudinally. The first of the successive groups, here called "waves", numbered 15. These Ss constitute the controls. The only intervention consisted of examining the infants every other week during the first year and every fourth week thereafter with the ordinal, sensorimotor scales of Uzgiris and Hunt. The audio-visual intervention intended for the second wave of 10 infants was tape-recorded mother talk and music under the control of the infants and mobiles that the infants could activate. This plan was never adequately implemented because of inadequate supervision. The third wave of 10 infants got extra untutored human care. The fourth wave of 20 infants got the kind of audio-visual intervention originally intended for the second wave plus access to responsive inanimate materials. For the fifth wave, numbering 11, the infant-caretaker ratio was reduced to two or three to one and the caretakers were taught the Badger program supplemented with procedures to foster vocal imitation and semantic mastery of body parts, clothing, toys, and other objects and events regularly encountered. The results show that each successive wave, excepting the second, achieved the top steps of nearly all seven of the ordinal scales at mean ages younger than the preceding wave, and the fifth wave surpassed even home-reared American children from predominantly professional families in achieving the top steps on five of the seven scales. The findings show that infants need not advance along all branches simultaneously and that the kinds of experience encountered determine the branch along which advancement occurs. A number of theoretical implications are examined. Especially important is the idea that a dependable educational psychology for infancy and early childhood calls for much more knowledge than we now have of the kinds of experience that advance development along each of the various branches.

Achievement↗