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PubMed1991

Organotin compounds induce aneuploidy in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro.

In vitro exposure of PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes to organotin compounds resulted in statistically significant increases in the frequencies of hyperdiploid cells. When taken together with our previous study demonstrating spindle inhibiting effects of the same organotin compounds by an indirect method (Jensen et al., 1989), the present study strongly indicates that organotin compounds are able to induce aneuploidy, probably by affecting spindle function.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Organotin compounds in trimethyltin-treated rats and in human brain in Alzheimer's disease.

As blood tin concentrations are elevated in Alzheimer's disease and as some low molecular weight organotin compounds are neurotoxic, we have attempted to detect organotins in brain in Alzheimer's Disease. First we measured the concentration of trimethyltin (TMT) in the brains of rats which had been exposed to memory-impairing concentrations of TMT and, as the method of linking hydride generation, cryogenic trapping, gas chromotographic separation and atomic absorption spectrophotometric detection permitted the measurements of organotin compounds when the total tin was greater than 0.2 nanograms, we applied these techniques to human brain tissue, some of which showed neuropathological evidence of Alzheimer's Disease. No low molecular weight organotin compounds were detected in the human brain tissue, but it is possible that tin may be complexed with large organic molecules, the hydrides of which would not be volatile, but which could be identified by liquid chromatography.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Simultaneous determination of organotin compounds in fish and shellfish by gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector.

In the present study the levels of the organotin compounds were determined in fish and shellfish which were purchased from retail markets in Niigata, Japan. The concentrations of dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), diphenyltin (DPT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds were separately determined by FPD-gas chromatography. Eight species (yellowtail, tuna, cuttlefish, olive flounder, northern shrimp, cinnamon flounder, Japanese sea bass and oyster) were studied and five samples of each species were analyzed in each season, which meant 40 samples in one season, and 160 in total. Among the compounds of interest, DBT, TBT and TPT were detected. The highest concentrations detected were 0.674 microgram/g for DBT, 0.669 microgram/g for TBT and 0.186 microgram/g for TPT. DBT was detected as much as TBT, however, its concentration was not correlated with that of TBT. Seasonal changes of the mean value of the concentration of DBT and TBT were observed. In some species, such as yellowtail and Japanese sea bass, combined contaminations of these organotin compounds were also evident. This study is the first step to elucidate possible health hazards by environmental pollution of organotin compounds on human beings.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Organotin compounds in precipitation, fog and soils of a forested ecosystem in Germany.

Organotin compounds (OTC) are highly toxic pollutants and have been mostly investigated so far in aquatic systems and sediments. The concentrations and fluxes of different organotin compounds, including methyl-, butyl-, and octyltin species in precipitation and fog were investigated in a forested catchment in NE Bavaria, Germany. Contents, along with the vertical distribution and storages in two upland and two wetland soils were determined. During the 1-year monitoring, the OTC concentrations in bulk deposition, throughfall and fog ranged from 1 ng Sn l(-1) to several ten ng Sn l(-1), but never over 200 ng Sn l(-1). The OTC concentrations in fog were generally higher than in throughfall and bulk deposition. Mono-substituted species were the dominant Sn species in precipitation (up to 190 ng Sn l(-1)) equaling a flux of up to 70 mg Sn ha(-1) a(-1). In upland soils, OTC contents peaked in the forest floor (up to 30 ng Sn g(-1)) and decreased sharply with the depth. In wetland soils, OTC had slightly higher contents in the upper horizons. The dominance of mono-substituted species in precipitation is well reflected in the contents and storages of OTC in both upland and wetland soils. The ratios of OTC soil storages to the annual throughfall flux ranged from 20 to 600 years. These high ratios are probably due to high stability and low mobility of OTC in soils. No evidence was found for methylation of tin in the wetland soils. In comparison with sediments, concentrations and contents of organotin in forest soils are considerably lower, and the dominant species are less toxic. It is concluded that forested soils may act as sinks for OTC deposited from the atmosphere.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

Some organotin compounds enhance histone acetyltransferase activity.

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into chromatin, whose basic subunit is the nucleosome, which consists of DNA and a core histone octamer. Histone acetylation is important for the regulation of gene expression and is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferase (HAT). We observed the effects of suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on HAT activity. We showed that some organotin compounds--tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT)--enhanced HAT activity of core histones in a dose-dependent way and other EDCs did not affect HAT activity. Organotin compounds have various influences on physical function including the hormone and immune systems, embryogenesis, and development. Dibutyltin and diphenyltin, metabolites of TBT and TPT, respectively, also promoted HAT activity, but monobutyltin, monophenyltin, and inorganic tin had no effect. Further, TBT and TPT enhanced HAT activity when nucleosomal histones were used as substrates. These data indicate that the organotin compounds have unique effects on HATs independent of their EDC activities and suggest that the varied toxicities of the organotin compounds may be caused by aberrant gene expression following altered histone acetylation.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1992

The genotoxicity of organotin compounds in SOS chromotest and rec-assay.

In these days pollution by organotin compounds in the environment extends widely and effects on human health are feared. We studied the genotoxicity of various organotin compounds (butyltins, phenyltins, methyltins) and inorganic tin (SnCl4), which are present in the environment, with the SOS chromotest and the rec-assay. Mono-n-butyltin oxide, n-butyltin trichloride and di-n-butyltin dichloride showed high SOS-inducing potency in the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. Di-n-butyltin dichloride, tri-n-butyltin chloride, bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide, dimethyltin dichloride and trimethyltin chloride were recognized as genotoxic chemicals by the rec-assay.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide↗
PubMed2005

Determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD).

A method based on Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, with a 100 mum PDMS-fiber) in combination with gas-chromatography and pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD) has been investigated for simultaneous determination of eight organotin compounds. Monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), monophenyltin (MPhT), and the semi-volatile diphenyltin (DPhT), triphenyltin (TPhT), monooctyltin (MOcT), and dioctyltin (DOcT) were determined after derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate. The conditions used for the extraction and preconcentration step were optimised by experimental design methodology. Tripropyltin (TPrT) and diheptyltin (DHepT) were used as internal standards for quantification of volatile and semi-volatile organotin compounds, respectively. The analytical precision (RSD) for ten successive injections of a standard mixture containing all the organic tin compounds ranged between 2 and 11%. The limits of detection for all the organotin compounds were sub ng (Sn) L(-1) in water and close to ng (Sn) kg(-1) in sediments. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysis of two certified reference material (CRM) sediment samples. The HS-SPME-GC-PFPD was then applied to the analysis of three harbour sediment samples. The results showed that headspace SPME is an attractive tool for analysis of organotin compounds in solid environmental matrices.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Organotin compounds enhance 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I activity in human choriocarcinoma JAr cells: potential promotion of 17beta-estradiol biosynthesis in human placenta.

Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), are typical environmental contaminants and suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals because they cause masculinization in female mollusks. However, it remains unclear whether organotin compounds also cause crucial toxicities in human sexual development and reproductive functions. We investigated the effects of 17 tin compounds on the catalytic activity and mRNA expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (17beta-HSD I) in human choriocarcinoma JAr cells. At nontoxic concentrations, both trialkyltins with propyl, butyl or cyclohexyl substituents on the tin atom and triphenyltin (TPT) enhanced 17beta-HSD I mRNA transcription and enzyme activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Although tetraalkyltin compounds such as tetrabutyltin and tributylvinyltin also increased the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of 17beta-HSD I, the concentrations necessary for activation were >30-100 times greater than those for trialkyltins. Inorganic tin had no effect on the catalytic activity and mRNA expression of 17beta-HSD I. Interestingly, diphenyltin and monophenyltin, which are metabolites of TPT, enhanced 17beta-HSD I activity with a concomitant increase in mRNA expression, whereas dibutyltin and monobutyltin, which are metabolites of tributyltin, enhanced 17beta-HSD I activity without a concomitant increase in mRNA expression. These results suggest that organotin compounds are potent stimulators of 17beta-estradiol biosynthesis to enhance 17beta-HSD I activity in the human placenta in vitro; the placenta represents a potential target organ for these compounds, whose endocrine-disrupting effects might be the result of local changes in 17beta-estradiol concentrations in pregnant women.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2000

Investigating the potential of high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry as an alternative method for the speciation analysis of organotin compounds.

Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) was applied for the determination of butyl- and phenyltin compounds. Chromatography was performed on a 30 x 2 mm, 3 microm C18 column, enabling the separation of mono-, di- and trisubstituted butyl- and phenyltin compounds in less than 10 min using a water/1% trifluoroacetic acid/methanol gradient. While satisfactory retention and resolution is achieved for the di- and trisubstituted butyl- and phenyltin compounds, monobutyltin and monophenyltin cannot be resolved chromatographically. Depending on the parameter values of the interface, APCI-MS detection allows both specific detection of the molecular ion or cluster ion at low to intermediate fragmentor voltages or quasi-element specific detection of the Sn+ ion released from the organotin compounds at high fragmentor voltages. The sensitivity of MS detection is similar for butyl- and phenyltin compounds, but varies largely from mono- to trisubstituted organotin compounds with tributyl- and triphenyltin being the most sensitively detectable compounds. Detection limits are in the 20-65 pg (abs.) range in SIM mode and in the 750-2000 pg (abs.) range in the scan mode for tributyl- and triphenyltin and for dibutyl- and diphenyltin, respectively. Monobutyl- and monophenyltin can be detected with much lower sensitivity which, together with their unfavorable chromatographic behavior, accounts for the fact that they cannot be analyzed at environmentally relevant concentrations. Although LC-APCI-MS is generally less sensitive than comparable GC methods, it is applicable to the analysis of environmental samples as demonstrated by the analysis of the PACS-2 sediment certified reference material. Although the derivatization of the ionic organotin compounds, which particularly in real samples is a potential source of error, is circumvented when LC-APCI-MS is used, the extraction step is still critical and may lead to underestimation when quantitation is not done by the method of standard addition.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1997

Capillary electrophoresis of organotin compounds with indirect UV detection.

A capillary electrophoresis (CE)-indirect UV absorbance detection method for organotin compounds is described. The five triorganotin cations, viz., trimethyltin (TMT), triethyltin (TET), tripropyltin (TPT), tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT), were efficiently separated by CE in 10 min with a 5 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 3 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). 4-AP also functioned as a UV-absorbing coion for the indirect detection of these UV-transparent organotin species. Simultaneous separation of di- and triorganotins was achieved with the addition of alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) as a modifier in the electrophoresis buffer. Linearity (r > or = 0.995) of about two orders of magnitude was generally obtained. The concentration limits of detection for the organotin compounds studied were between 2 and 20 microM (as tin). The relative standard deviation (RSD) values were in the range 1.3-7.1%. The applicability of the method for the analysis of marine sediment was examined.

Calibration↗
PubMed1986

Toxicity of organotin compounds for polymorphonuclear leukocytes: the effect on phagocytosis and exocytosis.

Phagocytosis and concomitant release of enzymes by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are inhibited by micromolar concentrations of triphenyltin and tributyltin; inhibition by triethyltin occurs at higher concentrations. Chemotactic peptide-induced exocytosis is inhibited at the same concentrations as phagocytosis. Tributyltin causes cell lysis at slightly higher concentrations as required for inhibition of phagocytosis and exocytosis. The organotin compounds have little effect on ATP level in PMNs, which makes an effect on metabolic energy providing processes unlikely. The increase of Ca2+-permeability of the plasma membrane, induced by chemotactic peptide, is inhibited by the organotin compounds. Inhibition of exocytosis by triphenyltin can be counteracted by a number of sulfhydryl compounds. The results suggest that the organotin compounds interfere with PMN function in an early phase of cell activation, where all functions have a common pathway, and where vulnerable sulfhydryl groups play a pivotal role.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1976

Organotin compounds and their use for insect and mite control.

A brief overview of biological activity of organotin compounds is given, with emphasis on activity against plant-feeding arthropods. Plictran miticide, containing cyhexatin (tricyclohexylhydroxystannane), the first product to be fully commercialized for control of plant-feeding mites on a broad range of agricultural crops, is used as a model to indicate the chemistry and potential performance, phytotoxicity, residues, limitations on usage, environmental acceptability, and use patterns for products containing similar organotin compounds.

Acari↗
PubMed1998

Organotin compounds in surface and pore waters of Ganga Plain in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region, India.

Organotin compounds (OTCs) belong to those chemicals most toxic to the aquatic organisms which are deliberately introduced into the aquatic system through anthropogenic activities. Various species of organotin compounds were detected in surface and pore waters of the Ganga Plain in Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in pre-and post-Monsoon periods of 1995. The extraction of these compounds was performed using a method of direct aqueous phase in situ ethylation with sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt4). After extraction into hexane, they were detected by GC-MIP-AED. The water of this area is contaminated with dimethyltin (DMT), monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) compounds. Concentrations of these compounds in surface water of the pre-Monsoon period of 1995 range from 2.1 to 70.1 ng Sn/l for MBT, 1.7-101.1 for DBT and 2.9-19.8 for TBT, whereas in pore water; 9.7-23.5 ng Sn/l for MBT, 11.2-18.0 for DBT and 8.7-32.6 for TBT. However, in the post-Monsoon period of 1995, surface water shows considerable decrease in concentrations: DMT below detection-1.8 ng Sn/l, DBT 3.0-5.4, TBT 3.1-3.6 and MBT is below detection. This study is a preliminary documentation of water pollution by OTCs in the Kanpur-Unnao region of the Ganga Plain and suggests the necessity of further detailed OTCs studies in other regions of the Ganga Plain.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed1994

[Pollution of fish and shellfish with organotin compounds and estimation of daily intake].

Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds have been widely used as antifouling paint for ship bottoms and fishery firm nets, and they are known to be aquatic environmental contaminants. A survey of the pollution with organotin compounds in fish and shellfish has been carried out for samples (180 samples from 43 kinds) which were collected in the Hokkaido prefecture during the period from February, 1989 to September, 1992. On the other hand, daily intakes of organotin compounds have been investigated using the Market Basket Method. Relatively high concentrations of TBT and TPT were detected from flat fish and shellfish such as Hirame (bastard halibut), Kurogarei (black plaice), Asari (Japanese littleneck), Hokkigai (Japanese surf clam) and Kaki (oyster). The maximum value of TBT in samples was 0.38 microgram/g (for both Asari and Kaki), and TPT was 0.47 microgram/g (Kurogarei). Estimated daily intakes of DBT, TBT and TPT were 0.45 microgram, 2.40 micrograms and 4.11 micrograms, respectively. The values presented in this study were lower in comparison with the acceptable daily intake. It was revealed that the values of the organotin compounds in this study were not so high as to have any efect on human health at the present.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Determination of organotin compounds in plastic products by GC/MS after ethyl derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate].

A simultaneous determination method for 9 organotin compounds in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and silicone products used as kitchen utensils and food packages was developed using ethyl derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt4). Organotin compounds were extracted with acetone-hexane (3:7) from the samples after acidification and the extract was filtered and concentrated at under 40 degrees C. After centrifugal separation, these compounds were derivatized with 2% NaBEt4 solution and determined by GC/MS. This method was applicable for simple routine analysis. Recoveries of spiked compounds were 49.1-118.1% for 3 PVC products and 88.8-102.2% for a siliconized paper. Monooctyltin, dioctyltin and trioctyltin compounds were found in all PVC food containers at the levels of 123-1,380 micrograms/g, 1,770-13,200 micrograms/g and 6.6-139 micrograms/g, respectively. They also were found in 3 gloves, 5 spouts, 1 hose and 5 pipes. Some PVC products contained monomethyltin, dimethyltin, trimethyltin, monobutyltin and dibutyltin compounds at the levels of 97.3-433 micrograms/g, 96.5-5,120 micrograms/g, 8.5-24.9 micrograms/g, 1.2-852 micrograms/g and 1.2-29.4 micrograms/g, respectively.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Technoeconomic and environmental assessment of industrial organotin compounds.

Current uses of organotins include heat stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), catalysts for polyurethane foam and silicone rubber, biocides, and animal health products. Domestic production consumption in 1982 is about 28 million pounds, and overall growth is estimated at 7 percent per year. Physical properties of organotins, including solubility in water, octanol-water partition coefficients, and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants, are not well characterized. Analytical methods for tin in environmental and biological matrices involve concentration, separation, and identification by chromatography, spectrometry, and spectroscopy. Environmental fate and effects of organotins are not well understood. Degradation reactions may yield a complex set of products, including inorganic tin oxide. The effects of exposure of workers and release of organotins to the environment at point sources have been documented. Nonpoint sources of environmental exposure include discard and sanitary landfill disposal of plastics and direct release of biocides to aquatic or marine environments. Other dissipative uses of organotins which pose potential human risk include PVC food wrapping and bottles and rigid potable water pipe. The long term health effects of low level exposure to organotins are not known. Toxic metal cycling in the environment, including biomethylation of inorganic tin by naturally occurring bacteria, is of rising concern.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of organotin compounds by gas chromatography-reactive-flow detection.

The gas chromatographic (GC) reactive-flow detector (RFD) responds strongly to organotin compounds. The system yields over four orders of linearity with a minimum detectable amount of 8 x 10(-16) g Sn/s (at S/N = 2). The RFD's selectivity towards tin over carbon is approximately 2.5 x 10(5) g C/g Sn. The spectral emission includes a surface luminescence centered at 390 nm and a gas-phase luminescence centered at 470 nm. These findings suggest that the GC-RFD could serve as a sensitive and selective tool for the analysis of organotin compounds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1996

Toxicity of organotin compounds on embryos of a marine invertebrate (Styela plicata; tunicata).

In order to clarify the interaction mechanism between organotin compounds and organisms, the effects of these compounds on the development of a benthonic filter-feeding invertebrate were studied. Embryos of the ascidian Styela plicata were obtained in laboratory by cross-fertilization and their development was followed in vivo after incubation with 0.1, 1, and 10 microM organotin compounds for various exposure times. Moreover, embryos selected at opportune stages after incubation with 10 microM tributyltin (TBT) or triphenyltin (TPT) for 1 hr were observed at the electron microscope to recognize cell alterations. Results indicate that organotins significantly affect all stages of ascidian development in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the most sensitive stages are gastrula and neurula. These compounds are able to block development, giving rise to anomalous embryos with irreversible effects. The order of inhibition appears to be strongly dependent on the organotin liposolubility: TBT > dibutyltin (DBT) > monobutyltin (MBT) and TPT > tricyclohexyltin (TCHT). The mitosis block of blastomeres in the early stages may be related to an inhibition of the microtubule polymerization. Observations with light and electron microscopes reveal globeshaped blastomeres with large intercellular spaces in the morula and gastrula stages, suggesting a toxic damage with alteration of the cytoskeleton. Moreover, the occurrence of electron-dense precipitates of organotins in the inner membrane of mitochondria and morphological changes of their cristae suggest an inhibitory effect on oxidative phosphorylation which is conspicuous in the gastrula stage. In this stage, the size of the electron-dense aggregates grow from 50-70 to 110-170 nm, while at the same time the alteration of the cristae increases.

Animals↗