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PubMed1992

Prevalence of disabled stereopsis in a class of optometry students.

Stereopsis is said to be disabled when the third dimension (3-D) cannot be perceived during everyday life but can be when viewing conditions are appropriately arranged. To discover a test suitable for detecting disabled stereopsis, I measured stereoacuity, stereolatency, and the subjective difference in depth perception between monocular and binocular vision of a group of 41 optometry students. Only 2 students showed no sign of this disability. A predictive value for each test was calculated from the results of 14 students whose disability was confirmed by another means. Stereoacuity had the worst predictive value (43%) and stereolatency the best (100%). The prevalence of disabled stereopsis in this group was no less than 34% and might have been as great as 95%.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed1991

The Opticians Act 1989 and UK optometry.

The build-up to the original 1958 Opticians Act is used as an introduction to the more recent developments in UK optics that have culminated in the introduction of the Opticians Act 1989. The changes introduced as a result of the Health and Social Security Act 1984 and the Health and Medicines Act 1988 are briefly described before discussing the sectional arrangement of the new Act. This new legislation pulls together much of the law relating to optometry and dispensing optics in the UK and provides a single accessible source.

Optometry↗
PubMed1976

A study of applicants to colleges of optometry in the U.S.

A statistical summary of numbers of applicants and applications to U.S. colleges of optometry, dentistry, and medicine is presented for the six academic years, 1969-70 through 1974-75. Attention is drawn to changes during the five-year interval in numbers of (a) professional schools, (b) total applicants, (c) total applications, (d) applicants accepted, (e) applicants per acceptance, (f) percent of applicants accepted, and (g) applications per individual. Absolute numbers are listed in tabular form and, to facilitate interdisciplinary comparison, in relative numbers in a series of figures. Concerns raised by the trends revealed are outlined.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

PSRO's and optometry.

Public Law 92-603 is reviewed and reference made to sections where optometry can be involved. A guide to the development of a program for inclusion in the PSRO program is discussed and a challenge to the profession is issued.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

The use of drugs for behavior modification as it relates to the practice of optometry--Part I.

Medications used in behavior modification can result in untoward side effects, including ocular and visual changes. As in many other aspects of health care, optometrists can serve as the first line of defense to guard their patients against permanent damage from side effects they may not associate with use of their medication. Optometry's responsibility and role in management of side effects is delineated. Areas of behavior modification of concern to optometrists are discussed. These include: (1) learning problems and mental retardation; (2) mental disorders, menopause, and alcoholism; and (3) drug abuse.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1975

Optometry and the underprivileged--an investigative report.

In this essay I have taken the topic, "Optometry and the Underprivileged," and approached it as an investigative report. This investigation found me talking with people in all walks of life and visiting many institutions and health care facilities. Some of the people discussed in the report and their conditions represent composites of the real situations I encountered. Their names are fictitious and to the best of my knowledge these people do not exist. The report is intended to be informative, constructively critical, unboring, and positive. If I have accomplished this, then my purpose has been fulfilled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

What is the proper integration of optometry and ophthalmology?

The delivery of health care services in America today utilizes a variety of approaches based on many economic, political and social factors. The current health care system is coming under significant review and criticism. Many options are being considered and recommended. This paper addresses possible changes in the delivery of eye care, specifically the relationship between the professions of optometry and ophthalmology, that may be needed in the future.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1992

The pros and cons of developing additional schools and colleges of optometry.

There are no manpower studies to give hard statistics of the number of practitioners needed now and in the future. We will still be increasing the number of optometrists in the country by maintaining the same course we are on now, and show no need for any new optometric schools or colleges. Yet, the present schools and colleges of optometry may need to expand or contract their entering class size as educational reform changes optometric education.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes about women in optometry.

A survey was conducted to examine attitudes that affect women in optometry. Most respondents felt that women have greater difficulty than men entering private practice. On the other hand, the majority felt that female optometrists do not find it more difficult to be employed by other ODs, MDs, or to work in corporate settings, HMOs/health institutions, or academic settings. Examining the results of the survey can help establish programs of professional development that will enable women to practice in the environments that they find most suitable. In addition, an open and honest discussion of these issues can raise the sensitivity of the optometric community to these issues.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

How can optometry become more effective in recruiting and retaining appropriate numbers of underrepresented and disadvantaged students.

The proportion of minority students in optometry schools remains very small compared to that in the general population. The numbers in the general population are rising and the gap could widen if serious recruitment programs are not implemented. The most effective methods of expanding the applicant pool and recruiting students involve personal contact with people in the profession. Admissions processes must be carefully analyzed to eliminate systematic bias. Retention programs should be in place and can also be used to benefit all students. Financial aid programs must be expanded to accommodate a higher proportion of students from lower socio-economic backgrounds.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Geriatric optometry questionnaire.

A national survey of American Optometric Association Low Vision Section members was conducted by the newly formed Geriatrics and Low Vision Committee during the fall of 1989. The "Geriatric Optometry Questionnaire" was designed to establish a greater understanding of the nature of comprehensive professional services for the unique needs of visually impaired older persons. Of the 481 surveys mailed, 289 were returned for a response rate of 60 percent. Seventy-eight percent of the respondents had completed their formal optometric education after 1970. Results indicated that geriatric optometric care is predominantly delivered in private practices and in low vision agencies. Approximately 69 percent of the patients are above the age of 65, with the majority of those being under 85. Although the average initial low vision appointment lasts 60-90 minutes, this generally represents the low vision examination and evaluation of low vision devices only. Complete ocular health assessments combined with low vision evaluations are provided by only 33.5 percent. While 80 percent of the optometrists responding take psychosocial histories, only 60 percent routinely refer patients for social services and rehabilitative training. Similarly, 57 percent of those responding referred patients for independent daily living skills instruction and only 53 percent for orientation and mobility training. These data suggest that optometrists have not yet completely incorporated the multidisciplinary approach to geriatric health care and that continuing education in this area is needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

State boards of optometry requirements of CPR certification for optometric licensure.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification requirements for optometric licensure were obtained from 49 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. It was found that 17 percent of the states required CPR certification for optometric licensure while 11 percent required certification to maintain licensure. For initial Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Agents (DPA) licensing 44 percent of the boards required CPR certification while less than 25 percent required maintaining that certification to sustain DPA licensure. Of those states having Therapeutic Pharmaceutical Agents (TPA) legislation, 36 percent required CPR certification for initial licensure but only 8 percent of them required maintenance of certification for license renewal. Optometry can take the lead in health care by requiring CPR certification for all forms of licensure and license renewal.

Certification↗
PubMed1990

Optometry's role in reading disabilities: resolving the controversy.

Optometry's involvement in the management of reading disabilities is often misunderstood. This paper clarifies the confusion surrounding specific reading disabilities and optometric vision therapy in the management of them. Topics include a historical review of dyslexia, theories of brain function, and a neuroanatomical model, as well as operational definitions and behavioral characteristics of the types of dyslexia. Methods for direct diagnosis of coding deficits in specific reading disability (dyslexia) are discussed. This approach explains the beneficial role of optometric vision therapy in the management of patients with reading problems.

Dyslexia↗
PubMed1990

Legislation, litigation, health policy and optometry.

Significant changes in health policy have occurred during the past 25 years. Directed primarily by congressional legislation and judicial opinion, many of these changes have resulted from efforts to control costs, improve quality and increase access. Optometric parity, reimbursement reform, freedom of choice, mandated benefits, commercial speech, self-insurance, competition and peer review are some of the issues that surround many of the more recent attempts at change in the health care market. Optometry has been and will continue to be affected by changes in health policy, especially with regard to issues of cost, quality and access.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1990

Practice profile of University of Missouri-St. Louis optometry graduates.

The results of a survey of the University of Missouri-St. Louis School of Optometry graduates are presented. The practice mode selected and relocation throughout the country is examined for the school's first four graduating classes. Approximately two-thirds of the graduates remained in the state with more than half in proximity of the school. Of these, one-third to one-half maintain "commercial" affiliations.

Demography↗
PubMed1989

Optometry or ophthalmology? A historical review of early literature.

In scientific literature dating back to the days of Leonardo da Vinci and earlier, all works and discoveries--be they in eye care, eyewear, ocular anatomy or surgery--are reported from a medical viewpoint as "contributions" to the development of ophthalmology. This paper reviews some of the early literature, points out those events that lay the foundation for the profession of optometry, and encourages optometrists to preserve their profession's heritage through research and writing from an optometric point of view.

Europe↗