Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “OPHTHALMOSCOPY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Acuity, ophthalmoscopy, and visually evoked potentials in the prediction of visual outcome in infants with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia.

PURPOSE: To determine whether Teller Acuity Cards, transient visually evoked potentials (VEPs), and optic disc size estimated from ophthalmoscopy were predictive of acuity outcome in infants and young children with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH). METHODS: Twenty-eight infants (mean age, 7 months) with bilateral ONH underwent clinical assessment, including ophthalmoscopy. All but a few of these patients underwent neuroimaging studies, analysis of transient VEPs to multiple stimuli, and repeated acuity assessment. Acuity outcome was assessed, on average, 28 months later. RESULTS: Acuity outcome was significantly correlated with the estimated optic disc diameter, initial acuity, and VEP signal-to-noise ratios (r = 0.80, 0.71, 0.69, respectively; all P <.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that the initial acuity and estimated optic disc diameter accounted for 73% of the variation in acuity outcome. VEPs to white-black gratings segregated infants by 6 months of age, whose acuity outcome was better or worse than 5.6 cycles/degree (20/100). CONCLUSIONS: Acuity outcome was predicted in infants with bilateral ONH with a linear equation using initial acuity and estimated optic disc diameter. Additionally, analysis of VEPs may segregate infants with a good visual outcome from those with a poor visual outcome. Longer follow-up will be necessary to determine final Snellen acuity.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

Clinical applications of auto indirect ophthalmoscopy.

A phakic eye that has undergone vitrectomy and gas-fluid exchange produces a real, inverted aerial image anterior to the cornea similar to that produced by a lens for indirect ophthalmoscopy. This image can be used during surgery to perform a variety of maneuvers that would otherwise require a contact prism, high-minus contact lens, or handheld indirect ophthalmoscope lens. Applications of auto indirect ophthalmoscopy include visualization of the retina and vitreous during endophotocoagulation and while using a vitreous cutter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Telemedicine diagnosis of eye disorders by direct ophthalmoscopy. A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To report a pilot study of telemedical direct ophthalmoscopy in the diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related retinopathy in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive population and in the diagnosis of glaucoma, cataract, and retinopathy in a diabetic population. DESIGN: Prospective comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen HIV-positive and 20 diabetic patients. METHODS: A direct ophthalmoscope custom-fitted with a digital microcamera capable of transmitting images from any of 61 sites within the Georgia Statewide Telemedicine Program was used by a nonophthalmologist to examine 34 eyes of 17 HIV-positive patients and 39 eyes of 20 patients with diabetes. Fundus images were transmitted in real-time to a reviewing ophthalmologist. An in-person, comprehensive examination including indirect ophthalmoscopy, was performed by a second ophthalmologist. Telemedical examination was compared to the in-person comprehensive examination. RESULTS: For the HIV study, 21 eyes did not show HIV retinopathy (noninfectious retinopathy with cotton-wool spots) by in-person examination. Telemedical examination correctly identified 20 of these eyes as disease-free (specificity = 95%). HIV retinopathy was present in 12 of the 34 eyes by in-person evaluation with telemedical examination correctly diagnosing 10 of these eyes (sensitivity = 83%). One eye with dense cataract and retinal detachment was unable to be evaluated ophthalmoscopically by either in-person or telemedical examination. Telemedical and in-person assessments for HIV retinopathy were identical in 100% of eyes without cataract. Disagreement in diagnosis between telemedical and in-person examination was associated with cataract (P < 0.0007). For the diabetes study, because of an inadequate image, telemedical examination was unable to classify 46% and 36% of eyes for glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, respectively. Inability to make a telemedical determination for glaucoma (P < 0.011), nonproliferative (P < 0.064) and proliferative (P < 0.064) diabetic retinopathy was associated with cataract. Of the eyes that were able to be assessed by telemedical examination for diabetic retinopathy (n = 25), glaucoma (n = 21), and cataract (n = 39), the accuracy was poor (sensitivity = 29%, 50%, and 41%, respectively). Telemedical examination for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma was more likely to agree with in-person examination in eyes without cataract as compared to eyes with cataract (not statistically significant). CONCLUSION: Telemedical direct ophthalmoscopic, real-time fundus imaging may provide a valuable means for providing ophthalmic consultation to the primary care physician in younger patients without lens or media opacity, but is inadequate for eyes with any degree of lens or media opacity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

The construction of a model eye for investigation of laser-tissue interactions in scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

PURPOSE: To develop a model eye to study laser-tissue interactions during retinal imaging with scanning ophthalmoscopy. METHODS: A model eye was designed to match the optical properties of the human eye based on the Bennett and Rabbetts schematic eye. RESULTS: Alterations in axial length resulted in changes in refractive error similar to those in the human eye (3.70 D for 1 mm in axial length). Perfusion-fixed retinal tissue could be successfully imaged using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph and Optical Coherence Tomograph to provide images that are similar in quality to those obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The model eye should be a valuable tool for investigating laser-tissue interactions during scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and the derivation of digital retinal and tomographic images. This model should also enable a determination of the accuracy with which digital imaging techniques, such as the optical coherence tomograph and Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, measure retinal structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A report on the use of technician ophthalmoscopy combined with the use of the Canon non-mydriatic camera in screening for diabetic retinopathy in the community.

This paper describes a general practice based diabetic retinopathy screening service employing a technician trained in direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and taking photographs with a Canon CR3 45 NM non-mydriatic polaroid camera analysed by a consultant ophthalmologist to provide a comparison with the screener's opinion. Prospective data is presented from the first 1050 patients screened for diabetic retinopathy in the Exeter Health Authority area. Analysis of data collected showed a prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the screened population of 27%, 14% previously undetected with a 0.5% prevalence of sight-threatening retinopathy. There was almost complete agreement between ophthalmoscopy findings and the consultant analysis of photographs. Screening costs were calculated at 10.38 pounds per patient screened. A specially trained non-medically qualified technician can provide a good quality cost-effective screening service for diabetic retinopathy within a primary care setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An inexpensive method of indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Attention is drawn to the possibility of performing monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy with a pen torch and a condensing lens when facilities for binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy are not available.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Correlation between confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and scanning laser polarimetry in open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To correlate the findings of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and scanning laser polarimetry in diagnosed cases of glaucoma with established visual field defects. METHODS: A total of 53 diagnosed cases of primary open angle glaucoma that had at least two recorded of IOP more than 21 mm Hg on Goldmann applanation tonometry, open angles on gonioscopy and glaucomatous visual field defects on automated perimetry, were examined by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT-II) and scanning laser polarimetry (GDx-NFA), in random order. RESULTS: The number on GDx advanced analysis had a significant (p < 0.05) correlation with the rim area (r = -0.279; p = 0.043), cup area (r = 0.311; p = 0.023) and the vertical cup: disc ratio (r = 0.376; p = 0.006). The correlation between HRT-II stereometric parameters and GDx advanced analysis parameters was significant (p < 0.05) for more parameters targeting the inferior pole of the disc than the superior pole. Numerically, the worst values of GDx parameters were associated with a worse result on Moorfields regression analysis, but there was poor agreement between the diagnostic labels like within or outside normal limits as obtained on GDx and HRT-II. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve fiber loss as detected on GDx correlates well with topographic optic nerve head changes as measured with the HRT-II. However, automated diagnosis on the two machines showed poor agreement.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: results and applications.

PURPOSE: The living human eye's optical aberrations set a limit to retinal imaging in the clinical setting. Progress in the field of adaptive optics has offered unique solutions to this problem. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent advances in adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. METHODS: Adaptive optics technology has been combined with flood illumination imaging, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and optical coherence tomography for the high resolution imaging of the retina. RESULTS: The advent of adaptive optics technology has provided the technical platform for the compensation of the eye's aberration and made possible the observation of single cones, small capillaries, nerve fibers, and leukocyte dynamics as well as the ultrastructure of the optic nerve head lamina cribrosa in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed imaging of retinal infrastructure provides valuable information for the study of retinal physiology and pathology.

Capillaries↗
PubMed1975

Transillumination ophthalmoscopy: i. Instrumentation and technique.

We have developed a scleral-indentor-illuminator which, when combined with indirect ophthalmoscopy, gives better visualization of some choroidal lesions than conventional ophthalmoscopy. The thin, angulated probe tip allows for extreme posterior placement.

Choroid Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

[Role of ophthalmoscopy in arterial hypertension: a problem revisited].

To evaluate the present role of fundal examination in the assessment of the hypertensive patient, 348 hypertensive subjects, mostly with borderline or mild hypertension, were studied with direct ophthalmoscopy. The exam was always performed by the same observer. The degree of left ventricular hypertrophy was also evaluated with ECG and echocardiography. Blood pressure was measured with 24-hour ambulatory monitoring, using either the Del Mar Avionics Pressurometer II and IV, the Spacelabs 5200 or the A & D TM-2420. Signs of hypertensive retinopathy were found in 51% of the subjects. The degree of retinopathy, defined according to a modified Keith-Wagener grading system, was highly correlated with average 24-hour mean blood pressure (r = 0.31; p less than 0.0001). Based on ECG, 16% of the subjects had left ventricular hypertrophy, while 23% showed an echocardiographic left ventricular mass, indexed by body surface area, above the normal limits. Left ventricular mass index was correlated with ambulatory blood pressure levels, but at a lower level of statistical significance (r = 0.19; p less than 0.001) compared to the degree of retinopathy. No correlation was found between 24-hour blood pressure and ECG findings. Ophthalmoscopy proved to be more sensitive than echocardiography and ECG in indexing 24-hour blood pressure load, while the specificity of the 3 exams was similar. The present data indicate that fundal examination is a sensitive indicator of the vascular consequences of increased blood pressure and is therefore useful in the assessment of the hypertensive patient, while the more expensive echocardiography is not of great clinical value in borderline and mild hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A correlative study of ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography in systemic hypertension.

This study correlates the fundus signs with the severity and signs of hypertension and evaluates the role of fluorescein angiography in detecting changes in the retinal and choroidal capillary bed in hypertension and defines its advantages over direct ophthalmoscopy. 37 hypertensives belonging to all grades of hypertension were studied. A thorough physical examination, hypertension work up, direct ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography was done in all cases. A significant association was found between the presence of marked arteriolar narrowing and the presence of severe hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiomegaly. Patients having definite arterio-venous crossing changes and exudative retinopathy had a higher incidence of LVH and cardiomegaly. Renal functions and neurological signs in hypertension showed no correlation with the fundus signs. Capillary bed and choriodal abnormalities could be better studied on fluorescein angiography. Hard exudates were not visualized on fluorescein angiography. There was total resolution of exudative phenomenon on treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The ERG as a complementary diagnostic tool in ophthalmoscopy in albino rats.

Using light induced retinal damage in albino rats as a model, the time of occurrence of lesions was investigated by ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography and light microscopy. Changes in the electroretinogram correlated well with histopathological lesions in the first retinal neuron. In contrast, ophthalmoscopy revealed no evidence of retinal damage even at a time, when the animals were apparently blind. It is concluded that electroretinography is an appropriate experimental tool for detection of retinal damage at a very early stage in toxicological investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Ophthalmoscopy versus non-mydriatic fundus photography in the detection of diabetic retinopathy in black patients.

The contribution of non-mydriatic fundus photography in the detection of diabetic retinopathy before and after dilatation of the pupils in black diabetics was investigated and compared with direct ophthalmoscopy. Eighty-six patients were examined and good-quality photographs were obtained for 54.7% of eyes before and 86.6% of eyes after dilatation. Photographically documented retinopathy was detected by ophthalmoscopy in only 64.7% of eyes. The two methods were concordant for the presence of retinopathy in 62.2% of eyes before and 56.9% of eyes after dilatation. Photography through dilated pupils also improved the rate of detection of diabetic retinopathy from 24% to 30%. The 45 degrees non-mydriatic fundus camera was found to be a valuable adjunct in the detection of diabetic retinopathy in a busy diabetic clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The optics of comparative ophthalmoscopy.

One factor peculiar to the practice of comparative ophthalmoscopy is the very large variation in ocular size of the animals examined, a factor which is ignored in current textbook treatments of the subject. We have computed values of lateral magnification, axial magnification, angular field of view and linear field of view for 19 species of terrestrial vertebrates. The dimensional value of a 1 diopter change in direct ophthalmoscopic focus was also determined. The anterior focal length of the eye in air and the vitreal refractive index were the intrinsic optical parameters of the animal's eye necessary for these calculations. Where these values were not available from the literature, the vitreal refractive index was assumed to be 1.336 and the anterior focal length was estimated as two-thirds of the axial length using a regression equation we derived from data in the literature. The angular field of view in ophthalmoscopy was shown to be invariant in the emmetropic eye and equal to the angular subtense of the ophthalmoscopic beam. The lateral field of view and retinal depth corresponding to a 1 diopter change in direct ophthalmoscopic focus varied directly with the anterior focal length of the eye. The remaining parameters of lateral and axial magnification varied inversely with the anterior focal length of the animal's eyes. These findings provide a basis for evaluating the relative size and significance of ophthalmoscopically viewed features in terrestrial vertebrate eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Its value in macular diseases].

The scanning laser ophthalmoscope provided a high quality television image of the fundus with minimal illumination of the retina. This new device based on a totally new electro-optical principle allowed a detailed exploration of macular function directly under simultaneous fundus control. The focused beam of a yellow krypton laser (568,2 nm) was swept up and down, rights and links across the fundus to form a raster of parallel lines on the retina. The S.L.O. illuminated only a single retinal point at a time and illumination was reduced to less than 70 microw/cm2 versus 100,000 microns/cm2 for indirect ophthalmoscopy and 4,000,000 microw/cm2 for fluorescein angiography. The intensity of the laser beam could be modified with the microcomputer by means of an acousto-optic modulator. It was possible to produce static or dynamic graphic designs that were simultaneously viewed by the patient and observed by the examiner on the patient's fundus on the video monitor. Further computerized analysis of the videotaped scanning laser ophthalmoscopic images gave a functional retinal map with correction for shifts of stimulus position due to fixational saccadic eye movements. The map showed true retinal location of 1. fixation area; 2. scotoma. The clinical evaluation was completed with 3. measurement of visual acuity in any foveal or parafoveal location. The results of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy were illustrated with the report of datas in a patient with diffuse retinal pigment epithelial decompensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A teaching mirror for patient's observations during indirect ophthalmoscopy.

We developed a technique by which patients can observe the central fundus of their own contralateral eye during indirect ophthalmoscopy. This is achieved by adding an angulated mirror to the side of the presently available teaching mirror of the indirect ophthalmoscope. Self-indirect ophthalmoscopy is also feasible when the light source is kept stable.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and angiography with a wide-field contact lens system.

OBJECTIVE: To perform fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography for large or peripheral chorioretinal structures using a contact lens system that provides a 5-fold increase in the field of view of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). METHODS: Separate handheld contact and noncontact ophthalmoscopic lenses were manually aligned with the optical axis of a confocal SLO to demonstrate the feasibility of wide-field SLO angiography. An integrated, wide-field contact lens system was then designed and constructed to increase the SLO's 10 degrees , 20 degrees , and 30 degrees imaging fields to 50 degrees , 100 degrees , and 150 degrees , respectively. RESULTS: Simultaneous fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography was performed with the integrated, wide-field contact lens system for more than 50 patients with disorders that affect their peripheral retina and choroid. Retinal and choroidal abnormalities, including neovascularization and capillary nonperfusion, are easily detected and documented well beyond the range of conventional fundus cameras and SLOs. Peripheral retinal and choroidal hemodynamics can be readily observed and recorded. CONCLUSIONS: A confocal SLO has adequate resolution for clinically useful reflectance and angiographic imaging even when its field size is increased 5-fold by a wide-field contact lens system. Dynamic and static wide-field angiography can be performed without the limitations of manual or computer-automated photomontages. Peripheral retinal conditions can be studied and recorded to confirm observations from indirect ophthalmoscopy and to facilitate retinal photocoagulation and vitreoretinal surgery.

Adult↗