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PubMed1985

Nylon wool column fractionation and characterisation of feline lymphocyte subpopulations.

Feline separated mononuclear cells (SMC) were obtained from peripheral blood by ficoll-diatrizoate gradient separation. SMC were further fractionated on nylon wool columns into nylon wool adherent cells (NWAC) and nylon wool effluent cells (NWEC). The three cell populations, SMC, NWAC and NWEC, were characterised using direct immunofluorescent staining for surface immunoglobulin (sIg) as a B cell marker and neuramidase treated guinea pig erythrocyte-rosette formation (E-rosettes) and mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) as possible T-cell markers. Feline SMC consisted of 30.1 +/- 4.0% sIg+ cells 36.6 + 5.4% E-rosette forming cells and 33.3% null cells i.e. cells which were sIg- and non E-rosette forming. Fractionation of SMC on nylon wool columns yielded NWEC which were significantly enriched for T cells in that they contained 68.6 +/- 2.9% E-rosette forming. Fractionation of SMC on nylon wool columns yielded NWEC which were significantly enriched for T cells in that they contained 68.6 +/- 2.9% E-rosette forming cells. NWAC were 51.0% +/- 10.8% sIg+, approximately 20% of cells were lost. The LB responsiveness of NWEC to concanavalin A (Con A) and phytonaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was enhanced compared to SMC. NWAC were non-responsive to Con A and PHA-P at all concentrations tested. It was concluded that nylon wool column fractionation of feline SMC was an efficient procedure for T cell enrichment and that the enriched cells retained the properties of E-rosette formation and blastogenesis by mitogens.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

X-ray crystallographic analysis of 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase: molecular basis for the birth of a nylon oligomer-degrading enzyme.

6-Aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EII), responsible for the degradation of nylon-6 industry by-products, and its analogous enzyme (EII') that has only approximately 0.5% of the specific activity toward the 6-aminohexanoate-linear dimer, are encoded on plasmid pOAD2 of Arthrobacter sp. (formerly Flavobacterium sp.) KI72. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of Hyb-24 (a hybrid between the EII and EII' proteins; EII'-level activity) by x-ray crystallography at 1.8 A resolution and refined to an R-factor and R-free of 18.5 and 20.3%, respectively. The fold adopted by the 392-amino acid polypeptide generated a two-domain structure that is similar to the folds of the penicillin-recognizing family of serine-reactive hydrolases, especially to those of d-alanyl-d-alanine-carboxypeptidase from Streptomyces and carboxylesterase from Burkholderia. Enzyme assay using purified enzymes revealed that EII and Hyb-24 possess hydrolytic activity for carboxyl esters with short acyl chains but no detectable activity for d-alanyl-d-alanine. In addition, on the basis of the spatial location and role of amino acid residues constituting the active sites of the nylon oligomer hydrolase, carboxylesterase, d-alanyl-d-alanine-peptidase, and beta-lactamases, we conclude that the nylon oligomer hydrolase utilizes nucleophilic Ser(112) as a common active site both for nylon oligomer-hydrolytic and esterolytic activities. However, it requires at least two additional amino acid residues (Asp(181) and Asn(266)) specific for nylon oligomer-hydrolytic activity. Here, we propose that amino acid replacements in the catalytic cleft of a preexisting esterase with the beta-lactamase fold resulted in the evolution of the nylon oligomer hydrolase.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed1995

Comparison of nylon and polypropylene sutures in a microvenous thrombosis model.

Thrombosis rates of femoral end-to-end microvenous anastomoses with nylon and polypropylene sutures (9-0 suture, 70 mu needle) were compared in a microvenous thrombosis model. The vessel injuries were produced during anastomosis by using a suture with a knot 1 cm from the needle. Anastomotic thrombosis rates were assessed by visual inspection and strip test at 24 hr postoperatively. Low thrombosis rates (0% and 20%, respectively) of anastomoses with both unknotted nylon and unknotted polypropylene sutures were obtained. Anastomoses with knotted nylon and polypropylene sutures resulted in 65% and 45% thrombosis rates, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that there were no significant differences between thrombosis rates, both in anastomosis performance with unknotted nylon and polypropylene sutures (P > 0.05) and with knotted nylon and polypropylene sutures (P > 0.05), while there were significant differences between the thrombosis rate using unknotted sutures and knotted sutures (P < 0.01). It was concluded that vascular injury, not suture material, is the main factor leading to thrombosis in this model.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed1994

Phenotypic analysis of nylon-wool-adherent suppressor cells that inhibit the effector process of tumour cell lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma.

The causes of down-regulation of cytotoxic immune responses in cancer patients have not been fully evaluated. We previously demonstrated that T-cell-growth-factor-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with the surface phenotype CD8+ CD11b-, from patients with widespread metastasis of gastric carcinoma, inhibited the effector process of lymphokine-activated-killer(LAK)-cell-mediated cytolysis. In this study, we examined suppressor cell activity in freshly prepared PBL from 18 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma, and 10 normal healthy individuals. The suppressor cell activity was assayed by recording whether or not PBL inhibited directly the effector process of LAK cell cytotoxicity. Most of the PBL suspensions from cancer patients showed that they contained a population of cells that can directly inhibit the effector phase of tumor cell lysis of the cytotoxic cells. To analyze further the PBL responsible for the suppression, the cells were passed over a nylon-wool column. Nylon-wool-adherent cells significantly augmented the suppression, while the cells passing through abrogated the suppressive effect. Most nylon-wool-adherent cells from 10 normal healthy controls did not inhibit the cytotoxic reaction. To determine further the suppressor-effector population in nylon-wool-adherent cells, negative-selection studies using CD8-, CD4- or CD11b-coated magnetic beads, and positive-selection studies using CD8- or CD4-coated magnetic beads were performed. Finally the results suggest that the suppressor-effector cells comprise at least two different surface phenotypes: CD8+ T and CD8-CD11b+ cells. The possible role of CD4+ T cells and HLA-DR+ LeuM3+ macrophages as suppressor cells was ruled out in nylon-wool-adherent cells. CD8+ T and possibly CD8-CD11b+ cells apparently suppressed the efferent limb of the antitumor immunity. The selective immune suppression mediated by these cells may partly be concerned with escape mechanisms of gastric carcinoma from the host immune surveillance system.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

The preparation of several new nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives and their incorporation into the "reagentless" automated analysis of glucose.

Nylon tube was activated by alkylation with dimethyl sulfate and used for the immobilization of glucose oxidase. Lysine, hexamethylene diamine and polyethylene imine were also attached to activated nylon tube, and these nylon tube-spacer derivatives were reactivated with either glutaraldehyde or ethyl adipimidate for the subsequent coupling of glucose oxidase. The activities of all of the different nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives were compared by their incorporation into standard Technicon automated analysis systems. Activities were measured either spectrophotometrically, by following the production of hydrogen peroxide using an acid/KI assay, or polarographically by following the decrease in the oxygen concentration using a flow-through oxygen electrode assembly. The activity and stability of all of the nylon tube-glucose oxidase derivatives was such that their use in the routine estimation of glucose levels was an attractive proposition.

Amines↗

PubMed1983

Detection and identification of influenza virus antigens by nylon-coupled enzyme-linked immunoassay.

A direct solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay for rapid detection and typing of influenza virus was developed utilizing antibodies immobilized by covalent linkage to nylon beads. Covalent linkage of antibody to nylon was accomplished by treatment of partially hydrolyzed nylon with glutaraldehyde. For comparison to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), IgG fractions were adsorbed to polystyrene beads. Influenza type-specific immunoglobulins coupled to nylon beads were used in an enzyme-linked immunoassay to identify influenza A/USSR/77(H1N1), and A/Texas/75 (H3N2). In titrations of viral antigen, antibody coupled to nylon beads detected 1.9 X 10(4) plaque-forming units (PFU) per assay, whereas 2.2 X 10(5) PFU were required in assays utilizing antibody adsorbed to polystyrene beads. Use of fluorogenic or radioactive substrates for alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibodies increased the sensitivity for virus detection 10-fold with this enzyme, but were only slightly more sensitive than chromogenic substrates with peroxidase-labeled antibody.

Antigens, Viral↗

PubMed1979

The reversible immobilization of proteins on nylon activated through the formation of a substituted imidoester, and its unusual properties.

Alkylation of nylon produces nylon imidate, which is used for the covalent coupling of enzymes and other proteins and ligands. Nylon imidate is unusually stable when stored wet, with a half-life of about 60 days. Reaction with enzymes has an optimum about pH 7-8 and is extremely rapid, with about 60% of the reaction being complete in the first 10 min. The amidine formed in reaction with an amino group can be displaced by another nucleophile. In view of this finding that nylon amidine is capable of exchanging proteins, it is now concluded that nylon-tube reactors containing immobilized enzymes made by this method may not be used as extracorporeal shunts or as on-line monitors on patients, since the enzyme in the reactor may be released into the circulation by nucleophiles in the blood. This can lead to complications. The chemistry of this displacement reaction is discussed.

Amidines↗

PubMed2005

Particulate nitrate measurement using nylon filters.

Nylon filters are a popular medium to collect atmospheric fine particles in different aerosol monitoring networks, including those operated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program. Extraction of the filters by deionized water or by a basic aqueous solution (typically a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) is often performed to permit measurement of the inorganic ion content of the collected particles. Whereas previous studies have demonstrated the importance of using a basic solution to efficiently extract gaseous nitric acid collected using nylon filters, there has been a recent movement to the use of deionized water for extraction of particles collected on nylon filters to eliminate interference from sodium ion (Na+) during ion chromatographic analysis of inorganic aerosol cations. Results are reported here from a study designed to investigate the efficiency of deionized water extraction of aerosol nitrate (NO3-) and sulfate from nylon filters. Data were obtained through the conduct of five field experiments at selected IMPROVE sites. Results indicate that the nylon filters provide superior retention of collected fine particle NO3-, relative to Teflon filters, and that deionized water extraction (with ultrasonication) of collected NO3- and sulfate is as efficient, for the situations studied, as extraction using a basic solution of 1.7 mM sodium bicarbonate and 1.8 mM sodium carbonate.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of complication rates and postoperative astigmatism between nylon and mersilene sutures for corneal transplants in patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate corneal astigmatism and suture-related complications for transplants sutured with nylon and transplants sutured with Mersilene in primary corneal transplants for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, and comparative study between transplants sutured with either nylon 10-0 or 11-0 (n = 108) or Mersilene 11-0 (n = 58) was done. One hundred sixty-six eyes of 140 patients who received a primary penetrating keratoplasty for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy between 1995 and 2001 at the Rotterdam Eye Hospital in Netherlands were included. RESULTS: Overall, transplant survival did not differ between groups (log-rank test; P = 0.24). During the first 2 years after transplantation, significantly lower astigmatism was seen in transplants sutured with nylon (P = 0.03). Transplants sutured with Mersilene had a significantly higher risk of surgical intervention to correct astigmatism or wound dehiscence after transplantation (hazard ratio, 2.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-6.01). Time to first infiltrate, metaplasia (marked scarring along the sutures), or cheesewiring was significantly less in the Mersilene group (P < 0.01). There was a tendency toward a higher risk of complications associated with loose or broken sutures in the nylon group (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-6.98), which was more pronounced after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: During the first years after corneal transplant surgery, Mersilene sutures are associated with a higher risk of complications and more interventions to correct suture-related problems. However, after 2 years, the grafts seem to be able to retain Mersilene sutures with less risk of suture-related complications as compared with grafts with retained nylon sutures. These favorable long-term effects of Mersilene sutures may outweigh its short-term disadvantage in patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Nylon monofilament for intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion models with an intraluminal nylon monofilament, lesion volume and its reproducibility vary among laboratories. These variations may be caused by differences in the properties of nylon monofilaments. We performed the present study to compare the effects of two different types of 4-0 nylon monofilament on neurological and morphological outcomes in this model. METHODS: We randomly and blindly used two types of 4-0 nylon monofilament (Ethilon, n = 15, and Nitcho, n = 15) to permanently occlude the ostium of the right MCA intraluminally in rats. Neurological outcome and lesion size were compared 24 hours after MCA occlusion between the two groups. The diameter, tensile strength, and extensibility of each filament were measured. RESULTS: Neurological outcome was not different between the groups. The mortality within 24 hours was 13% (2/15) in the Ethilon group and 0% in the Nitcho group. Total lesion volume in the former was 295.9 +/- 97.2 mm3 (mean +/- SD), significantly larger and more reproducible than that in the latter (190.3 +/- 144.7 mm3, P = .026). The Ethilon filament had a significantly larger diameter (Ethilon, 0.193 +/- 0.001 mm; Nitcho, 0.180 +/- 0.001 mm; P < .0001), poorer tensile strength, and better extensibility than the other. CONCLUSIONS: Exact diameter and quality are not always the same among nylon monofilaments, even if they meet the standard for the designation 4-0. The present study indicates that slight differences of filament characteristics significantly affect lesion volume and its reproducibility. This result may explain some conflicting observations in this MCA occlusion model.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Supposed nylon allergy after cataract surgery].

CASE REPORT: We present the case of a patient operated on for extracapsular cataract extraction of both eyes. Three weeks after the first operation (right eye), the patient presented a local inflammatory reaction at the incision site which was characterized by the existence of whitish exudates of different sizes surrounding the nylon suture. At one week of the second operation, the patient presented the same alteration (left eye), although it was observed sooner and had a greater intensity. The allergy skin tests for nylon and other substances were negative, however the local inflammatory reaction disappeared when the nylon suture was removed. DISCUSSION: This type of reaction, which we have observed in several other patients, has been previously described by others authors, although no clearly established cause has been demonstrated. Both toxicity and allergy to nylon have been proposed as the underlying mechanisms. We consider that a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to nylon may be the underlying mechanism of these reactions although toxicity cannot be ruled out.

Cataract Extraction↗

PubMed1980

Fractionation of human bone marrow cell suspensions in nylon fiber columns: an efficient method for the removal of cells that produce colony stimulating factor (CSF).

In this report, we describe an efficient technique for the extraction of CSF-producing cells from human marrow suspensions. Prior to plating in agar cultures, we incubated buoyant human marrow cells for 45 min in columns packed with nylon fiber or subjected the cells to two one-hour incubations in glass petri dishes. Recoveries of total cells, differential marrow elements, and committed granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells (CFUc) were similar after each separative procedure. However, spontaneous CFUc proliferation was more effectively eliminated when cells were fractionated in nylon fiber columns. After the removal of cells which were adherent to glass, spontaneous CFUc proliferation in cultures containing no exogenous CSF accounted for 2.1% of total CFUc at a plating concentration of 10(5) cells/ml and 7.8% at a concentration of 3 X 10(5) cells/ml. After the fractionation of marrow cell suspensions in nylon fiber columns, spontaneous CFUc growth was completely obliterated at a plating concentration of 10(5) cells/ml, and at a concentration of 3 X 10(5) cells/ml accounted for only 0.09% of total CFUc. Further experiments were undertaken which demonstrated that buoyant marrow cells after incubation in nylon fiber columns may be employed to assay CSF in extremely dilute concentrations. Because of the simplicity and efficiency of this procedure, nylon fiber chromatography appears to be a highly useful technique for the rapid semi-purification of marrow suspensions for use in the assay of human CSF.

Bone Marrow↗

PubMed1985

Reversibility of granulocyte adhesion using polyamine-grafted nylon-6 as a new column substrate for granulocyte separation.

Reversibility of leucocytes adhered onto the surface of polyamine-grafted nylon-6 was investigated to estimate its feasibility as a new column substrate for granulocyte separation from whole blood. Polyamine-grafted nylon-6 was synthesized by a radical polymerization of 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate monomer onto nylon-6. The surfaces of these graft copolymers were found to show a microphase-separated structure composed of island-like phases of cationic polyamine and continuous phases of nonionic nylon-6. Interaction between leucocytes and these copolymer surfaces was studied by passing rabbit heparinized blood through a column packed with glass beads precoated with these copolymers. Columns of these copolymers showed a selective adhesion of granulocytes among leucocyte populations. Also, the adhering granulocytes were able to be recovered from the column by a gentle elution procedure. From these results, it was concluded that polyamine-grafted nylon-6 having a microphase-separated structure is suitable for use as a column substrate in granulocyte separation from whole blood.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A comparison of methods for the estimation of the proportion of microbial nitrogen in duodenal digesta, and of correction for microbial contamination in nylon bags incubated in the rumen of sheep.

Four sheep, each fitted with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were given two diets (1390 g dry matter (DM)/d) consisting of lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets (24.2 g nitrogen/kg DM) plus pelleted reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea; 14.1 g N/kg DM) or chopped hay (11.8 g N/kg DM) at intervals of 2 h. Flow of duodenal digesta measured by reference to the markers 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline indicated a net gain of 5.8-7.5 g non-ammonia-N (NAN) between mouth and duodenum. The proportion of microbial N in duodenal digesta N was estimated using 15N and 35S incorporation into bacteria and digesta. Two methods of analysis for 35S content, the Bird & Fountain (1970; B&F method) and the Mathers & Miller (1980; M&M method), were used. (15NH4)2SO4 and Na2(35)SO4 were infused into the rumen for 3.5 d before and 4.0 d during sampling. A bacterial fraction was prepared from the fluid phases of sampled duodenal digesta and rumen contents by differential centrifugation. In addition, samples of ground canary grass and of lucerne were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen for 3-48 h during the infusion. Each of the 35S analytical methods yielded similar values of 35S content of isolated rumen or duodenal bacteria, but there was more (P less than 0.05) incorporation of 15N into rumen than into duodenal bacteria. Relative to values obtained using the M&M method and 15N incorporation, the B&F method for S analysis yielded higher (P less than 0.05) estimates of microbial content of duodenal digesta from sheep given chopped reed canary grass. 35S activity associated with washed nylon-bag residues increased rapidly with time-period of incubation and was substantially greater (P less than 0.05) when analysed by the B&F method compared with the M&M method. The 35S content (/g DM) of adherent bacteria removed from nylon-bag residues by homogenization in a second experiment varied from 0.65 to 1.88 that of free-living bacteria isolated from rumen fluid by differential centrifugation. The difference in 35S content in digesta and nylon-bag residues as measured using the two analytical methods was considered in relation to 35S-labelled extracellular material postulated to be produced by bacteria adherent to plant residues. Estimates of disappearance of dietary N from nylon bags after correction for microbial contamination indicated a disparity with estimates based on in vivo information.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

Some flexural properties of a nylon denture base polymer.

Nylon denture base material could be a useful alternative to poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in special circumstances such as patient allergy to the monomer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural properties of a nylon denture base material (Lucitone FRS), a conventional compression-moulded heat-polymerized (Meliodent), a compression-moulded microwave-polymerized (Acron MC) and an injection-moulded microwave-polymerized (Lucitone 199) PMMA polymers. The effect of aldehyde-free, oxygen releasing disinfectant solution (Perform) on these properties was also investigated. The flexural modulus and the flexural strength were assessed with a three-point bending test. Specimens were stored in water at a temperature of 37 degrees C for 30 days. For each material, half of the prepared specimens were randomly selected and immersed in the disinfectant 24 h prior to testing. Results were compared statistically at a confidence level of 95%. The result showed that in both the control and disinfected groups, the flexural modulus of nylon was significantly lower than the three PMMA polymers. The flexural strength of nylon was significantly lower than those of Meliodent and Acron MC but was comparable with Lucitone 199. A 24-h immersion in the disinfecting solution increased the rigidity of nylon denture base material.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1982

Complications associated with running 11-0 nylon suture in penetrating keratoplasty.

In a series of 100 penetrating keratoplasties, an 11-0 nylon suture was placed after first running a 10-0 suture. Three suture-related complications presented. One complication resulted from inadvertently cutting the 11-0 nylon as the 10-0 nylon was removed. The second complication was that of a traumatic rupture of the 11-0 nylon, which occurred ten months after surgery. The third complication arose from exposure of the 11-0 nylon through the epithelium due to wound contracture. The management of each suture-related complication is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Newly made antibacterial braided nylon sutures. I. In vitro qualitative and in vivo preliminary biocompatibility study.

A new type of braided nylon thread with a silver compound coating was made for the purpose of designing a biocidal suture material. The study used standard bacterial culture techniques to evaluate the antibacterial property of the new Ag-coated nylon thread. Seven types of bacterial species were tested; S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. dysenteriae, S. maruslens, and P. mirabilis. The commercial size 2/0 Nurolon suture from Ethicon served as the control. A weak direct current ranging from 0.4-400 microA was applied to the specimens to examine whether the biocidal property of silver could be enhanced by current. The antibacterial property was evaluated by the width and sterility of the clear zone in the bacterial culture plates. It was found that the new nylon thread exhibited very good to moderate bactericidal property toward these seven bacterial species. P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive species, while P. mirabilis was the least sensitive one. Application of direct current through the Ag-coated specimens positively enhanced their antibacterial property and the degree of enhancement depended on the direct current level. The material also exhibited an antibacterial property toward well-established bacterial colonies, but the effect was less strong than the case when direct current was applied simultaneously with incubation. Silver ions released from the coated nylon thread were responsible for the observed antibacterial property; and the application of a weak direct current to the material enhanced this effect. A preliminary biocompatibility study of this new material in rat gluteal muscle indicated that the new material caused less inflammatory reaction than the control Nurolon suture up to 60 days after implantation.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Polyvinyl alcohol plasma deposited nylon 4 membrane for hemodialysis.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a hydrophilic and blood compatible material, but it is easily hydrolyzed in aqueous solution. Various methods, including chemical crosslinking and gamma-ray irradiation, have been investigated by many researchers for overcoming the instability of PVA in aqueous solution. This study suggests a new hemodialysis membrane, which is prepared by plasma depositing vinylacetate (VAc) onto annealled nylon 4 membrane, followed by hydrolysis treatment. This improves the blood compatibility of nylon 4 and overcomes the hydrolysis problem of PVA. In addition to conventional plasma deposition, the plasma initiated interpenetrating network (IPN) method is also investigated. The new hemodialysis membranes prepared by both conventional plasma deposited VAc onto nylon 4 (PPVA/N4) and IPN polymer of plasma initiated VAc onto nylon 4 (PIPVA/N4 IPN) show significant improvement in blood compatibility. However, the solute permeabilities of PIPVA/N4 IPN membranes are higher than those of PPVA/N4 membranes. The permeabilities of NaCl, vitamin B12, and albumin for membranes prepared by IPN at 80 W, 30 sec plasma deposited conditions, i.e., the optimized conditions, are 3.614, 0.070, and 0.000 x 10(-5) cm2/min, respectively. The mole ratio of adsorbed fibrinogen to adsorbed albumin (the mole ratio F/A) for this membrane is 0.20, and it also shows excellent blood compatibility in this study.

Biocompatible Materials↗