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PubMed1975

Nonverbal communication in the dentist-patient relationship.

This article presented a discussion of four aspects of the nonverbal communication process, suggesting implications for the dentist-patient relationship. The subjects reviewed and discussed included (1) environmental factors, (2) the perception and use of personal space (3) touching, and (4) various types of physical behavior. The outcome of any dentist-patient interaction can be significantly altered depending upon the dentist's awareness of, and responses to, the various nonverbal cues present in the dentist-patient interaction.

Dental Offices↗
PubMed1997

Nonverbal communication in two- and three-year-old children with autism.

The forms, functions, and complexity of nonverbal communication used by very young children with autism were investigated. Fourteen children with autism were matched to 14 children with developmental delays and/or language impairments on the basis of CA, MA, and expressive vocabulary. Subjects participated in a structured communication assessment consisting of 16 situations designed to elicit requesting or commenting behavior. Children with autism requested more often and commented less often than controls. Autistic children were less likely to point, show objects, or use eye gaze to communicate, but were more likely to directly manipulate the examiner's hand. The autistic group also used less complex combinations of behaviors to communicate. Implications for early identification and intervention are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

[Communication in functional and dysfunctional families with adolescent children. II. Nonverbal communication].

This research focuses on family communications during the critical period of children's puberty provoked change. Two groups of families are compared: one group of 15 "functional" families (no psychological counseling has been requested) and one group of 15 "dysfunctional" families (a psychological counseling has been requested for one of the adolescents). The micro-analysis of the non-verbal communication reveals structural differences between the family systems. This fits with the differences revealed by the analysis of the verbal communications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Stressful life events as a link between problems in nonverbal communication and recurrence of depression.

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal difficulties and stressful life events are important etiological factors in (recurrence of) depression. This study examines whether stressful life events mediate the influence of problems in nonverbal communication on recurrence of depression. METHODS: We registered nonverbal expressions of involvement from videotaped behavior of 101 remitted outpatients and their interviewers. During a 2-year follow-up, we assessed stressful life events and recurrence of depression. RESULTS: The less congruent the levels of nonverbal involvement behavior of participants and interviewers, the higher the incidence of stressful life events, and -via these - the risk of recurrence. LIMITATIONS: Nonverbal behavior was measured in an experimental setting. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that lack of nonverbal congruence during social interaction contributes to the occurrence of stressful life events, which in turn may trigger depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Nonverbal communication as a compensative strategy for severely nonfluent aphasics? A quantitative approach.

Seven severely nonfluent aphasics and one relative or close friend were investigated in an interview situation. The conversation was videotaped and analyzed for the use of nonverbal communication between aphasic and partner. The results indicate that the group of aphasics used significantly more frequently and for a significantly longer period of time nonverbal channels of communication than their healthy partners. The aphasic patients also used significantly fewer speech-focused movements and significantly more codified gestures. Nonverbal elements were more frequently used as speech substitutes by the group of aphasics.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Comprehension of nonverbal communication: a reexamination of the social competencies of learning-disabled children.

This study was designed to determine whether learning-disabled (LD) children differed from nondisabled (NLD) children in their ability to comprehend nonverbal communication when potential attentional differences between the groups were controlled. In addition, the relationship between nonverbal comprehension and social competence was assessed. Thirty LD and 30 NLD boys between 9 and 12 years of age were administered a short form of the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) to assess nonverbal comprehension; social competence measures included teachers' ratings of aggressive and withdrawn behaviors using the Behavior Problem Checklist, and "blind" judges' ratings of performance on a role-play of friendship-making skills. Under attention-incentive conditions, no performance differences between LD and NLD children were found on the PONS; however, LD children were judged to be more withdrawn and less socially skilled. While PONS scores were not related to other social competence measures, they were associated with academic achievement and IQ. Results emphasize the importance of considering the presence of attentional problems in LD children that may interfere with an accurate assessment of their skills.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

[Nonverbal communication in psychotherapy].

In psychotherapy, use is made of both verbal and nonverbal variants of communications between the psychotherapist + and the patient. The first ones have been studied in a sufficiently detailed manner whereas nonverbal interactions have been elaborated insufficiently. The process of psychotherapy (proceeding from nonverbal prerequisites) is estimated by the author as a combination of nonverbal actions of the patient and the doctor. At the same time special attention is paid to the feeling of distance, postures, gestures, smiles, empathy, definite movements, body incline, free or constrained postures, and so forth. It is believed that nonverbal communication can successfully be used not only in psychotherapy but also in psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Delta-9-THC and nonverbal communication in monkeys.

Male rhesus monkeys were trained to perform an instrumental avoidance conditioned response. They were then paired in the "cooperative conditioning" paradigm, a situation designed to measure the quality of nonverbal communication by changes in facial expression. A "responder monkey" was able to perform discriminated instrumental avoidance responses by processing facial expressive cues provided through a closed circuit television picture of a "stimulus monkey" which was receiving presentations of the conditioned stimulus. Oral administration of 1.0 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) to the stimulus animal, the responder, both animals, or neither animal was given in all possible combinations of pairings to determine if delta-9-THC affects the expressiveness of the stimulus monkey or the sensitivity of the responder to the expressions of others. The drug impaired the display of facial expression in "stimulus" subjects but enhanced the ability of "responders" to discriminate the expressions of their partners. Measures of heart rate during cooperative conditioning revealed that delta-9-THC lowered cardiac rates of responder monkeys.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1982

Accuracy in nonverbal communication as affected by trait and state anxiety.

66 students from a midwest junior college participated in an investigation of the effects of trait and state anxiety on accuracy in interpreting nonverbal communication. The students were asked in normal and stress-induced settings to decode facial emotions from a series of slides depicting 6 categories of facial expressions. Analysis indicated that low trait-anxious subjects were more accurate in interpreting nonverbal facial expressions in stressful situations, whereas high trait-anxious subjects were superior in nonstressful situations but showed a significant deterioration in accuracy when subjected to situational stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Further analysis of a doctor-patient nonverbal communication instrument.

This study examines the reliability and validity of the relational communication scale for observational measurement (RCS-O) using a random sample of 80 videotaped interactions of medical students interviewing standardized patients (SPs). The RCS-O is a 34-item instrument designed to measure the nonverbal communication of physicians interacting with patients. The instrument was applied and examined in two different interview scenarios. In the first scenario (year 1), the medical student's interview objective is to demonstrate patient-centered interviewing skills as the SP presents with a psychosocial concern. In the second scenario (year 3), the student's interview objective is to demonstrate both doctor-centered and patient-centered skills as the SP presents with a case common in primary care. In the year 1 scenario, 19 of the 34 RCS-O items met acceptable levels of inter-rater agreement and reliability. In the year 3 scenario, 26 items met acceptable levels of inter-rater agreement and reliability. Factor analysis indicated that in both scenarios each of the four primary relational communication dimensions was salient: intimacy, composure, formality, and dominance. Measures of correlation and differences involving the RCS-O dimensions and structural features of the interviews (e.g., number of questions asked by the medical student) are examined.

Affect↗
PubMed1995

Nonverbal communication and early language acquisition in children with Down syndrome and in normally developing children.

Many children with Down syndrome display asynchrony in development with the acquisition of language preceding at a slower pace than the acquisition of other cognitive skills. Recent research suggests that the expressive language delays that are displayed by these children may be associated with an earlier disturbance in the development of nonverbal requesting skills (Mundy, Sigman, Kasari, & Yirmiya, 1988; Smith & von Tetzchner, 1986). To test this hypothesis, a longitudinal study of 37 children with Down syndrome and 25 children with normal development was conducted. The results of the study indicated that this sample of children with Down syndrome exhibited a disturbance in nonverbal requesting. Furthermore, individual differences in nonverbal requesting were associated with the subsequent development of expressive language in these children. This association was observed even after taking into account initial variance in developmental level and language status. These data suggested that some of the processes involved in the expressive language delay of children with Down syndrome were not unique to linguistic development. Instead, some aspects of this delay appeared to be associated with problems in an earlier nonverbal phase of communication development. Additionally, the results suggested that measures of nonverbal communication skills also made a unique contribution to the prediction of language development among children with normal development. These data supported the hypothesis that the acquisition of nonverbal communication skills provides an important foundation for the emergence of language in atypical as well as typical development.

Child Development↗
PubMed1984

Reception of nonverbal communication in alcoholics.

The ability to interpret nonverbal facial cues was tested in 21 young male, primary alcoholics and a group of matched controls. All Ss were asked to view videotapes of individuals gambling and to determine only on the basis of facial cues the amount of monetary reward offered to videotaped individuals during a specific trial. On the basis of accuracy, the alcoholic group was determined to be significantly better than the control group at receiving the nonverbal cues.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative trait locus analysis of nonverbal communication in autism spectrum disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome marked by impairments in social interactive functioning and communication skills, and the presence of repetitive and restrictive behaviors. Twin and linkage studies provide evidence that ASD is heritable and genetically complex. Genetic analyses of familial quantitative traits in those with ASD may help to reveal underlying risk genes. We report a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of nonverbal communication (NVC) in 228 families from the autism genetics resource exchange (AGRE) ascertained for at least two siblings with ASD. QTL at 1p13-q12, 4q21-25, 7q35, 8q23-24, and 16p12-13 indicate that genes at these loci may contribute to the variation in NVC among those with ASD. Using the criteria of Lander and Kruglyak, the QTL at 1p13-q12 is 'suggestive', while the other four are 'possible'. To assess whether these QTL are likely to harbor genes contributing specifically to the deficits in NVC, linkage analysis of ASD sibships with the most severe NVC scores was conducted. The sibships were identified by ordered-subset analyses (OSA), and families with the most severe NVC scores displayed lod scores of 3.4 at 8q23-24 and 3.8 at 16p12-13, indicating that these two regions are likely to harbor gene(s) contributing to ASD by predisposing to deficits in NVC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Communication in functional and dysfunctional families with adolescent children. III. Evaluation of the relation of verbal and nonverbal communications].

This study analyzes communication in families with one or more adolescent children, thus undergoing a critical period of transition. Two groups are compared: a group of 11 "functional" families (no child referral for psychological problems) and a group of 11 "dysfunctional" families (one adolescent child referral for psychological problems). The analysis of relationships between verbal and non-verbal communication indicates that more inter-channel congruence is achieved in "functional" families; this holds for individual as well as for inter-partners interactions. The results of the previously published separate analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication are briefly resumed. The findings of the study as a whole are interpreted in terms of the General Systems Theory with regard to the function of "parental framing" of the child's development.

Adolescent↗