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PubMed2004

[The gender approach in health-related newspaper articles].

OBJECTIVES: To use a gender approach to analyze the content of health-related articles affecting both sexes (cancer, heart attack and smoking) or mainly women (anorexia, domestic violence and abortion), published in newspapers in the 1990s. To provide recommendations for writing news with a gender-sensitive approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of the above-mentioned topics in articles published in the national Spanish daily newspapers El País, ABC and El Mundo (1991-1999). DATA SOURCES: computerized databases of the newspapers. Sample of 1358 articles published in the national edition containing selected terms (battering [57], anorexia [79], heart attack [118], abortion [330], smoking [350], cancer [422]). Concepts studied: visibility, empowerment and equality. Interview with key informers. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of newspaper articles that identified the sex of journalists were signed by women. As the main protagonists of the feature, men (73%) were more visible than women (40%). Women mainly appeared as patients (14%) whereas men mainly appeared as politicians (29%) and physicians (24%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the efforts made in the 1990s, the gender approach in health-related newspaper articles should be increased.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Portrayal of mental illness in Canadian newspapers.

The present article reports results from a content analysis of 103 newspaper reports taken from eight major Canadian newspapers, and selected at random from the Canadian Newspaper Index. The portrayal of mental illness and mentally ill persons in these reports was compared with that in samples of articles taken from two comparison mental health publications not receiving popular circulation. As compared with these latter publications, the content analysis indicated that the newspapers portrayed mental illness and the mentally ill in a manner which could be described as essentially pejorative, thus seeming to support frequent observations and complaints from the mental health establishment about inadequate or unfair coverage of mental illness in the popular print media. At the same time, the newspaper medium appeared to present more favourable images of nontraditional (example: community-based) mental health practices, than of traditional (example: hospital-based) practices. Implications of such results for the attitudes and beliefs of the general public vis-à-vis mental illness are offered, with special reference to the influence of the print media.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

The development and validation of a coding protocol to measure change in tobacco-control newspaper coverage.

The national ASSIST newspaper coding protocol model was used as a template to adapt a system for measuring tobacco-related newspaper coverage in Colorado newspapers. Over a 3-month period, tobacco-related articles were clipped from 180 daily and weekly newspapers. Variables coded included adaptations of the original ASSIST categories. During development and testing, additional variables were added to make the protocol more comprehensive and sensitive to tobacco policy media coverage. Inter-coder reliabilities were calculated for all non-static variables using Cohen's kappa. Disagreements were resolved through group discussions. Two rounds of testing achieved ratings above .70 for all variables. The protocol improves dramatically upon the ASSIST model by providing greater breadth and depth of analysis and more sensitivity to the nuances of newspaper coverage of tobacco-related issues. Given its simplicity, the protocol could also prove valuable for anti-tobacco advocacy groups who wish to track the changes in public and media opinions.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of stigmatizing language and medical errors in neurology coverage by US newspapers.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze US newspaper coverage of neurologic diseases to determine whether stigmatizing language is used in describing patients and examine its sources where found and to examine stories for medical errors. METHODS: A content analysis of newspaper articles was performed for 2003 using the Lexis-Nexis database. Keyword searches for 11 common neurologic conditions were performed for The New York Times and 8 regional newspapers with circulation greater than 200,000. RESULTS: A total of 1203 stories focusing on 11 neurologic conditions were recovered. Newspaper coverage did not reflect disease prevalence (rank correlation, p=-0.009; P=.98). The topics most covered were Alzheimer disease and other dementias (400 stories, 33% of total), which were eventually combined Into 1 category for purposes of data analysis. Conditions with the highest prevalence were among the least covered topics, including migraine (34 stories, 3% of total) and head trauma (19 stories, 2% of total). Stigmatizing language was found in 15% of all stories. Excluding wire stories, the average among locally produced newspaper stories was higher (21%). Stories on epilepsy (30%) and migraine (29%) contained the highest frequency of stigmatizing language. Sources of stigma within a story included reporters (55%), patients (26%), family (17%), and physicians (16%). In an accuracy analysis, 20% of sampled stories contained medical errors or exaggerations, with half of these concerning neurodegenerative conditions. CONCLUSION: A total of 21% of all stories (excluding wire stories) contained language judged stigmatizing, with reporters as the most common source of the stigmatizing language. A total of 20% of analyzed stories had medical errors or exaggerations, the latter most often overstating treatment effectiveness.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

[Health information on nutrition in newspaper articles].

The purpose of this study was to review health information on nutrition in Japanese newspaper articles. The Nikkei Database was used to select articles published in five major newspapers: Asahi, Sankei, Nikkei, Mainichi and Yomiuri. All these dailies have nationwide circulation. The search period was for 7 years, from January 1993 to December 1999. The keywords "diet," "health," and "nutrition" were used. Consequently, 182 articles were selected and analyzed by determining content and coverage. The articles were published to be targeted for the general population: 123 (67.6%), schoolchildren: 21 (11.5%), and elderly: 18 (9.9%). The main source of the newspaper articles on diet was health professionals, such as nutritionists and medical doctors. As diet related health problems, the lifestyle-related diseases, obesity, hypertension, and mental health were introduced in the newspapers. Few articles commented on the relationship between oral health and diet, and dental professionals were not much involved in providing health information on diet. The newspaper is a major source for the general public to obtain health information. It is clear that oral diseases and functional disorder influence daily eating habits. It was suggested that dental professionals should provide such information to the general public, using many occasions, such as conducting health guidance at dental clinics, health education at health centers or schools, and also through mass media.

Health Education↗
PubMed2001

Newspaper reporting of screening mammography.

BACKGROUND: Continuing controversy surrounds screening mammography, particularly for women 40 to 49 years of age. Newspapers are potentially important sources of information on this topic, but it is not known whether they provide well-founded and objective information and recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To examine how screening mammography is reported in newspapers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: 6 top-circulation U.S. newspapers, 1990 to 1997. MEASUREMENTS: Number of articles about screening mammography, issues covered by the articles, information sources, content and sources of quotes, recommendations cited in articles, and presentation of risks and benefits. RESULTS: The most common theme of newspaper articles about mammography was screening for women 40 to 49 years of age. Thirty-one percent of the articles presented information without citing a source or justification. Quotes and recommendations in the articles were approximately twice as likely to support as to express reservations about mammography for women aged 40 to 49 years. Recommendations changed little over time and rarely reflected changes in recommendations of national organizations. Of the 102 articles describing the benefits of mammography, 95% expressed them in relative terms and 11% expressed them in absolute terms. CONCLUSIONS: Newspapers tended to overrepresent support for screening mammography for women aged 40 to 49 years. Reports would have been improved by identification of all sources for information cited, less reliance on relatively few sources, and discussion of benefits in absolute as well as relative terms. Medical journalism may benefit from identification of standards similar to those used for reporting medical research.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Introduction of the project "Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (WAZ) for visually impaired" (a talking electronic daily newspaper)].

In order to complete the range of topical media, that is currently available for the visually impaired, a working group is developing and testing the "Westdeutsche Allgemeine Tageszeitung (WAZ) for the visually impaired", an auditive electronic daily newspaper. The intention of this project is to take into consideration the needs of the visually impaired, especially of those who acquired the handicap in middle or later age and might feel that not being able to read the daily newspaper anymore reduces their quality of life to a great extent. The central aim therefore is to put the modern computer technology at the disposal of the impaired in a way that enables them to make use of the newspaper without having had previous experience. In a first phase of several months twelve probands in different personal settings will test a first prototype of the newspaper reading machine, a modified and optimated multimedia computer system with modern and speech output, at home. During this period the users will be intensively looked after and undergo psychodiagnostic examination. By means of analysing the data collected in extended talks and questionnaires concrete proposals on how to improve the machine are to be made and a statement about the potential impact of the electronic newspaper on the quality of life of the visually impaired--in the sense of a contribution to their rehabilitation--is to be given.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Founding and activity of the Society of Physicians of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slovenia as reported in the newspapers from 1874 to 1875].

The article presents the first active year of the Association of Physicians of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, today's Croatian Medical Association, (from February 26, 1874 until the annual assembly held on June 31, 1875), based upon the articles published in Zagreb daily newspapers Obzor and Narodne novine and a Zadar newspaper--Narodni list. The writings of these newspapers are situated in the spatial and temporal context based on data from secondary literature and Austrian daily newspapers. These articles were employed as historical sources, which we used to find answers to following questions: How did the Croatian public accept the foundation of the Association of Physicians of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia? What did the public expect and what duties was this Association to fulfill according to the public? Finally, how did the public evaluate the results of the Association's work at the end of its first year of existence? The foundation of the Association of Physicians of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia coincided with numerous initiatives on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy level. Goal of these initiatives was to create a well ramified network of physicians' organisations that were to deal with issues related to the social status of physicians, such as fees for their professional services, retirement funds, pensions for family members etc. The first official "Rules of the Association of Physicians of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia" from May 1874, puts promotion of scientific medicine and health improvement before the interests of the medical profession status. Croatian public expected that the newly founded Association would engage itself in matters such as improving medical practice, eradicating diseases, promoting foundation of a medical school in Zagreb, counselling political bodies on the health-related issues, and so on. Based on the newspaper articles, especially ones published at the end of the first year of the Associations' existence we can clearly notice discordance between public expectations and declared reasons.

Croatia↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol coverage in California newspapers: frequency, prominence, and framing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature and extent of alcohol coverage in California newspapers by examining the frequency, positioning, and framing of alcohol-related articles. A content analysis assessed the frequency and nature of alcohol references in news content drawn from a random sample of nine California newspaper issues from September 1997 to June 1998. The study findings indicate that alcohol is mentioned at least once a day in daily newspapers with more frequent mention in smaller newspapers. Alcohol is most often discussed in relation to trauma or in the context of promoting alcohol consumption. Articles on trauma and driving while intoxicated receive more prominence than other stories mentioning alcohol. Despite the relative frequency of alcohol content in trauma news, these stories are rarely framed with any sort of health context. Public health advocates should work toward increasing the frequency and improving the framing of alcohol in newspaper coverage.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Public health news frames in North Carolina newspaper coverage of the 100% Tobacco-Free Schools campaign? Sometimes.

OBJECTIVE: News organizations are an important and influential part of the social environment. They identify certain issues by the extent and nature of their coverage. To help explain what public health policy messages may have influenced school policy decisions, this content analysis provides an examination of newspaper coverage of North Carolinas 100% tobacco-free schools campaign. DATA COLLECTION METHODS: Researchers searched LexisNexis for articles published in North Carolina newspapers between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2004 that included variations of "North Carolina tobacco-free schools." Researchers then conducted a descriptive analysis of 138 stories from nine North Carolina newspapers (approximately 4% of all the states newspapers) and used page placement and story type to examine the level of importance placed on the issue. Finally, frames for and against tobacco-free school policies were tracked, along with the presence of key messages presented by 100% TFS advocates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The volume of news coverage changed throughout the study period, with peaks and valleys closely associated with external "trigger" events. In addition, a majority of the newspaper articles did not include key public health messages. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an opportunity for public health experts and officials to work more effectively with local journalists to increase the use (and impact) of public health messages in news coverage of tobacco policies affecting youth.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Pilot alcohol violations reported in U.S. newspapers, 1990-2006.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol violations by airline pilots are rare yet remain a public concern. Such incidents often generate widespread news coverage. This study examines the frequency and characteristics of alcohol violation incidents involving airline pilots reported in U.S. newspapers. METHODS: The database of Lexis-Nexis, which contains full-text articles for over 350 newspapers, was searched to identify alcohol violation incidents involving airline pilots in the U.S. between January 1990 and June 2006. Information pertaining to the pilot, flight, blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and consequence was ascertained for each incident based on the newspaper coverage. RESULTS: During the study period, newspapers reported on a total of 13 incidents of alcohol violations involving 17 pilots. All but two of the incidents occurred during January 2002 through June 2006. The majority (85%) of the incidents were first identified by airport personnel, such as security screeners, based on suspicion of alcohol use by the pilot. Subsequent alcohol testing revealed a mean BAC of 90 mg/dL (ranging from 10 mg x dL(-1) to 182 mg x dL(-1)). Of the 17 pilots, 6 were known to be prosecuted criminally, including 5 who were sentenced to jail terms. DISCUSSION: Incidents of alcohol violations by airline pilots reported in U.S. newspapers have increased in recent years. This increase is likely due in part to increased detection resulting from enhanced aviation security and enforcement following the September 2001 terrorist attacks.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1991

[Clustering of suicides under age 20--seasonal trends and the influence of newspaper reports].

The existence of temporal clustering of suicides was analyzed by comparing the distribution of weekly numbers of suicides under age 20 in Japan (1982-1987) with a Poisson distribution. The linkage between newspaper reports about teenage suicides and these clusters of suicides was examined in an ecologic study. The following results were obtained: 1) The distribution of weekly numbers of suicides under age 20 was not consistent with a Poisson distribution. The observed numbers for weeks with clustering was higher than the expected numbers. Therefore it is suspected that teenage suicides was not an independent occurrence but clustered in specific weeks with clustering observed in April and between the 15th and 25th weeks in 1986. 2) The age and sex characteristics of those who committed suicide during the observed clusters every April did not differ from that of suicide victims for the rest of the year. The incidence ratio for suicide between 15th and 25th weeks in 1986 compared to the same period for other years was higher in girls than in boys, and higher in younger teenagers than older teenagers. Analysis by prefecture of suicides which occurred between the 15th and 25th weeks in 1986 showed high incidences for Hokkaido, Tohoku, Chugoku, and Shikoku blocks, and low incidences for the Kanto and Kinki blocks. 3) Twenty news articles reporting teenage suicides with headings much larger than four columns appeared in the Asahi Newspaper in 1982-87. Significant linkage between newspaper reports about teenage suicides and trend of weekly numbers of suicides in 1985 and 1986 was not observed. 4) Weekly numbers of suicides significantly increased following newspaper reports on January 23rd 1985 and on April 8th 1986, describing a suicide caused by battering, and a jumping suicide of a young singer who was popular among teenagers, respectively. However no increase in the number of suicides was observed following other newspaper reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of newspaper coverage of HCFA hospital mortality data.

A study that assessed newspaper coverage of the 1986 Hospital Mortality Data for Medicare Patients released by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is described. Media interpretation of Federal information about the quality of hospital medical care is also discussed. A sample of 68 articles from newspapers serving urban areas of various sizes in all regions of the United States was analyzed. Articles were coded into classifications according to how the news was played, headline bias (positive-negative-neutral), hospital mentions, quote sources, explanations for excessively high mortality rates, urban area population, and geographic region. The findings indicated that HCFA's release of the 1986 hospital mortality data received heavy news coverage. There were twice as many negative headlines as positive ones, although nearly 95 percent of the hospitals had mortality rates within expected ranges. Quotes from representatives of hospitals predominated in the newspaper articles, and they often blamed some aspect of the HCFA data for higher-than-expected mortality rates. Newspaper attention to the quality of hospital care clearly raised consumer awareness of the idea that health care quality can vary. The newspaper articles, however, provided no guidance on obtaining valid data or on using it to make health care choices.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Placement of health promotion columns in suburban newspapers--an analysis.

In the fall of 1982, the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Public Health Service, engaged the services of the North American Precis Syndicate, Inc., to distribute two columns on health promotion to suburban newspapers. An analysis of the placement of these two health promotion columns in local newspapers was undertaken to determine if this method of disseminating health information to the public is effective and cost-conscious. The information gained from this analysis, though limited in scope, provides information to decision makers responsible for disseminating health information to the public. North American Precis Syndicate, Inc. (NAPS), distributes public information through various channels. One service NAPS provides is a clip sheet of publication-ready newspaper columns complete with artwork which an editor can "clip" and use directly in a newspaper. NAPS is able to use existing information and artwork to develop its columns, so agency staff time is minimal in developing material. NAPS also provides clippings of the articles as they actually appear in the 3,800 suburban newspapers it services. It is the information from the NAPS "clipping service" on which this report is based.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2006

UV tanning advertisements in high school newspapers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the increasing use of UV tanning parlors by adolescents, despite the World Health Organization recommendation that no one under the age of 18 years use UV tanning devices. DESIGN: We examined tanning advertisements in a sample of public high school newspapers published between 2001 and 2005 in 3 Colorado counties encompassing the Denver metropolitan area. RESULTS: Tanning advertisements appeared in newspapers from 11 (48%) of 23 schools. Newspaper issues (N = 131) contained 40 advertisements placed by 18 tanning parlors. Advertisements commonly offered discounts (19 of 40) including unlimited tanning offers (15 of 40). Thirteen advertisements featured non-UV tanning treatments, and 2 advertisements mentioned parental consent or accompaniment for UV tanning. CONCLUSIONS: UV radiation, a classified carcinogen, is commonly and specifically marketed to adolescents through high school newspaper advertising. Public health skin cancer prevention policies should include the prohibition of UV tanning advertising to minors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Peer-reviewed articles and public health: the mad cow affair in Italian newspapers.

CONTEXT: It has been suggested that early announcements of research works to be published in peer-reviewed journals may diminish newsworthiness of scientific articles, but this issue has not been widely studied. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact on the news media, in terms of volume and prominence of coverage, of a scientific article published in peer-reviewed journals about issues with relevance to public health compared with the impact of preliminary release of information on the same issue. DESIGN: Analysis of press coverage of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in the 7 newspapers with the widest circulation in Italy, between March 20, 1996, when the British secretary of state for health announced the identification of 10 cases of a new-variant CJD, described April 6, 1996, in The Lancet, and May 10, 1996. Related newspaper articles were identified by hand search. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of newspaper articles published before and after publication of the Lancet article. RESULTS: We collected 535 articles, of which 62 (11.6%) appeared on the front page. The number of articles published daily peaked on March 26 with 48 items and 1 article on the front page of all the newspapers. A total of 386 (72%) of the 535 articles and 56 (88.7%) of the 62 published on the front page were published in the first 2 weeks of the study period, before the Lancet publication. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that, in the case of issues of public health importance, when peer-reviewed research is published after a health risk is disclosed to the public, its impact in the media is small. Coordination between news release by public health authorities and publication by peer-reviewed journals may improve the quality of public information.

Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform↗
PubMed1985

Policy perspectives on newspaper reports of nurse strikes.

Content analysis was used to study 1980 U.S. newspaper articles about nurse strikes. Multivariate analysis revealed that the 893 nurse strike articles presented a more negative image of the nurse than newspaper articles on other nursing subjects. There were more negative headlines, criticism of nurses, and negative relationships. Desire for higher salaries was the major strike issue reported by newspapers, conveying that nurses are interested in personal economic gain as opposed to quality patient care. Nurse strike articles were more likely to appear in larger circulation newspapers and be about strikes in hospitals rather than other health care settings. The most extensive and favorable press coverage occurred in states were organized labor is concentrated. Policy implications of these findings include the difficulty of using the nurse strike as a labor tactic in states with a strong antiunion press.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Newspaper coverage of complementary and alternative therapies for cancer--UK 2002-2004.

BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative therapies (CATs) are increasingly being used by cancer patients. These patients often rely on information retrieved from the lay press, which can affect their choices towards unconventional treatments for their disease. In this study, we aimed at assessing UK newspapers' coverage of CATs for cancer. METHODS: The "Lexis Nexis" database was searched for 3-month periods in 2002, 2003 and 2004. The search terms were combined: "complementary OR alternative AND medicine OR therapy AND cancer". CATs were grouped and articles' contents were assessed according to predefined criteria. RESULTS: A total of 310 articles were found: 117 came from national newspapers; 193 came from local newspaper issues. The UK press showed an increasing interest towards CATs for cancer (in 2002, 81 articles; in 2003, 82 articles and in 2004, 147 articles). The most frequently mentioned alternative therapies were diets and supplements (17.7%). Articles mainly focused on CATs as possible cancer treatments (44.8%), and 53.4% of all CATs mentioned were not backed up by trial data. The tone of the articles was generally positive towards CATs. Promotional articles increased over the years, especially for cancer centres and clinics. CONCLUSION: UK national newspapers frequently publish articles on CATs for cancer. Much of this information seems to be uncritical with a potential for misleading patients.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗