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PubMed1998

Dynamic behavior and organization of cytoskeletal proteins in neurons: reconciling old and new findings.

Neurons are faced with the formidable challenge of having to assemble most of their cytoskeleton at axonal sites far removed from the protein synthetic machinery in the perikaryon. Their achievement seems all the more impressive now that new evidence is showing that the cytoskeleton may vary markedly in size and composition along the axon and exhibit striking regional specializations. Further complexity is contributed to this structure by a growing assortment of cytoskeleton-associated proteins that cross-link the various fibrous elements and stabilize cytoskeletal architecture. Much of the dynamic behavior of cytoskeletal proteins and polymers in axons is locally controlled. This regulation involves, in part, a system of protein kinases and phosphatases modulated by both intercellular and intracellular signals. Conceptual models of slow axonal transport have evolved to accommodate these new findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[New findings on echinococcosis].

The following new aspects of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (= infections with the metacestode stages of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis respectively) are reported: identification of a Swiss E. granulosus isolate as "cattle strain" which differs from the "sheep strain"; new observations on proliferation and metastasis formation of larval E. multilocularis; information on chemotherapy of human echinococcosis; recent developments in immunoserology. The latter includes a new technique for serological differential diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, the determination of parasite-specific immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE) and circulating antigens in ELISA, and the introduction of arc-5 detection in routine serodiagnosis. A highly purified, species-specific antigen from E. multilocularis is now available for seroepidemiological studies.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1993

New findings in pathology of storage.

New clinicopathological phenotypes are described in this report. A subclinical form of cholesterol ester storage disease was diagnosed in two adult female patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIb. Both were profoundly deficient in acid lipase activity. Fabry's disease was described with intensive storage of globotriaosyl ceramide restricted solely to the heart muscle which was enormously hypertrophic. The clinical course resembled that of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The variants of sphingomyelinase deficiency type A described previously are reviewed and their clinical course revised. Two of the three patients with the minimal neurological lesion still display, after a four year interval, a stable course (ages 7 and 14 years) while the neurological status of the third one (aged 8 years) deteriorated profoundly. The clinical condition of the two cases with protracted neurovisceral symptomatology (aged now 29 and half, and 30 years) is unchanged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Diffuse cerebral white matter T2-weighted hyperintensity: a new finding of general paresis.

General paresis (parenchymatous neurosyphilis) is a rare disease, and in recent years the number of papers published on the magnetic resonance imaging findings has been limited. The findings are as follows: cerebral atrophy; mesiotemporal T2 hyperintensity; ventriculomegaly; pathological T2 hypointensity of the globus pallidus, putamen, the head of the caudate nucleus and thalamus. We present a new finding, diffuse cerebral white matter T2 hyperintensity, observed in a patient with general paresis with a 5-year history of progressive dementia.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Annotation: attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood.

BACKGROUND: The past 10 years have seen a fruitful line of enquiry building on identification of previously unclassifiable patterns of infant-mother interaction. A critical review of these new findings in attachment theory, highlighting their potential relevance to child psychopathology, is presented. METHOD: Selective literature review relating to disorganised attachment in childhood. RESULTS: Disorganised patterns of attachment have only relatively recently been described. They show characteristic patterns of evolution in development. There is evidence that disorganised attachments are associated with specific forms of distorted parenting, which are distinct from general parental insensitivity and are associated with unresolved loss or trauma in the caregiver. There are also links with aspects of neurodevelopment vulnerability in the child. Attachment disorganisation is a powerful predictor of a range of later social and cognitive difficulties and psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of disorganised attachment has greatly increased the potential relevance of attachment theory to general clinical work. However, the concept raises many methodological and theoretical issues. Among issues needing further exploration is the way in which attachment disorganisation relates to children's general mental states and may be affected by cognitive functioning and developmental impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Strategy for finding new materials for ESR dosimeters

The right strategy for finding a new ESR dosimetric material sensitive to radiation is to follow the orthodox procedures used in the development of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) and phosphorescence studies. Modern procedures used in materials sciences, such as computer calculation of molecular orbitals (MO), should be employed to estimate the ESR and optical properties of prospective materials. Radiation effects in lithium and magnesium sulfates and metal salts of organic acids, such as lithium and magnesium lactates, have been investigated in search for tissue-equivalent dosimeter with a large G value.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

New findings on members of the family Anaplasmataceae of veterinary importance.

Members of the family Anaplasmataceae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that naturally infect a variety of wild and domestic animal species, the spillover of which may lead to zoonosis. I discuss new findings on members of the family Anaplasmataceae of veterinary importance and therefore, I will describe the recent findings on Neorickettsia risticii in the trematode and related Neorickettsia species. I also will review the recent progress on Aegyptianella pullorum and other Aegyptianella sp., "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" and Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in various hosts. The whole genome sequences of two important veterinary pathogens-Anaplasma marginale, the bovine anaplasmosis agent, and Ehrlichia (formerly Cowdria) ruminantium, the agent of heartwater of ruminants-have been published. Taken together, these advances in research of the family Anaplasmataceae in the veterinary field provide us with insights into the evolution, reservoir, and transmission of these organisms in nature and their pathogenesis in natural and accidental hosts. It is through this work that surveillance, diagnosis, preventive measures, and treatment of ehrlichioses of both animals and humans can be improved.

Anaplasmataceae↗
PubMed1996

Gastrointestinal lymphomas: an overview with emphasis on new findings and diagnostic problems.

The first section of this article summarizes the salient clinicopathologic features of the more common types of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas, the recent explosion of information on the low grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and new findings on multiple lymphomatous polyposis and ulcerative jejunitis. The second section discusses the practical problems that may be encountered in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal lymphomas, including diagnosis of large cell malignancies, distinction between lymphoma and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, classification of diffuse small B-cell lymphomas (including the potential pitfall of mistaking Burkitt's lymphoma for small B-cell lymphoma), recognition of large cell transformation in low-grade B-cell MALT lymphoma, assessment of gastric biopsies from MALT lymphoma patients after anti-Helicobacter therapy, and assessment of nodal or splenic involvement in low-grade MALT lymphoma.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed1989

Approaches for finding new types of antipsychotic compounds.

There is strong evidence that pharmacological interaction with central dopamine transmission at several levels may induce antipsychotic effects in psychiatric patients. All the pharmacological principles interacting with other systems have so far not been established with regard to antipsychotic potential. Besides the dopamine system pharmacological manipulation of central serotonergic, gabaergic and noradrenergic mechanisms may also be of therapeutic value in schizophrenia. The interaction of peptidergic mechanisms and central dopaminergic mechanisms is another avenue for further exploration regarding to pathophysiology of psychosis and its treatment. Elucidation of the heterogeneity and molecular structure of central dopamine receptors seems the most rational approach for creating new dimensions for further development of drug design for pharmacotherapy of psychosis. The detailed mapping of afferent and efferent systems coupled to central dopamine neurons is also an approach that may give guide-lines for finding new types of antipsychotic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Improvement of depression by REM sleep deprivation. New findings and a theory.

We compared sleep variables in 14 drug-free endogenous depressives and in 14 age- and insomnia-matched, nondepressed controls before and after brief rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation by awakenings. Before REM sleep deprivation, compared with controls, depressives had lower REM latency, higher REM frequency, and--a new finding--an abnormal temporal distribution of REM sleep. Depression improvement by REM sleep deprivation correlated with the ameliorative effect of brief REM sleep deprivation on on indicator of the abnormal temporal distribution of REM sleep. Several findings suggest that the depressive abnormalities represent a "damaged," weakened sleep cycle "oscillator" and its correlate, a circadian rhythm disturbance, and that REM sleep deprivation improved depression to the extent that it stimulated the oscillator and corrected one manifestation of the circadian rhythm disturbance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Neuropsychiatric aspects of adult-onset Tay-Sachs disease: two case reports with several new findings.

Deficiency of hexosaminidase A causes the GM2 gangliosidosis known as Tay-Sachs disease. It is now known that this condition has several late-onset variants that cause numerous neuropsychiatric disturbances. Early recognition is important because treatment with phenothiazines and heterocyclic antidepressants may worsen the course. The authors report two cases with several new findings, including prominent psychiatric symptoms without psychosis early in the course of the illness.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Domestic violence victims in the emergency department. New findings.

Four hundred ninety-two male and female patients from a general hospital emergency department were surveyed to elicit information on the extent and nature of domestic violence among this population. The patient's emergency department medical records were also reviewed. Twenty-two percent of the patients identified themselves on the survey as domestic violence victims. New findings in the areas of medical classification, nature of the abusive relationship, and patients' perceived treatment needs contribute to refining the battered spouse syndrome and are helpful in planning therapeutic intervention. The authors conclude that domestic violence victims should be identified and offered assistance while in the emergency department and outline a crisis intervention plan.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Nucleus accumbens dopamine and learned fear revisited: a review and some new findings.

A role for the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and its dopamine (DA) innervation in fear and fear learning is supported by a large body of evidence, which has challenged the view that the NAcc is solely involved in mediating appetitive processes. Unfortunately, due to conflicting findings in the aversive conditioning literature the role of the NAcc in aversive conditioning remains unclear. This review focuses on the results of recent in vivo microdialysis studies that have examined the release of NAcc DA during Pavlovian aversive conditioning. In addition, we present additional new findings, which re-examine the involvement of NAcc DA in aversive conditioning. DA release was measured in the NAcc core using in vivo microdialysis during discrete cue Pavlovian aversive conditioning in four experiments. In all cases no change in DA levels was observed either during training or in response to the CS presentations despite robust behavioural evidence of discrete cue Pavlovian aversive conditioning. These findings contrast with some previous studies that show that primary and conditioned aversive stimuli increase DA release in the NAcc. We suggest that the inconsistencies in the literature might be due to procedural differences in the measurement of aversive conditioning, and the precise location of the probe in the NAcc region. Hence, rather than discount an involvement of NAcc DA in affective processes, we propose that functionally dissociable sub-regions of the NAcc may contribute to different aspects of Pavlovian aversive learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

High density- and beta-lipoprotein screening for risk of coronary artery disease in the context of new findings on reverse cholesterol transport.

This article considers how high density lipoproteins (HDL) act as anti-arteriosclerotic agents, examines the usefulness of HDL indexes alone and in conjunction with other markers of coronary artery disease (CAD), and discusses how HDL markers compare with what one might expect from known metabolic mechanisms. This is accomplished by: (i) an overview of mechanisms associated with CAD, especially new findings regarding reverse cholesterol transport; (ii) a brief review of the clinical literature on biochemical markers for automated use; and (iii) analysis of data for persons with or without angiographically documented CAD. Based on these considerations, the ratio of optimized apo A-I/apo B appears superior to lipoprotein lipid markers for predicting the risk of CAD. Yet the ratio shows poor diagnostic accuracy by itself; it yields poorer diagnostic accuracy than would be expected from assessing the metabolic pathways. Discrimination is improved by using the ratio in conjunction with risk factors defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Based on receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve data, this approach increases the accuracy by 13-14% above that obtained with current lipid markers; it improves discrimination more than the use of inflammatory markers. Apolipoprotein testing is better related to the mechanisms of cholesterol transport, is widely available, and requires only two tests, compared to three, to improve discrimination. However, inclusion of inflammatory markers may need to be considered in the future, when more information is available about their functions and clinical value.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Induced and constitutive heat shock protein expression in the olfactory system--a review, new findings, and some perspectives.

Heat shock, or stress, proteins (HSPs) are cellular proteins induced in response to conditions that cause protein denaturation, and their induction is essential for survival of such conditions. In the olfactory system we have found intense HSP expression occurs during normal processing of environmental odorants/inhalants as well as following hyperthermia and drug exposure. The HSPs involved include ubiquitin, HSP70, HSC70, and HSP25. Responses are both cell type- and stress-specific, occurring primarily in olfactory supporting cells and to some extent in Bowman's gland acinar cells. Responses to these stresses are not seen in olfactory sensory neurons. This article reviews those studies and the significance of their findings. It also discusses a distinct subpopulation of rat olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), the 2A4(+)OSNs, found to be constitutively reactive with HSP70, the predominantly stress-inducible isoform of the 70 kD HSP family. Their high HSP70 expression appears to confer on the 2A4(+)OSNs an enhanced ability to survive damage-induced OSN turnover. New findings are also presented on HSP25-specific changes following olfactory bulbectomy. All data are discussed in the context of the overall olfactory and bioprotective functions of the olfactory mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Heart-hand syndrome II. A report of Tabatznik syndrome with new findings.

The association of upper limb malformations and congenital cardiac anomalies was established as a definite clinical and genetic entity by Holt & Oram in 1960. Significant variability of malformations in both the upper limbs and the cardiovascular system has been well documented. In 1978, Temtamy & McKusick reported a family studied by Tabatznik, in which upper limb deformities, including type D brachydactyly, occurred in association with cardiac arrhythmias as a dominant, either autosomal or X-linked trait. They called this apparently new entity "Heart-Hand syndrome II" to distinguish it from the Holt-Oram syndrome. No other similar cases have subsequently been reported. We describe here the second family affected with the Tabatznik syndrome and add some new findings to the clinical spectrum of this condition.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1979

The gingival platinum line: a new finding following cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) treatment.

Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (DDP) is the salt of a heavy metal with a wide spectrum of antineoplastic activity. Its toxicity is multisystem and similar to that of other heavy metals, including lead and thallium. A young man being treated with primary adjuvant Adriamycin and DDP for osteogenic sarcoma is described who developed a gingival line which temporally was related to DDP administration. Although not chemically or histologically analyzed, we believe this to be a new finding related to DDP which corresponds to the lead line of plumbism and other heavy metal intoxication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Chromosome 1p terminal deletion: report of new findings and confirmation of two characteristic phenotypes.

We report three unrelated patients with small terminal deletions involving 1p36.22-->pter that occurred de novo and compare our patients to the 10 previously reported cases. Although our patients have an identical cytogenetic deletion, patients 1 and 2 share similar clinical features that differ substantially from patient 3. Our patients confirm the existence of two characteristic phenotypes in 1p36.22-->pter deletion. Both phenotypes share some dysmorphic features, but are differentiated by characteristics of growth failure versus macrosomia. In addition, we report the new finding of cardiomyopathy and hydrocephalus in the phenotype associated with growth failure. It is possible that different phenotypic subgroups may exist because of differences in the parental origins of the deleted chromosome or of variations in undetectable amounts of genetic material.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗