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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Nervous diseases and Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine: a new paradigm of therapy against intractable nervous diseases.

Doctors who learned exclusively western medicine probably understand a priori Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine merely as a kind of folk medicine which is not so effective and only a supplementary therapy to western medicine. We have been performing experiments on the mechanism of epileptogenesis mainly at the cellular level for a long time. During the research process, we unexpectedly encountered Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, and also performed research on the mechanism of action of a herbal mixture prescription, saiko-keishi-to-ka-shakuyaku (SK, TJ-960). Recently we discovered that SK acts to induce the best functional state of neurons and consequently intractable nervous symptoms disappear. SK has protective effects against neuron damage, normalizing effects on developmental defects of El mouse neurons, complete preventive effects on stress-induced increased c-fos and HSP 72 expression, complete suppression effects on the Reilly syndrome, complete normalizing effects on expression of the seizure-related gene, PTZ-17, and also, surprisingly, complete suppression effects on amyloid beta protein-induced neuron death. Such wide ranging effects which are preferable to functional maintenance and development of neurons can not be obtained by pure chemical drugs. These findings suggest that we should effectively use such ancient herbal prescriptions which show excellent preventive effects against neuron damage, enforcing action on natural healing forces and even regulatory action against adverse expression of genes, at least to prevent intractable nervous diseases, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and developmental defects of neurons during pregnancy and after birth. We should also create a future medicine, the 'third medicine', which is situated in a higher dimension than that of contemporary oriental and western medicines. For this purpose, it is necessary to perform research on the mechanism of action of Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Metabolism of acetylcholine in the nervous system of Aplysia californica. I. Source of choline and its uptake by intact nervous tissue.

Although acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in Aplysia, labeling studies with methionine and serine showed that little choline was synthesized by nervous tissue and indicated that the choline required for the synthesis of acetylcholine must be derived exogenously. Aanglia in the central nervous system (abdominal, cerebral, and pleuropedals) all took up about 0.5 nmol of choline per hour at 9 muM, the concentration of choline we found in hemolymph. This rate was more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of synthesis from the labeled precursors. Ganglia accumulated choline by a process which has two kinetic components, one with a Michaelis constant between 2-8 muM. The other component was not saturated at 420 muM. Presumably the process with the high affinity functions to supply choline for synthesis of transmitter, since the efficiency of conversion to acetylcholine was maximal in the range of external concentrations found in hemolymph.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1990

Pressure wave injuries to the nervous system caused by high-energy missile extremity impact: Part II. Distant effects on the central nervous system--a light and electron microscopic study on pigs.

The aim of the present study was to investigate if distant effects could be detected within the central nervous system after impact of a high-energy missile in the left thigh of young pigs. Pressure transducers implanted in various parts of the body of the animal, including the brain, recorded a short-lasting burst of oscillating pressure waves with high frequencies and large amplitudes, traversing the body tissue with a velocity of about that of sound in water (1,460 m/s). The distance between the point of impact and the brain and cervical spinal cord is in the range of 0.5 m. Macroscopic examination revealed that there was no gross brain tissue disruption or visible blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Light microscopic examination demonstrated myelin invaginations in the largest axons and shrinkage of axoplasm. Electron microscopic examination revealed a reduction in the number of microtubules, especially in the larger axons in the brainstem. Disintegration of Nissl substance, i.e., chromatolysis, was noticed after 48 hr in many Purkinje nerve cells in the cerebellum, concomitantly with the appearance of an increased frequency of association between lamellar bodies and mitochondria. Changes could also be observed in the cervical spinal cord and, at reduced frequency and extent, in the optic nerve and in other parts of the brain. These effects were evident within a few minutes after the trauma and persisted even 48 hr after the extremity injury. It is concluded that distant effects, likely to be caused by the oscillating high-frequency pressure waves, appear in the central nervous system after a high-energy missile extremity impact.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

Central nervous system origins of the sympathetic nervous system outflow to white adipose tissue.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) neurons, suggesting that lipid mobilization could be regulated by the SNS [T. G. Youngstrom and T. J. Bartness. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 37): R744-R751, 1995]. A viral transsynaptic retrograde tract tracer, the pseudorabies virus (PRV), was used to identify the origins of the SNS outflow from the brain to WAT neuroanatomically. PRV was injected into epididymal or inguinal WAT (EWAT and IWAT, respectively) of Siberian hamsters and IWAT of rats. PRV-infected neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry and found in the spinal cord, brain stem (medulla, nucleus of the solitary tract, caudal raphe nucleus, C1 and A5 regions), midbrain (central gray), and several areas within the forebrain. The general pattern of infection of WAT in both species was more similar than different and resembled that seen after PRV injections into the adrenal medulla in rats (A. M. Strack, W. B. Sawyer, J. H. Hughes, K. B. Platt, and A. D. Loewy. Brain Res. 491: 156-162, 1989). EWAT versus IWAT injected hamsters had relatively less labeling in the suprachiasmatic, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei. Overall, it appeared that the SNS innervation of WAT originates from the general SNS outflow of the central nervous system and therefore may play a significant role in lipid mobilization.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Planarian homologs of netrin and netrin receptor are required for proper regeneration of the central nervous system and the maintenance of nervous system architecture.

Conserved axon guidance mechanisms are essential for proper wiring of the nervous system during embryogenesis; however, the functions of these cues in adults and during regeneration remain poorly understood. Because freshwater planarians can regenerate a functional central nervous system (CNS) from almost any portion of their body, they are useful models in which to study the roles of guidance cues during neural regeneration. Here, we characterize two netrin homologs and one netrin receptor family member from Schmidtea mediterranea. RNAi analyses indicate that Smed-netR (netrin receptor) and Smed-netrin2 are required for proper CNS regeneration and that Smed-netR may mediate the response to Smed-netrin2. Remarkably, Smed-netR and Smed-netrin2 are also required in intact planarians to maintain the proper patterning of the CNS. These results suggest a crucial role for guidance cues, not only in CNS regeneration but also in maintenance of neural architecture.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Recent trends in studies of the etiology of hypertension: Central nervous system and autonomic nervous system].

Abnormality of autonomic nervous system is one of the important mechanisms in hypertension. Arterial baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity is reset to higher level of blood pressure in hypertension. Abnormality of arterial baroreceptors has been studied as the mechanism of resetting in hypertension. However, recent studies have been focused on the role of central nervous system. Many factors in peripheral system also exist independently in the brain, such as the renin-angiotensin system, nitric oxide, endothelin-1. They contribute importantly to regulation of blood pressure. New approaches to examine the central control of cardiovascular regulation are now developing. Such methods will be useful in the study of the role of specific genes in the particular areas within the brain that regulate blood pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The transition zone of the central nervous system-peripheral nervous system of the adult rat; ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies: a new function of the astroglia?].

At the transition between central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), the CNS compartment forms cone-shaped incursions into the peripheral part of the dorsal root. The ultrastructural study of the CNS-PNS transitional zone shows that this region is particularly rich in astrocyte processes. In an attempt to investigate the possible role of the CNS-PNS interface astrocytes in myelin formation, a photonic microscopy immunocytochemical study has been done with anti-GFAP and anti-MBP sera. The CNS glial expansion shows an important GFAP immunoreactivity with intimate association between astrocyte processes and myelinated axons. This may indicate that the transitional myelin originates from astrocytes. The same region is also MBP-positive. Two explanations are considered: some astrocytes form transitional myelin sheathes and express MBP epitopes, or oligodendrocytes, with cell bodies distant from the CNS-PNS interface, send myelinating cytoplasmic expansions which are not shown by the techniques we used.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Nervous system abnormality and nervous disease in diabetes.

Symptomatic diabetic neuropathy is present only in a few percent of the total diabetic population. In contrast abnormalities of the various parts of the nervous system can be demonstrated very early using neurophysiological techniques. These abnormalities are reversible at first, but progressive with duration of diabetes. Similar nervous abnormalities are present in experimental diabetes in the rat. The earliest structural changes have been demonstrated to be a decreased calibre of the myelinated axons. An abnormality in the axonal transport of proteins is possibly the very first change to appear. These recent results have enabled us to propose a hypothesis concerning the sequence of events in the development of the peripheral nerve abnormalities.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neurological deficit and disturbances in higher nervous activity during modeling of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system in rat pups.

Seven-day-old Wistar rat pups were subjected to unilateral occlusion of the common cerebral artery and maintained in oxygen-low atmosphere. Neurological and behavioral changes were monitored for 12 weeks. The survival rate of treated animals was 90%. Body weight gain in these rats was lower than in the control. Neurological deficit was maximum 1 week after treatment and slightly regressed by the 12th week. Locomotor activity in treated rats was higher than in controls. Administration of ketamine in subanesthetic doses caused permanent ipsilateral rotational asymmetry in animals. Spatial disorientation and cognitive deficit in rats with hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system were revealed in passive avoidance, Y-maze, and rotarod tests. The total area of the hemisphere decreased, while the area of the lateral cerebral ventricle increased at the side of occlusion over the first 4-5 weeks of postnatal development. The size of the ipsilateral hemisphere remained low in adult animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Fast axonal transport in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system axons following axotomy.

After axotomy, changes in the composition of fast axonally transported proteins ( FTP ) within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons have been reported. The most significant and reproducible changes involved polypeptides found within the molecular weight range of 31.0 to 14.5 kilodaltons ( Bisby , 1980). We wished to determine whether similar changes following axotomy occur in axons of the central nervous system (CNS). Intracranial axotomy of the left optic tract was performed stereotaxically in rats. Six days post axotomy 50 muCi 35[S]-methionine was injected into the vitreous body of both eyes. FTP were isolated within the optic nerves 2 h after isotope injection. The nerve segments were processed for SDS-PAGE, fluorography, and compared to similarly prepared fluorographs of normal and eight day post-axotomy sciatic nerve segments. The labelling of 5 major polypeptide bands (S1, MW congruent to 28,000; S2a , MW congruent to 25,000; S2b , MW congruent to 23,000; T1, MW congruent to 20,200; and T2, MW congruent to 17,000) was studied by laser densitometry. Band S2b showed a highly significant (p less than 0.001) increase in concentration, while bands S1 and T1 demonstrated highly significant decreases in concentration following axotomy of the sciatic nerve. In contrast, after axotomy of the retinal ganglion cell axons the only significant change was a decrease (p less than 0.05) in T1. We suggest that failure of CNS axons to respond similarly to PNS axons following axotomy may be related to the failure of CNS axons to regenerate.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Central nervous system injury triggers hepatic CC and CXC chemokine expression that is associated with leukocyte mobilization and recruitment to both the central nervous system and the liver.

The administration of interleukin-1beta to the brain induces hepatic CXC chemokine synthesis, which increases neutrophil levels in the blood, liver, and brain. We now show that such hepatic response is not restricted to the CXC chemokines. CCL-2, a CC chemokine, was released by the liver in response to a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha challenge to the brain and boosted monocyte levels. Furthermore, a clinically relevant compression injury to the spinal cord triggered hepatic chemokine expression of both types. After a spinal cord injury, elevated CCL-2 and CXCL-1 mRNA and protein were observed in the liver by TaqMan reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as early as 2 to 4 hours. Simultaneously, we observed elevated levels of these chemokines and circulating leukocyte populations in the blood. Leukocytes were recruited to the liver at this early stage, whereas at the site of challenge in the central nervous system, few were observed until 24 hours. Artificial elevation of blood CCL-2 triggered dose-dependent monocyte mobilization in the blood and enhanced monocyte recruitment to the brain after TNF-alpha challenge. Attenuation of hepatic CCL-2 production with corticosteroids resulted in reduced monocyte levels after the TNF-alpha challenge. Thus, combined production of CC and CXC hepatic chemokines appears to amplify the central nervous system response to injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Potential role of apoE in structural plasticity in the nervous system; implications for disorders of the central nervous system.

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a well characterized 299 amino acid protein that participates in the regulation of plasma cholesterol and lipid metabolism. In humans, apoE has three major protein isoforms: E2 (cys(112), cys(158)); E3 (cys(112), arg(158)); and E4 (arg(112), arg(158)) that are encoded for by a single gene on chromosome 19. Genetic studies have shown that apoE4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as for poor outcome following certain injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). These genetic data, as well as other data reviewed herein, suggest that apoE may play an important role in the nervous system under certain conditions. This review focuses on studies demonstrating that apoE can modulate neuronal structure and the potential implication of these findings for its role following CNS injury, in AD, and in other neurodegenerative diseases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Zuelzer-Wilson's syndrome and absence of the enteric nervous system. Two rare forms of anomalies of the enteric nervous system with identical clinical symptoms.

47 children have been treated in Basel for aganglionosis (Hirschsprung's disease) during the last 25 years. Six children presented severe vomiting and an ileus as leading symptoms instead of chronic constipation, the classical leading symptom of Hirschsprung's disease. Clinical, radiological and intraoperative findings were virtually identical in these 6 patients. However, enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical investigations disclosed an aganglionosis of the entire colon (Zuelzer-Wilson's disease) in 3 patients, absence of the enteric nervous system in the small and large intestine in 2 patients, and a combination of both in 1 patient. In contrast to children suffering from aganglionosis of the entire colon, the chance of survival for patients with an absence of the enteric nervous system is extremely small. It is therefore necessary in presence of severe vomiting and an ileus to take intraoperative biopsies from the large and the small intestine. The precise diagnosis can be made only by using enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques.

Cholinergic Fibers↗
PubMed1991

Endopeptidase-24.11, a cell-surface peptidase of central nervous system neurons, is expressed by Schwann cells in the pig peripheral nervous system.

Endopeptidase-24.11 is a 90-kDa surface glycoprotein with the ability to hydrolyze a variety of biologically active peptides. Interest in this enzyme is based on the consensus that it may play a role in the termination of peptide signals in the central nervous system. In the present study, we have investigated the distribution of endopeptidase-24.11 in two nerves of the peripheral nervous system of newborn pigs: the sciatic, composed of a mixture of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons, and cervical sympathetic trunk in which greater than 99% of the axons are nonmyelinated. The endopeptidase was monitored enzymatically, as well as by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry using mono- and polyclonal anti-endopeptidase antibodies. Endopeptidase-24.11 was detected in both the sciatic nerve and the cervical sympathetic trunk. Membrane preparations from sciatic nerve hydrolyzed 125I-insulin B-chain, and more than 50% of the activity was inhibited by phosphoramidon with an IC50 concentration of 3.2 nM. Moreover, a 90-kDa polypeptide was detected by immunoblotting of sciatic nerve membranes. The type of cells expressing the endopeptidase was determined by immunohistochemistry. In teased nerve preparations, these cells were identified morphologically as myelin- and non-myelin-forming Schwann cells. Endopeptidase-24.11 was also expressed by cultured Schwann cells from sciatic nerve and cervical sympathetic trunk maintained for 3 h in vitro. The presence of endopeptidase-24.11 on the Schwann cell surface raises the possibility of a potential role for the enzyme in nerve development and/or regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Clinicopathological features, survival and prognostic factors of primary central nervous system lymphomas: trends in incidence of primary central nervous system lymphomas and primary malignant brain tumors in a well-defined geographical area. Population-based data from the Danish Lymphoma Registry, LYFO, and the Danish Cancer Registry.

It has been claimed that Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas (PCNSL), a rare neoplasm accounting for only a small fraction of malignant brain tumors and extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), occur with increasing frequency in immunologically normal as well as in immunocompromised individuals. In an attempt to characterize the clinicopathological features, outcome and prognostic factors of PCNSL we here report our experience in a large unselected series of patients from a well-defined region. In addition, we present data on trends in incidence of PCNSL and primary malignant brain tumors in a well-defined geographical area. In a Danish population-based NHL registry (LYFO) representing a population of 2.7 million all new cases of NHL were registered during the approximate 11-year period from 1st January 1983 to 31st May 1994. Incidence data of primary malignant tumors of the brain and central nervous system in western Denmark for the period 1971-1990 have been obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry. During the approximate 11-year period 3124 new cases of NHL were registered. Of these, 1152 (37%) were extranodal and 48 were non-AIDS related PCNSL accounting for 4.2% of extranodal NHL and 1.5% of all NHL, respectively. The average annual incidence rate of non-AIDS related PCNSL during the period was 1.56 cases per million population (age range: 15-85 yrs, median: 62 yrs, M/F ratio: 1). In a 23-year period there was no trend towards an increasing incidence of non-AIDS related PCNSL in a well-defined population. PCNSL accounted for 1.7% of all primary malignant brain tumors. Incidence of primary malignant brain tumors was stable, except for age ranges over 70 years. However, diagnostic artifacts might be responsible for this apparent increase. Histologically, 85% were high grade. Using the Kiel classification centroblastic diffuse (60%) and immunoblastic lymphoma (13%) were the most common subtypes. Forty-three patients had B-cell lymphoma and no T-cell lymphoma was detected. Forty-seven cases were diagnosed pre mortem. Treatment included surgical resection (26 patients), whole brain irradiation (WBRT) (43 patients) and chemotherapy (28 patients). Median survival for those receiving either WBRT or WBRT and chemotherapy was 8 months and 20 months, respectively (p = 0.78). Overall survival was 53%, 38% and 26% at 1, 2 and 5 years. Cox-regression analysis identified only one factor having independent impact on survival in PCNSL: performances score > or = 2 (p < 0.001, RR = 5.8).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Distinguishing primary central nervous system lymphoma from other central nervous system diseases: a neurosurgical perspective on diagnostic dilemmas and approaches.

OBJECT: White matter diseases, including demyelinating or inflammatory disorders, may be indistinguishable clinically and radiologically from some central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In such situations, determination of the final diagnosis is difficult. An example is the differential diagnosis of non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease. Unfortunately, delayed diagnosis and treatment of PCNSL can negatively affect prognosis. METHODS: The authors reviewed the cases of eight patients with PCNSL or MS. In each case, the initial diagnosis (PCNSL or MS) was equivocal. In these cases, conventional diagnostic approaches were not definitive, thus further delaying diagnosis. The initial symptoms, the selected diagnostic tests, and the presumptive as well as final diagnosis for each case are discussed. The final diagnosis was PCNSL in six cases and MS in two. The uncertainty about the clinical or initial pathological presentation required further diagnostic evaluation in all cases. Two important neurosurgical guidelines are the avoidance of corticosteroid agents and performance of biopsy sampling rather than volumetric tumor resection. Highvolume lumbar puncture, slit-lamp examination/vitrectomy, new CNS imaging techniques, and repeated biopsy procedures also proved helpful. CONCLUSIONS: In PCNSL, early definitive diagnosis and treatment are the keys to successful outcomes. Knowledge of strategies essential to early diagnosis lessens the need for brain biopsy sampling, but this procedure is still usually necessary. In such selected cases, biopsy sampling is appropriate even when pathological investigation shows MS rather than PCNSL. Complete resection is not indicated in PCNSL and can lead to additional sequelae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Arterial hypertension: the role of the central nervous system. I. The nervous control of blood pressure (author's transl)].

Arterial pressure is rapidly and precisely readjusted by various reflexes. They are described from the anatomical and functional level. The most important is the medullary baroreflex. In spite of the complexity of their nervous connections and the numerous mediator substances involved, the cardiac vagal center and the sympathetic vasomotor centers are today better understood. The role of the brain is not purely reflex because it may also respond to biochemical variations (anoxia, circulating angiotensin). Finally, we shall describe the central mechanisms which play a role in situations as orthostatism, physical effort or stress. In relation to stress, we shall discuss the influence of suprabulbar structures on the baroreflexe and this will allow a description of three connected centers at different levels controlling arterial blood pressure via nervous mechanisms (i.e. diencephalic, medullary and spinal centers).

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Morphological, biochemical and physiological changes in brain nervous tissue of adult intact and hypoxia-subjected rats after transplantation of embryonic nervous tissue.

Data of morphological, biochemical and physiological investigations of brain nervous tissue in adult intact and hypoxia-subjected rats after transplantation of rat embryonic nervous tissue are presented. It has been established that transplants survive and develop successfully in the brain of both intact and hypoxia-subjected rats. The Golgi technique reveals that transplanted neurons form dendrites and axons. They also establish afferent and efferent connections with neurons in different brain regions of the recipient, as has been demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tract tracing technique. Hypoxia induces reversible as well as irreversible dystrophy of host brain neurons, and transplantation of embryonic brain tissue leads to considerable normalization of the state of reversibly dystrophic neurons. Biochemical investigations have revealed that the spectrum of cytoplasmic proteins of neurons and proteins of the whole brain cortex tissue changed after hypoxia are significantly normalized after subsequent transplantation. It should be also pointed out that there is a considerable increase in the number of proteins in certain fractions which is correlated with regeneration of reversibly dystrophic neurons and other cortical cells. Electrophysiological experiments revealed distinct but short-term EEG changes induced by hypoxia. 1-2 days after hypoxia all EEG parameters were back to normal and displayed no changes during the 2-3-month registration period.

Animals↗