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[Historical Archives of Italian Nephrology: The Cerretani and charlatans: a poor page in the history of medicine and nephrology].

Cerreto is a tiny town in the Valnerine area (Umbria) famous all over the world for the phenomenon of charlatanism derived from Cerretani inhabitants. In the Middle Ages, these people started to beg for alms on hehalf of medical and religious foundations. When their occupation ended due to religious prohibition (Council of Trent) the Cerretani shifted to Charlatanism or quackery. The Charlatans exploited the absence of institutional medicine in rural areas and the credulity and superstition of many sick people. A cynical distrust of the medical profession in urban areas helped the charlatans' activity to spread. They delivered diagnostic advice and therapeutic remedies in public squares. Renal and bladder remedies were key cures from still earlier quackeries. Some historians of medicine believe that some rural or town citizens were particulalry addicted to panaceas or placebos. Charlatans from all over the world poured into the happy hunting grounds. Quackery flourished on a grand scale until education spread throughout the population and medical services were made available to the poor. Special laws to safeguard health-care, helped undermine the charlatan healing phenomenon. Popular quackery medicine neared its end in the mid twentieth century. The history of medicine never follows a linear development such as great discoveries, political reforms, growing cultural interests. By contrast, it runs parallel to local, national and world histories. The history of medicine is largely regarded as a subdivision of the history of the world. Aspects of medicine lying outside the scientific horizon are regarded as of subsidiary importance. Does the history of the Charlatan phenomenon confirm such a statement?

History, 15th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Historical Archives of Italian Nephrology. Goldblatt, kidney and hypertension: three steps in the history of nephrology].

The existence of a clear relationship between renal ischemia and hypertension has been widely documented by Harry Goldblatt and his colleagues. In their original papers they showed that gross and persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure could be produced in dogs by clamping both renal artery, or one if the other kidney had been removed. If renal arteries constriction was not too severe, a stable hypertension unaccompanied by more than mild renal impairment was produced. Subsequently, Goldblatt showed that, with severe constriction, retinal changes, arteriolar impairment and left ventricular hypertension could occur. Goldblatt has remained steadily of the opinion that essential hypertension in man is similarly due to renal ischemia occasioned either by stenosis of a main artery, or by organic changes in the smaller renal arteries down to the size of the different glomerular arteries. At first sight, it might seem like a simple matter to correctly identify the chain of events that begins with renal artery constriction and ends with persistent hypertension. Observing that a link was missing in this chain of events, Goldblatt hypothesised that the link was a humoral mechanism. Tigersted and Bergman showed that renin was the missing link. Renal ischemia as cause of hypertension in dogs opened a new chapter in the connection between kidney circulation and blood pressure elevation. This quite unexpected connection is one of the most challenging issues today and clearly demonstrates that the development of Goldblatt's ideas on renal circulation is still important and has by no means ended. Goldblatt, in his epistemologic approach to hypertension scientific challenges, realised that ideas are the building blocks of science: not flights of fancy, not notions sculpted in snow, but enduring concepts. Goldblatt's lasting ideas are more than a function of time and place: they have inherent qualities that have survived up to the present day.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Historical Archives of Italian Nephrology. "Le Giornate Mediche Triestine del 1952" the first nephrological international meeting held in Italy].

The author came recently across the proceedings volume of a forgotten meeting on renal disease, held in Trieste in 1952. The invited speakers came from Italy, France and Switzerland, and were prominent figures of the European medicine. They dealt with various topics: renal pathophysiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of renal disease. The analysis of the proceedings shows that most of the chosen topics were "hot" for that time and that the papers presented by Italian and foreign speakers were absolutely up-to-date. The discovery of the proceedings of this meeting, followed by other international renal meetings all over Europe, shows that, in spite of the lack of international recognition, Italian nephrologists were active at an early time and maintained a scientific relationship with their foreign counterpart.

Congresses as Topic↗