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PubMed2006

Noninvasive diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: nasopharyngeal brushings reveal high Epstein-Barr virus DNA load and carcinoma-specific viral BARF1 mRNA.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most prevalent ENT-tumour in Indonesia. We investigated the primary diagnostic value of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load and mRNA detection in noninvasive nasopharyngeal (NP) brushings, obtained prospectively from consecutive Indonesian ENT-patients with suspected NPC (N=106) and controls. A subsequent routine NP biopsy was taken for pathological examination and EBER-RISH, yielding 85 confirmed NPC and 21 non-NPC tumour patients. EBV DNA and human DNA load were quantified by real-time PCR. NP brushings from NPC patients contained extremely high EBV DNA loads compared to the 88 non-NPC controls (p<0.0001). Using mean EBV DNA load in controls plus 3 SD as cut-off value, specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values were 98, 90, 97 and 91%, respectively. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and the carcinoma-specific BARF1 mRNA were detected by nucleic acid sequence based amplification and found in 86 and 74% of NP brushings, confirming NPC tumour cell presence. EBV RNA positivity was even higher in fresh samples stored at -80 degrees C until RNA expression analyses (88% for both EBNA1 and BARF1). EBV RNA-negative NP brushings from proven NPC cases had the lowest EBV DNA loads, indicating erroneous sampling. No EBV mRNA was detected in NP brushings from healthy donors and non-NPC patients. In conclusion, EBV DNA load measurement combined with detection of BARF1 mRNA in simple NP brushings allows noninvasive NPC diagnosis. It reflects carcinoma-specific EBV involvement at the anatomical site of tumour development and reduces the need for invasive biopsies. This procedure may be useful for confirmatory diagnosis in large serological NPC screening programs and has potential as prognostic tool.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Telomerase assay and nested polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swabs for early noninvasive detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze sensitivity and specificity of combining nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome and telomerase assay for identifying nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Eighty patients with NPC and 27 healthy control subjects were included in this study; 97. 5% and 94.9% of NPC patients were positive for EBV genome and telomerase activity, respectively. When nasopharyngeal swabs were tested, 95.7% presented the EBV genome and 85.5% were positive for telomerase expression. The sensitivity for counting either positive result of these two techniques was 100%. Among the 27 control subjects, only 6 and 5 cases were positive for EBV DNA and telomerase activity, respectively. This indicated a specificity of 92.6% when both positive results were included. At present, early diagnosis of NPC requires multiple biopsy specimens, especially to identify subclinical cases. Because this study showed a very high sensitivity for detecting NPC from swabs when combining the telomerase assay and nested polymerase chain reaction technique, this noninvasive technique may be a good candidate for screening of subclinical NPC, especially before multiple biopsy specimens are obtained.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of penicillin prophylaxis on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae among children with sickle cell anemia. The Ancillary Nasopharyngeal Culture Study of Prophylactic Penicillin Study II.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the consequences of prolonged prophylactic penicillin use on the rates of nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae and the prevalence of resistant pneumococcal strains in children with sickle cell anemia. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from children with sickle cell anemia (Hb SS or Hb S beta degrees thalassemia) at 10 teaching hospitals throughout the United States. These patients were participating in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which they were prescribed prophylactic penicillin before their fifth birthday and were randomized to prophylactic penicillin or placebo after their fifth birthday (PROPS II). The specimens were cultured for S. pneumoniae, and isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility to nine commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. RESULTS: Of the 226 patients observed, an average of 8.4 specimens were collected per patient. From 1,896 individual culture specimens, 5.5% of the specimens were positive for S. pneumoniae; 27% of patients had at least one positive culture. Nine percent of the study patients had at least one isolate of penicillin intermediate or resistant pneumococci. There was no significant difference in the percent of positive cultures for S. pneumoniae in those patients given penicillin prophylaxis after 5 years of age (4.1%) compared with those patients given placebo after 5 years of age (6.4%). Likewise, there was no significant difference (p = 0.298) in the percent of patients with at least one positive culture for S. pneumoniae in the group given prophylactic penicillin after 5 years of age (21.8%) compared with the group given placebo after 5 years of age (28.3%). There was no difference between the penicillin and placebo groups in the proportion of patients with penicillin intermediate or resistant pneumococci, but there was a trend toward increased carriage of multiply drug-resistant pneumococci in children > 5 years of age receiving prophylactic penicillin compared to children > 5 years of age receiving placebo. The increased colonization rate with multiply drug-resistant organisms of children > 5 years of age receiving penicillin prophylaxis is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The potential for continued penicillin prophylaxis to contribute to the development of multiply resistant pneumococci should be considered before continuing penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell anemia who are older than 5 years of age. Added to the published data from PROPS II, which demonstrated no apparent advantage to continue prophylaxis, the data support the conclusion that, for children with no history of invasive pneumococcal disease, consideration should be given to discontinue prophylactic penicillin after their fifth birthday.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Significance of desquamated cells of nasopharyngeal mucosa based on 1081 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The results of a general investigation based on the cytological examination of swabs taken from nasopharyngeal mucosa of 1081 people were as follows. 1. Occupation: mainly workers; 687 males, 394 females; ratio 1.7:1. 2. Smear examinations revealed 450 normal cells (41.62%), 586 inflammatory cells (54.21%), 35 precarcinomatous cells (3.22%), and 7 carcinomatous cells including pseudo-positives (0.65%). 3. Our conclusion is that the inflammatory hyperplastic cytopoiesis may be a precarcinomatogenotropic factor. 4. No suspicious smear should be overlooked in the course of a general investigation, in order to work out a correct alteration. 5. The precarcinomatous cytopoietic alteration and an early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma may be confirmed by a trace resulting from the examination of desquamatory cells. 6. An amply prepared prophylaxis and early treatment may be achieved by confirmation of the early diagnosis of the precarcinomatous stage and the early carcinomatous stage by subsequently broadening the general investigation in view of the fact that the morbidity from carcinoma in that district was 0.65% according to our general investigation in the test area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Assay of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal tissues and serum of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Determination of EBV-VCA-IgA, EBV-EA-IgA in serum and assay of EBV DNA (PCR) in biopsy tissue has been used for diagnosis of NPC. This paper evaluated the value of the three determinations for diagnosis of NPC. METHOD: 146 patients were investigated. For each patient determination of EBV-VCA-IgA, EBV-EA-IgA in serum and EBV-DNA (PCR) in biopsy tissue were performed with double-blind studies, of 146 patients, 76 were NPC and 70 non nasopharyngeal carcinoma as control, identified with histopathological examination. The differences of the determinations between NPC and control were compared statistically with chi 2-test. RESULT: Of 76 NPC, the positive rates of EBV-DNA (PCR), EBV-VCA-IgA and EBV-EA-IgA were 90.8%, 75.0% and 26.3% respectivelly. For 70 control cases, the positive rates 2.9%, 38.6% and 2.9% respectivelly (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that assay of EBV-DNA (PCR) has better sensitivity and specificity than EBV-VCA-IgA and EBV-EA-IgA for diagnosis of NPC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Detection of hypermethylated RIZ1 gene in primary tumor, mouth, and throat rinsing fluid, nasopharyngeal swab, and peripheral blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to examine the methylation status of the Fn2 RIZ1 gene in nasopharyngeal (NP) tumors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and to evaluate the clinical value of methylated RIZ1 gene in body fluid samples of NPC patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Methylation status of RIZ1 was evaluated by MSP on CNE-2 and M1 cell lines, 30 tumor biopsies, and their matched body fluid samples, including mouth and throat (M & T) rinsing fluid, NP swabs, plasma, and buffy coat. Normal controls included 8 normal NP biopsies and body fluid samples from 29 healthy volunteers. Sequencing was performed on MSP products from one NP tumor and one M & T rinsing fluid. Transcription of the RIZ1 gene before and after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment was examined on CNE-2. RESULTS: The methylated RIZ1 gene was detected in both CNE-2 and M1, 18 (60%) NP tumors, but not in any of the normal controls. Of 30 matched body fluid samples, methylated RIZ1 DNA was found in 11 (37%) NP swabs, 9 (30%) M & T rinsing fluid, 7 (23%) plasma, and 3 (10%) buffy coat samples. Sequencing analysis confirmed all cytosines to uracils conversion, excluding cytosines in CpG dinucleotides in methylated PCR products. Promoter methylation correlated with loss of RIZ1 mRNA expression, and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment restored its expression in CNE-2. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that promoter hypermethylation of the RIZ1 gene is commonly found in NPC. Its detection in body fluid samples of NPC patients but not in normal controls indicates that it is worth to further evaluate its clinical application in assisting screening of NPC and monitoring recurrence after treatment.

Azacitidine↗
PubMed1999

A randomized trial of nasopharyngeal-synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure in very low birth weight infants after extubation.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare the incidence of respiratory failure in premature infants randomized to receive either nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure (NPCPAP) or nasopharyngeal-synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (NP-SIMV) in the immediate postextubation period. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective study of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants randomized at the time of extubation to receive either NPCPAP or NP-SIMV in a university-based level III neonatal intensive care unit. Statistical analysis were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous and ordinal variables, and with the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. RESULTS: A total of 41 VLBW infants were studied; 19 were in the NPCPAP group, and 22 were in the NP-SIMV group. Respiratory failure after extubation in the NP-SIMV group was significantly lower that in the NPCPAP group (5% vs 37%, respectively (p = 0.016). No statistically significant differences between groups with regard to demographics, severity of initial illness and associated complications, time to extubation, ventilatory management before extubation, weight, age, or nutritional status at the time of extubation were noted.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of nasopharyngeal aspirate and nasopharyngeal swab specimens for respiratory syncytial virus diagnosis by cell culture, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Paired nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) and nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens obtained from each of 32 hospitalized infants with X-ray-confirmed pneumonia (91%) or bronchiolitis were tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection by virus culture, the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc.), and spot hybridization with a human genomic probe to quantitate cellular DNA. RSV was isolated in cell cultures from 72% (23 of 32) of patients by using NPA specimens compared with 47% (15 of 32) by using NPS specimens. With tissue culture positivity as the reference test, the sensitivities of the ELISA on NPA and NPS specimens were found to be 69% (16 of 23) and 61% (14 of 23), respectively, with a specificity and a positive predictive value from both sites of 100%. The sensitivities of the IFA technique compared with the cell culture on NPA and NPS specimens were 61% (14 of 23) and 52% (12 of 23) with specificities of 89 and 78% and positive predictive values of 96 and 92%, respectively. Despite the recovery of significantly more cells (as shown by detection of more cellular DNA by using NPA specimens), virus was detected by the IFA technique or ELISA at similar frequencies in paired specimens. However, virus was recovered more often from NPA than NPS specimens by cell culture, and ELISA optical density readings and the number of RSV-positive fluorescing cells were greater for NPA specimens. NPA specimen collection was less traumatic for the patient, was an easier procedure for the physician to perform, and provided a superior laboratory specimen for RSV diagnosis than the NPS technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Nasopharyngeal swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates equally effective for the diagnosis of viral respiratory disease in hospitalized children.

Paired nasopharyngeal swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from 125 patients were compared for viral diagnosis. The viral isolation rates were comparable for the two types of specimens. There was a high level of agreement between the two specimens in overall positivity rate by immunofluorescence and positivity in culture-confirmed patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Survival outcome of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with first local failure: a study by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this article is to report the overall survival (OS) outcome of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with local failure who received salvage treatment and to identify prognostic factors for OS. METHODS: Between January 1996 and December 2000, 2915 patients received primary radiotherapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy for nonmetastatic NPC. At a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 319 patients had developed local failure as the first failure, with or without synchronous regional/distant failure. OS was calculated from the start of primary RT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for OS in patients with isolated local failure. RESULTS: The T classification distribution of the local failure (rT classification) was as follows: 68 (21%) rT1 to T2a, 92 (29%) rT2b, 82 (26%) rT3, and 77 (24%) rT4. The rT classification was the same as the initial T classification in 82% of patients. Two hundred seventy-five patients (86%) had isolated local failure, and 232 (84%) of them did not have any distant metastasis or regional failure develop during follow-up. Salvage treatment was given to 200 patients (73%) with isolated local failure. One hundred fifty-nine patients (80%) received reirradiation (108 external beam RT [EBRT], 44 brachytherapy, and seven EBRT plus brachytherapy), 22 patients (11%) underwent nasopharyngectomy with or without postoperative RT, and 19 patients (9%) were treated with chemotherapy alone. Four patients died of RT complications, and one died of chemotherapy toxicity in the absence of active NPC. The 3-year actuarial OS for patients with isolated local failure was 74%. On multivariate analysis, advanced initial T classification (hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; p = .0006) and the use of salvage treatment (HR, 0.54; p = .0038) were independent prognostic factors. For the subgroups of patients who had the same recurrent and initial T classification, salvage treatment was associated with improved OS only in the subgroup with T1 to T2 local failure (n = 127; p = 0.0446), but not in the subgroups with T3 (n = 48) or T4 (n = 54) disease. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with first local failure have localized disease. Salvage treatment is feasible in most of the patients with clinically isolated local failure. Patients who had early initial T classification have a more favorable prognosis. Subgroup analysis suggests that salvage treatment only prolongs survival in patients with T1 to T2 recurrent disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group.

PURPOSE: This randomized study compared the results achieved by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) versus radiotherapy (RT) alone for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with advanced nodal disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with nonkeratinizing/undifferentiated NPC staged T1-4N2-3M0 were randomized to CRT or RT. Both arms were treated with the same RT technique and dose fractionation. The CRT patients were given cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on days 1, 22, and 43, followed by cisplatin 80 mg/m2 and fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2/d for 96 hours starting on days 71, 99, and 127. RESULTS: From 1999 to January 2004, 348 eligible patients were randomly assigned; the median follow-up was 2.3 years. The two arms were well-balanced in all prognostic factors and RT parameters. The CRT arm achieved significantly higher failure-free survival (72% v 62% at 3-year, P = .027), mostly as a result of an improvement in locoregional control (92% v 82%, P = .005). However, distant control did not improve significantly (76% v 73%, P = .47), and the overall survival rates were almost identical (78% v 78%, P = .97). In addition, the CRT arm had significantly more acute toxicities (84% v 53%, P < .001) and late toxicities (28% v 13% at 3-year, P = .024). CONCLUSION: Preliminary results confirmed that CRT could significantly improve tumor control, particularly at locoregional sites. However, there was significant increase in the risk of toxicities and no early gain in overall survival. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the ultimate therapeutic ratio.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Human papillomavirus may be common within nasopharyngeal carcinoma of Caucasian Americans: investigation of Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus in eastern and western nasopharyngeal carcinoma using ligation-dependent polymerase chain reaction.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), particularly those tumors endemic to the Far East, commonly harbor Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), thought to serve as an important oncogenic promoter. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a proportion of upper aerodigestive tract carcinomas. We hypothesized that HPV might also contribute to the pathogenesis of NPC, and we queried whether geographic and racial distinctions may be identified between NPC of the Far East versus those diagnosed in Caucasian American patients with regard to the interrelationship of histologic subtype and viral infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 30 patients (6 Caucasian Americans, 1 Chinese American, 14 and 9 patients from Korea and China, respectively) were studied using the ligation-dependent polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR). These cases were histologically classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) schema for NPC. Consensus target probes complementary to the L1 region of over 30 HPV types, as well as target probes complementary to EBER-1 (EBV-related nontranslated latency-associated RNA), were used to amplify target sequences. RESULTS: Seven of 30 NPC (23%) contained HPV sequences. There were 6 Caucasian American patients with NPC; 3 cases (50%) were HPV positive (HPV+). Two of these Caucasian Americans had WHO type I tumors: one was HPV+ and EBV negative (EBV-) and the other was HPV-/EBV+. The remaining Caucasian American NPCs were WHO-II/III tumors which tested as follows: two were coinfected with HPV and EBV, the other two contained EBER but not HPV sequences. The single Oriental American patient had a WHO-III NPC which was HPV-/EBV+. Of the Eastern NPC patients, 4 (1 WHO-I, 3 WHO-II/III) of 23 (17%) NPCs contained HPV sequences as well as EBV. Conclusion. Human papillomavirus appears to be uncommonly (17%) associated with NPC in patients from the Far East and was detected more often (50%) in NPC from American Caucasian patients. Some of these tumors conformed to our perceptions and expectations of NPC (eg, WHO-I tumors being EBV-/HPV+ and WHO-III tumors being EBV+/HPV-), but other tumors did not conform to these expectations (eg, WHO-III NPC occasionally harboring both HPV and EBV). There appears to be a broad profile in the relationship between HPV, EBV, and NPC histologic subtype. Unfortunately, the number of American Caucasian cases studied are too small to allow for strong conclusions.

Asian People↗
PubMed2006

Dose-response relationship of nasopharyngeal carcinoma above conventional tumoricidal level: a study by the Hong Kong nasopharyngeal carcinoma study group (HKNPCSG).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To define the dose-response relationship of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) above the conventional tumoricidal dose level of 66 Gy when the basic radiotherapy (RT) course was given by the 2D Ho's technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from all five regional cancer centers in Hong Kong were pooled for this retrospective study. All patients (n = 2426) were treated with curative-intent RT with or without chemotherapy between 1996 and 2000 with the basic RT course using the Ho's technique. The primary endpoint was local control. The prognostic significance of dose-escalation ('boost') after 66 Gy, T-stage, N-stage, use of chemotherapy, sex and age (< or =40 years vs >40 years) was studied. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: On multivariate analysis, T-stage (P < 0.01; hazard ratio [HR], 1.58) and optimal boost (P = 0.01; HR, 0.34) were the only significant factors affecting local failure for the whole study population, and for the population of patients treated by radiotherapy alone, but not for patients who also received chemotherapy. The following were independent determinants of local failure for patient groups with different T-stages treated by radiotherapy alone: use of a boost in T1/T2a disease (P = 0.01; HR, 0.33); use of a boost (P < 0.01; HR, 0.60) and age (P = 0.01; HR, 1.02) in T3/T4 tumors. Among patients with T2b tumors treated by radiotherapy alone and given a boost, the use of a 20 Gy-boost gave a lower local failure rate than a 10 Gy-boost. There was no apparent excess mortality attributed to RT complications. CONCLUSIONS: Within the context of a multi-center retrospective study, dose-escalation above 66 Gy significantly improved local control for T1/T2a and T3/4 tumors when the primary RT course was based on the 2D Ho's technique without additional chemotherapy. 'Boosting' in NPC warrants further investigation. Caution should be taken when boosting is considered because of possible increase in radiation toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. IV. Increased risk in Chinese of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with a Chinese-related HLA profile (A2, Singapore 2).

The results of this study of 110 Singapore Chinese with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 91 controls confirmed the association between the occurrence of HLA antigen Singapore 2 (Sin2) and NPC in the Chinese population, and indicated that their increased risk for NPC was confined to the joint occurrence of Sin 2 and A2 antigens. These findings suggested that the genotype of importance in susceptibility to NPC is the A2-Sin 2 haplotype.

Asian People↗
PubMed1992

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

AIMS: To assess the presence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to see if the number of biopsy sites facilitates detection of CIS. METHODS: Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded biopsy specimens (n = 285) from 187 patients with NPC in 1987 were studied for the presence of CIS as well as for the histological assessment of the subtype of CIS. RESULTS: Fifteen (8.0%) patients had CIS, representing 8.3% of all new patients with NPC and 11.6% of patients with persistent disease or relapse. CIS was undifferentiated or poorly differentiated, no cases of well differentiated squamous cell CIS were identified. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CIS when multiple endoscopic biopsy specimens were taken rather than single forceps biopsy specimens. CONCLUSIONS: CIS can only be identified in a few patients with NPC largely because of late presentation with advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and the focal nature of the dysplastic process. The presence of dysplasia in relapses of NPC suggests that these tumours may be second growths rather than regrowths of a primary tumour.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in high-risk nasopharyngeal carcinoma families in Taiwan.

A study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) families with two or more affected members was conducted in Taiwan (265 families with 2,444 individuals, 502 affected and 1,942 unaffected) to determine the association between NPC and potential etiologic factors in NPC high-risk families. Similar to results from a previous case-control study in Taiwan, Guangdong salted fish consumption during childhood, exposure to wood, and betel nut consumption were all associated with elevated NPC risk using conditional logistic regression, although these associations were not as strong as in the case-control study possibly due to shared environment among family members. Risk associated with cumulative wood exposure and salted fish consumption before age 10 was stronger in families with early NPC age-onset [odds ratio (OR(wood)), 5.10; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.50-17.34; OR(fish), 3.94; 95% CI, 1.47-10.55] or three or more affected members (OR(wood), 4.41; 95% CI, 1.58-12.30; OR(fish), 4.27; 95% CI, 1.10-16.47). In contrast, a tendency for elevated risk was noted for betel nut use in late age-onset families (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.16-5.13) and the CYP2E1 c2 allele in families with less than three affected members (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.04-3.35). Risk estimates associated with these exposures were similar when the analyses were restricted to EBV-seropositive subjects. To better adjust for degree of relationship among family members and residual genetic correlations, we also calculated ORs using a variance components model. The results from the two methods were similar indicating that the risk estimates from conditional logistic regression were unbiased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[A basic study on the association of Epstein-Barr virus with nasopharyngeal carcinoma--detection and genotypic analysis of Epstein-Barr virus associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Japanese patients].

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with two human malignant diseases, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and endemic Burkitt's lymphoma. In this study, the genotypes of EBV in tissues from 13 NPC patients in Japan were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using EBV genome fragment probes. Ten of the cases contained reiterated sequences (EBV BamHI-H, -B1*, -K fragments), showing that only one genotype was detected in each specimen. One of these had a BamHI fragment containing a fused sequence of BamHI-Y and -H. In all except one case, a single-sized EBV-joined terminus was observed in each NPC specimen, implying evolution of the carcinoma from a single EBV-infected cell. One metastatic lymph node (which was not a primary epipharyngeal tumor) contained EBV with heterogeneous termini suggesting production of linear virion DNA. The type C variant resulting from loss of a BamHI site between the BamHI-W1* and -I1* regions was observed in 7 of the 10 cases, and the other 3 cases had a separated BamHI-I1* fragment. As reported by Lung et al. (Virology, 177: 44-53, 1990), the type C variant appears to be dominant among Japanese strains, as it is in Southern China. In contrast to their findings, however, the "f" variant with an extra BamHI site in the BamHI-F region which they found to be strongly associated with NPC specimens from Southern China, was detected in only one case. The present study, therefore, did not support the specific association of the "f" variant with NPC in Japanese patients. We conclude that the EBV in NPC tissues exists in variants. Further studies along these lines, could help to explain the epidemiology of EBV.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[The ex vivo expansion of gamma delta T cells from the peripheral blood of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and their cytotoxicity to nasopharyngeal carcinoma lines in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: gamma delta T cells from the peripheral blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) patients were expanded in vitro and their cytotoxic activity to NPC lines was analysed. A role of gamma delta T cell of immune mechanism in development of NPC was discussed. METHOD: The solid-phase monoclonal anti-TCR gamma delta McAb was used to expand the gamma delta T cells from peripheral blood of seven patients with NPC and six healthy donors. Then we detected the cytotoxicities of these gamma delta T cell against tumour cell lines including Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma and the cell lines of NPC, CNE1 and CNE2, at different effector:target (E:T) ratio by MTT method. The immunophenotyping of gamma delta T cells was detected by flow cytometry. RESULT: gamma delta T cell were obtained with a high purity (> 82%) from healthy individuals and NPC patients in which 90% of expanded cells were V gamma 9/V delta 2 subtype. The results of cytotoxicity assays revealed that activated gamma delta T cells from both healthy donors and patients lysed Daudi, CNE1 and CNE2 cells at similar level(P > 0.05) when E:T ratios increased, the level of cytotoxicity to each of the targets of CNE1 and CNE2 increased. These gamma delta T cells exhibited highest level of cytotoxicity to the Daudi cells in same ration of effector to target cell. CONCLUSION: gamma delta T cell of NPC could significantly kill NPC in vitro.

Adult↗