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PubMed2004

Association between temporo mandibular disorders and oral parafunctions in Saudi children.

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationship between oral parafunctions and the development of temporomandibualr disorders (TMD). A group of 1,976 children aged 3-15 years old, were randomly selected and underwent an examination that consisted of palpation and assessment of the temporomandibular joints and associated muscles for tenderness and joint sounds. Maximum vertical opening and deviation during jaw opening were also recorded. The parents were requested to complete a questionnaire contained questions regarding symptoms of TMD and history of oral parafunctions. Results showed significant correlations between cheek biting, nail biting, bruxism, thumb sucking and most of TMD signs and symptoms. The results of the study support the concept that oral parafunctions have a significant role in the aetiology of TMD and should be tackled by the paediatric dentists to minimise their effects on the stomatological system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Secondary longitudinal melanonychia secondary to onychophagia].

BACKGROUND: Melanonychia of the toenails sometimes results from repeated trauma. This etiology is rarely put forward in lesions affecting the fingernails. CASE REPORT: A 44-year-old woman developed melanonychia affecting 9 fingernails. Genetic predisposition and drug, hormonal or infectious causes were ruled out and we postulated that the lesions were induced by nail biting. DISCUSSION: Nail biting is known to lead to several types of lesions, including melanonychia. The lesions may sometimes disappear several months after stopping this habit.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Relationships between oral parafunctions and functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system among children aged 7-14 years.

Data from an interview and clinical examination in a study of 440 randomly selected school children were analyzed with regard to relationships between signs and symptoms of functional disturbances and diseases in the stomatognathic system. A correlation was found between reported clicking sounds from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and pain when opening the mouth wide. Children who had been treated orthodontically or who were undergoing such treatment did not differ from other children in the frequency of signs and symptoms. Correlations were found between recurrent headaches and tenderness in TMJ and TMJ muscles. Reported pain in the temple region was also correlated to tenderness in the TMJ and TMJ muscles. Further correlations were found between recurrent headaches and oral parafunctions such as lip-cheek-biting and nail-biting and also among nail-biting, tooth clenching, tooth-grinding, and frontal dental wear. Children who reported oral parafunctions had more frequent interferences in RP and tenderness in TMJ muscles. There were correlations between irregular movements of the lower jaw and interferences in RP as well as mediotrusion interferences. Finally, a strong correlation was found between tenderness of the TMJ (laterally and posteriorly) and tenderness of the TMJ muscles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Psychosomatic study on the relation between oral habits and personality characteristics of the children in a mountain village].

A statistical study was carried out to evaluate the circumstances of the oral habits of the children aged 3-15 yr. (423 boys and 379 girls, 802 children in total) in a mountain village through psychological tests and investigation of the living environments of children and their parents. The following results were obtained: 1. The peak age of finger sucking was 3 years with girls (35.7%) and 4 years with boys (22.2%). After these ages a tendency to decrease in frequency was observed. 2. The peak age of the nail biting was 11 years in girls (26.5%) and 10 years in boys (18.8%). However, the nail biting was observed in girls from infancy. 3. The peak age of bruxism was 7 years in boys (22.7%) and 4 years in girls (15.4%). 4. Based on sex, nail biting was found more with girls than with boys, on the other hand, bruxism was found more in boys than in girls. There was no difference in finger sucking. 5. Based on the analysis of the relationship between oral habits and personality characteristics, nail biting and bruxism showed a tendency towards a low percentile in almost all of the items of personality characteristics, however, scarcely any relationship was found in finger sucking. 6. Based on the analysis of quantification type III, the development of each oral habit showed a relationship to different personality characteristics. 7. In relation to the living environments, the nail biting occurred more in children whose mothers did not work than with those whose mothers worked, and bruxism occurred in the children who often play outdoors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Evaluating the efficacy of habit reversal: comparison with a placebo control.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of habit reversal with a placebo control as a treatment for chronic nail biting in adults. METHOD: Thirty adults with a chronic nail-biting problem (occurring > or = 5 times/day nearly every day for > or = 4 weeks and causing physical damage or social impairment) were randomly assigned to a placebo control or habit reversal group. Five participants withdrew from the study prior to the completion of treatment. The remaining individuals in both groups received a total of 2 hours of treatment over 3 sessions. Individuals in the habit reversal group (N = 13) received the components of awareness training, competing response training, and social support. Individuals in the placebo control group (N = 12) simply discussed their nail biting. At pretreatment, posttreatment, and a 5-month follow-up, nail length was measured, photographs were taken of the damaged nails and later rated by independent observers, and data on participant depression, anxiety, and self-esteem were obtained. Treatment compliance and acceptability data were collected at posttreatment only. RESULTS: Results showed that habit reversal produced a greater increase in nail length at posttreatment and follow-up when compared with the placebo. Data from the independent raters confirmed these findings. Habit reversal was also viewed as a more acceptable intervention by the participants. At posttreatment, the habit reversal group had increased their nail length by 22% from pretreatment compared with a 3% increase for the placebo group. At follow-up, the habit reversal group maintained a 19% increase in nail length from pretreatment compared with a 0% increase for the placebo group. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest habit reversal is more effective than a placebo control and should be considered a well-established intervention for body-focused repetitive behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Prevalence of functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system in 7-14 year olds.

An epidemiological investigation was carried out in Malmö/Sweden to determine the prevalence of symptoms and signs of functional disturbances and diseases of the stomatognathic system in children aged 7-14. Four-hundred and forty children (440) were randomly selected, interviewed and clinically examined. The interview revealed 36% with symptoms, 15% with recurrent headaches and 13% reported clicking sounds from the temporomandibular joints. Seventy-seven per cent (77%) of the children reported at least one of the following oral parafunctions grinding clenching lip- and cheek-biting, nail-biting or thumb-sucking. In the clinical examination occlusal interferences in RP were found in 79% and mediotrusion interferences in 78%. More than half of the children 64%, claimed pain on palpation of the temporomandibular joint muscles and more than one third (39%) claimed pain on palpation of the temporomandibular joint. It is concluded that children are suffering from diseases and functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Investigation of the relationship between oral parafunctions and temporomandibular joint dysfunction in Turkish children with mixed and permanent dentition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, bruxism and oral parafunctions in the permanent and mixed dentition of Turkish children. Examinations were performed on 59 children (26 girls and 33 boys) without TMJ dysfunction and 123 children (54 boys and 69 girls) with TMJ dysfunction in the mixed dentition. In the permanent dentition 89 children without TMJ dysfunction (45 girls and 44 boys) and 123 children with TMJ dysfunction (69 girls and 54 boys) were inducted into this study. The children with oral parafunctions (bruxism, nail biting and thumb/finger sucking) were determined through questionnaires. The Z-test was used for the analyses of the correlation between variables and differences between the groups. Generally a significant correlation was found between finger/thumb sucking and nail biting and TMJ dysfunction in the mixed dentition and bruxism was observed significantly to be associated with TMJ dysfunction in the permanent dentition (P < 0.05). The evaluation of the results showed that in the mixed dentition groups nail biting was significantly higher in the girls with TMJ dysfunction and finger or thumb sucking was significantly higher in the boys with TMJ dysfunction compared with those without TMJ dysfunction (P < 0.01). In the permanent dentition; bruxism and thumb/finger sucking were significantly higher in girls with TMJ dysfunction higher than those without TMJ dysfunction (P < 0.05). However, thumb/finger sucking was significantly higher in boys without TMJ dysfunction than with TMJ dysfunction (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that the association of parafunctions and TMJ dysfunction is present in the mixed (thumb/finger sucking and nail biting) and the permanent dentitions (bruxism).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Studies on the incidence and possibility of collective treatment of certain non-occlusal parafunctions in elementary school children].

A study was carried out on the incidence and possibility of collective treatment of non-occlusal parafunctions in 216 elementary school children aged 7-14 years. Two objectively detectable non-occlusal parafunctions were analysed: nail-biting and pencil-biting. The study included four meetings during which the fingernails and pencils were inspected in all children and a talk was given, explaining the harmfulness of motor habits in the masticatory system, and the children with these habits were told to replace them with other non-harmful movements as habits. Among 216 children 131 (60.6%) had such non-occlusal parafunctions with nail-biting in 51.9% of them, and pencil-biting in 31%. In 22.2% both habits were found. During the third control visit the overall incidence of both parafunctions was found to be decreased, from 60.6% to 37.9%. Elimination of nail-biting was obtained in 37.5% of cases, and pencil-biting in 64.2%, with the proportions of treated children varying in various classes. The study showed that nail-biting and pencil-biting are widely spread habits in the studied population and that collective treatment of these parafunctions is possible.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2003

[Interdisciplinary approach to onychophagia].

Onychophagy is classified to the nail diseases caused by repeated injures. Nail-biting as autodestruction and onychophagy in its most aggressive form, is common not only among children but adults as well. Nail-biting in children belongs to the group of habits and habitual function, which allowed for relieving the anxiety, loneliness, inactivity in children deprived of safety feeling, love and nearest relationship. In most adults suffering from onychophagy psychiatric diseases are not diagnosed. There are different clinical symptoms of onychophagy depended on the degree and the way of performed injures. In this study we are promoting the multidisciplinary approach to the therapy of habitual nail-biting.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Oral parafunctions as temporomandibular disorder risk factors in children.

Oral parafunctions are generally considered to be important factors in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and many reports have been published about their prevalence in adults and schoolchildren. However, few have included significant numbers of children below the age of 7. The aim of this study was to examine the association between parafunctions and oral/facial TMD-related pain in preschool children. Bruxism, nail biting, and thumb sucking were found to be significantly associated with important oral/facial pain symptoms of clinical interest in the diagnoses of TMD indicating that those parafunctions are risk factors. The study included 525 4- to 6-year-old African-American and Caucasian children, mean age 5.1 +/- 0.65 (SD). An alpha level of 5% was chosen for comparison with a Pearson Chi-Square test. Bonferroni correction was made and a p-value of < 0.005 was accepted as significance level. Only 28% of the children had no history of any parafunction. More girls (82%) than boys (63%) in the Caucasian subgroup had at least one parafunction (p approximately 0.00017). No such difference was found in the African-American subgroup where the corresponding figures were 71% for girls and 73% for boys. Thumb sucking was reported by 57% of the children, more often by Caucasian girls (69%) than by Caucasian boys (43%) (p < 0.00001). Thirty percent still had the habit. Forty-one percent had a history of nail biting. Bruxism was noted in 20% of the children, but occurred mostly in combination with other parafunctions and was seldom (in 3.4%) the only parafunction. Of the 10 pain variables, bruxism was significantly associated with eight, thumb sucking with three, and nail biting with two. Analysis with logistic regression confirmed the results. Association does not, however, tell if a parafunction is the cause or the consequence of pain, or if a third factor is causing both pain and increased prevalence of oral parafunctions. Further prospective longitudinal studies including higher age groups are needed to clarify those relations and to determine if there are long-term effects of childhood parafunctions.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and oral parafunctions in urban Saudi Arabian adolescents: a research report.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and oral parafunction habits among Saudi adolescents in the permanent dentition stage. METHODS: A total of 385 (230 females and 155 males) school children age 12-16, completed a questionnaire and were examined clinically. A stratified selection technique was used for schools allocation. RESULTS: The results showed that 21.3% of the subjects exhibited at least one sign of TMD and females were generally more affected than males. Joint sounds were the most prevalent sign (13.5%) followed by restricted opening (4.7%) and opening deviation (3.9%). The amplitude of mouth opening, overbite taken into consideration, was 46.5 mm and 50.2 mm in females and males respectively. TMJ pain and muscle tenderness were rare (0.5%). Reported symptoms were 33%, headache being the most frequent symptom 22%, followed by pain during chewing 14% and hearing TMJ noises 8.7%. Difficulty during jaw opening and jaw locking were rare. Lip/cheek biting was the most common parafunction habit (41%) with females significantly more than males, followed by nail biting (29%). Bruxism and thumb sucking were only 7.4% and 7.8% respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TMD signs were 21.3% with joint sounds being the most prevalent sign. While TMD symptoms were found to be 33% as, with headache being the most prevalent. Among the oral parafunctions, lip/cheek biting was the most prevalent 41% followed by nail biting 29%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Body-focused repetitive behavior problems. Prevalence in a nonreferred population and differences in perceived somatic activity.

Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) such as skin picking or scratching and nail biting can be physically and socially detrimental. Given the potential consequences associated with these behaviors, it is unfortunate this area has received relatively limited attention. The two purposes of the current study were (a) to determine the prevalence of BFRBs among typically developing persons and (b) to examine the contribution of reported somatic activity to the occurrence of BFRBs. Results indicated that 13.7% of the sample met criteria for at least one BFRB, of which the most common topography was nail biting. Persons with a BFRB reported significantly more somatic activity than persons without a BFRB. Further analyses revealed consistent findings across three separate topographies in which persons with a BFRB for nail biting, mouth chewing, and/or skin picking reported significantly more somatic activity than did persons without a BFRB. Clinical implications and diagnostic considerations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychophysiological reactivity to stress in nail biters.

Heart rate and skin conductance were measured for 83 college students (20 male nail biters, 19 male non-nail biters, 22 female nail biters, and 22 female non-nail biters) during baseline, task, and 3 stressors. Psychodiagnostic measures included the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. A significant nail-biting status x sex interaction was found in skin conductance reactivity (task minus baseline) for all tasks. Male nail biters were significantly more reactive than the other 3 groups. There was no significant difference in heart rate reactivity in any of the tasks. None of the psychodiagnostic measures differentiated among any of the subgroups. Nail biting, for males, is associated with psychophysiological changes during stress, although the implication of this relationship remains to be clarified.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1993

Relationship of self-esteem, manifest anxiety, and obsessive-compulsiveness to personal habits.

75 women and 64 men responded to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, the Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Maudsley Obsessional-compulsive Inventory in addition to responding to a questionnaire on personal habits. The results indicated that more frequent hair-pullers and nervous twitchers scored lower on self-esteem and higher on anxiety. People who giggled and those who bit their fingernails more often scored higher on obsessive-compulsiveness. Self-reported gigglers were higher on manifest anxiety. If the criterion of self-assessed seriousness of the behavior problem was used, people who bit their nails, picked their noses, pulled their hair, chewed on objects, giggled, ground their teeth, twitched nervously, and picked at scabs scored lower on self-esteem. Higher manifest-anxiety scores were found among the people who regarded their nail-biting, hair-pulling, object-chewing, nervous twitching, or giggling as serious problems. Finally, people who regarded their nail-biting as more serious tended to have higher obsessive-compulsive scores. The results in general suggest that the frequency of several of these behaviors is anxiety-related and that it is the person's assessments of these behaviors as problems rather than simply their frequency that is related to higher anxiety and lower self-esteem.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Nervous habits and stereotyped behaviors in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency, age trends, and situational correlates of nervous habits (e.g., nail-biting, thumb-sucking) and motor stereotyped behaviors (e.g., body-rocking) in typically developing preschool children. METHOD: Data were compiled from 100 teacher interviews and 32 parent interviews on children aged 3 to 6 years. A semistructured, individually administered interview was used. RESULTS: Parents reported the most behaviors, with the most common behaviors being thumb-sucking (25%) and nail-biting (23%). Motor stereotypies demonstrated a frequency of 4% as reported by the teachers and a frequency of 3% as reported by the parents. Teachers reported a decrease in children having the nervous habit of picking at sores, lips, etc., with age. Parents reported a significant decrease in all nervous habits with age. Nervous habits were associated with structured times during the day and negative mood states, and teachers reported that girls were more likely than boys to display nervous habits. CONCLUSION: Nervous habits and stereotypies are prevalent in typically developing preschool children, and their presence appears to be a reflection of mood state.

Affect↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of possible factors influencing the occurrence of occlusal tooth wear in a young Saudi population.

The purpose of this study was to attempt to correlate possible etiologic factors with the occurrence of occlusal tooth wear in a young Saudi population. The material comprised 90 individuals with a mean age of 22 years within a range of 19-25 years. A dentition wear index, in addition to anterior and posterior wear subindices were derived from tooth-by-tooth evaluations of casts. Factors found to correlate significantly with increased occlusal wear were bruxism, biting habits such as pen- and nail-biting, use of an indigenous chewing-stick called miswak, and high intake of fruit juices. There was no correlation between subjects from differing geographic and/or climatic habitats and the severity of tooth wear. The common element of a harsh desert terrain may constitute the dominant passive abrasive etiologic factor in the present sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of a nailbed. A case report.

Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of a nailbed secondary to chronic nail biting occurred in a 37-year-old man. This is a frequently misdiagnosed lesion. A case report is presented with a review of the literature. Malignancies of the nailbed are rare entities. Up to 1986, only 52 cases had been reported in the English literature, most of which were squamous cell carcinomas. Other reported malignancies are melanomas, subungual Bowen's disease, and basal cell carcinomas. Diagnostic confusion is common because many chronic problems of the nailbed may be clinically similar and therefore mask a squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗