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PubMed2004

Phylogenetic analysis of clinical mumps virus isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients with mumps during an outbreak, Switzerland 1998-2000.

During the past decade mumps outbreaks have occurred in several European countries with universal vaccination programs probably due to poor efficacy of the Rubini vaccine strain. However, the evolution of vaccine escape mutants has also been considered. A phylogenetic analysis was undertaken on 69 clinical mumps isolates obtained from 39 vaccinated and 22 non-vaccinated mumps cases (and six cases with unknown vaccination status) during an outbreak in 1998-2000. Two major strain clusters (SWI-H, SWI-C) with two subgroups each (SWI-H1/2, SWI-C1/2) were identified, which belonged to genotypes C and H. No association between viral clusters and vaccination status or a specific vaccine strain (Jeryl-Lynn or Rubini) was found. Cluster SWI-C1 occurred more frequently in the Western part of Switzerland (P < 0.001). Isolates causing complicated disease tended to cluster more frequently with SWI-H1 (P = 0.11). Wild-type strains homologous or similar to the Rubini vaccine strain (isolated in Switzerland in 1974) were no longer circulating. Therefore, there was no evidence for vaccine escape mutants. Strain redistribution may have occurred during the past decades. Continuous monitoring of circulating mumps virus populations is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A prefecture-wide survey of mumps meningitis associated with measles, mumps and rubella vaccine.

A survey of untoward reactions, especially central nervous system reactions, after the administration of a newly introduced measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, was initiated soon after 4 patients were hospitalized for aseptic meningitis. Thirty-five, 6 and 2 children developed meningitis, convulsive disorders and parotitis, respectively, within 2 months after MMR vaccination during the 8-month period extending from April to November, 1989. The time lag between MMR vaccination and meningitis ranged from 14 to 28 days in the 35 cases of meningitis. Mumps virus, isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid in 13 patients with aseptic meningitis, was characterized by determination of the nucleotide sequences of the P gene as mumps vaccine strain. The incidence of aseptic meningitis with positive mumps vaccine virus was estimated to be 0.11% (0.3% as a whole) during the 8 months from April to November and increased to 0.3% (0.7% as a whole) in September and October. We conclude that the incidence of aseptic meningitis after MMR vaccination seems to be higher than that reported previously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of mumps antibodies after measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines.

Mumps antibody titers before and after administration of MMR trivalent combined vaccines from 3 different company were evaluated by mumps IgG Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and by neutralizing antibody test (NT). Seroconversion rates determined with the ELISA were around 90% in all 3 different vaccines. The seroconversion by NT test ranged from 63% to 77%. The mumps ELISA is more sensitive method of determination of antibodies against mumps virus than NT. Since ELISA is a much simpler and easier method of determining antibodies than NT, it will be a method of choice in many clinical laboratories.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2002

Outbreak of aseptic meningitis and mumps after mass vaccination with MMR vaccine using the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain.

Data from routine surveillance during two mass immunisation campaigns (MIC) with Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)vaccine using Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain in two states in Brazil were analysed to estimate the risk of vaccine-related meningitis and mumps. Increase in the incidence of the two diseases was observed in both states, 3 weeks after the vaccination campaigns. The estimated number of doses applied per one case of vaccine-related meningitis ranged from 6199 (95% CI: 4854-8058) to 19,247 (95% CI: 12,648-29,513) depending on the diagnostic criteria used and state. It was 300 doses (95% CI: 286-317) for each case of mumps. The implications for vaccination policy are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Mumps, mumps vaccination, islet cell antibodies and the first manifestation of diabetes mellitus type I.

To connect mumps and diabetes mellitus in children is an old problem in medical literature. The typical occurrence of ICA at the onset of diabetes in children, as well as the incidence of ICA approximately 3 weeks after mumps infection support the hypothesis of a direct relationship between virus infection and diabetes. But the mumps infection alone is not the key factor. Mumps vaccination may not provide protection against diabetes mellitus, it may even provoke it. (Genetic determination, expressed by the HLA-phenotype in all the patients reported, does not allow a differentiation.)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

In vitro secondary generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice with mumps virus and their mumps-specific cytotoxicity among paramyxoviruses.

Murine cells (L929, MC57G, and P815 mastocytoma) defectively infected with the egg-adapted vaccine strain of mumps virus were found to be susceptible to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated lysis. In vitro secondary, but not in vivo primary, generated CTL caused cytolysis of these targets in an H-2-restricted manner. UV-inactivated-mumps virus-coated murine cells were also found to be susceptible to CTL-mediated lysis. Comparisons of murine CTL-mediated lysis by three paramyxoviruses (mumps, Sendai, and Newcastle disease viruses) indicated that no cross-reactivity occurred. The CTL response with mumps virus exhibited specific unresponsiveness patterns, as influenced by the H-2 K/D regions of the mouse strains, that were partially different from those of Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Isolation and characterization of mumps virus strains in a mumps outbreak with a high incidence of aseptic meningitis.

In 1993, mumps with a high incidence of aseptic meningitis became prevalent in Akita prefecture, Japan. Three mumps virus isolates obtained from the nonvaccine-associated cases lacked the BamHI restriction cleavage site of the P gene, like the Urabe strain (Yamada, A. et al, Vaccine 8: 553-557). However, four additional nucleotide substitutions were found in the determined region of 157 bp. Fourteen of 19 cases from which mumps virus showing the Urabe-like RFLP profile was detected were complicated with symptomatic meningitis, whereas there were only four cases of meningitis among 23 individuals infected with the wild type showing no Urabe-like RFLP profile (non-"Urabe-like" wild-type). The incidence of meningitis was over 70% among patients infected with the "Urabe-like" wild-type virus. The "Urabe-like" wild-type. disappeared after February 1994 in the epidemic area and was replaced by the non-"Urabe-like" wild-type. Patients infected with the "Urabe-like" wild-type lived in a closed colony, in which there were two instances of transmission between siblings. Thus this outbreak was transient and narrowly localized.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

The virtual elimination of rubella and mumps from the United States and the use of combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR) to eliminate measles.

The measles elimination effort, which began in 1978, has made dramatic contributions to the virtual elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and the control of mumps in the USA. The use of combined MMR vaccine has resulted in immunization levels at school entry in excess of 95% against each of these diseases. As a result, record low levels of rubella, CRS, and mumps were reported in 1984. Continued use of MMR, along with improved surveillance and aggressive response to outbreaks, can be expected to eliminate rubella and mumps as well as measles.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Transfer of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies from mother to infant. Its effect on measles, mumps, and rubella immunization.

Sera from 42 mother-infant pairs were examined to determine the effect of passively acquired enhanced neutralizing (ENt) antibody on immunization. The ENt antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella were greater in term newborns than in their mothers, with mean ratio of 1.8:1, 1.3:1, and 1.2:1, respectively. In 21% to 25% of the children, these antibodies persisted until 12 months of age. When immunized with trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, children who had persisting ENt measles and rubella titers had significantly lower mean antibody responses than children without detectable antibodies to the two viruses. Persisting ENt mumps antibodies did not affect the postimmunization titers. Seroconversion rates to any of the three viruses were not different in children with or without preexisting ENt antibody.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1997

RT-PCR based diagnosis and molecular characterisation of mumps viruses derived from clinical specimens collected during the 1996 mumps outbreak in Portugal.

Clinical specimens collected during an outbreak of mumps were characterised by RT-PCR, nested PCR, and nucleotide sequencing. Mumps virus was positively identified in 12/21(57%) saliva, 9/21(43%), throat and 1/33(3%) urine specimens and further sequence comparison revealed that at least six strains of viruses, which differed from 0-9.43% at the nucleotide levels, were cocirculating during the epidemic. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses grouped with two previously identified lineages which were mostly composed of other European mumps virus isolates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Resurgence of mumps in Singapore caused by the Rubini mumps virus vaccine strain.

The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine containing the highly attenuated Rubini mumps virus strain conferred no protection against acute parotitis in vaccinated children in Singapore. Its introduction into the national childhood immunisation programme has resulted in a reduction in the seroprevalence of mumps to prevaccination levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Vaccinoprophylaxis of mumps using mumps vaccine, strain Sofia 6, in Bulgaria.

A mumps vaccine, using strain Sofia 6 prepared in guinea-pig kidney primary cell cultures, was gradually introduced in Bulgaria to vaccinate 1- to 12-year-old children between 1972 and 1976. It was included in the national vaccine programme in 1977. The vaccine showed a slight reactogenicity, a good immunogenicity and a high epidemiological efficacy. Due to the increased morbidity of mumps, revaccination was carried out in 4- to 12-year-old children in 1982. A high level of side-effects, mainly meningitis, was registered, and led to suspension of the mumps vaccine in Bulgaria.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new measles-mumps-rubella vaccine containing RIT 4385 mumps virus strain in healthy Turkish children.

A total of 44 children aged between 15-18 months were randomly vaccinated either with a new measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (Priorix, SmithKline Beecham) or a commercially available MMR vaccine (MMR-II, Merck) to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity. No local symptoms or fever was reported. Seroconversion rates of the study vaccine were 100, 95 and 100 percent for measles, mumps and rubella, respectively. The seroconversion rates for the control vaccine were 100, 94.7 and 95.5 percent, respectively. The geometric mean titers (GMT's) for the study and control groups were 1695, 95, 58; and 2198, 1183 and 47; respectively. In conclusion, the new MMR vaccine containing RIT 4385 mumps strain derived from the Jeryl Lynn strain was shown to be immunogenic and safe in healthy Turkish children. Further post-marketing surveillance should be conducted.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2004

Genetic diversity of mumps virus in oral fluid specimens: application to mumps epidemiological study.

Three hundred nine mumps virus (MuV) strains detected in the United Kingdom during 1995-2002 were characterized by partial sequencing of the small hydrophobic gene and were shown to belong to at least 6 different genotypes. A strain representing a new genotype was isolated from a seminal fluid specimen. Identical strains belonging to genotypes G and C were found to circulate for up to 3 years. One genotype H strain reappeared after an absence of 4 years. Distinct lineages (G1-G7) within genotype G were recognizable in the present study, and this level of characterization proved to be very useful for tracking MuV importations and subsequent transmission. We propose, here, a preliminary standardization of international nomenclature for genetic characterization of MuV strains, to facilitate future molecular epidemiological studies of mumps. Oral fluid (OF) specimens (n=1441) were used to detect both anti-MuV IgM and MuV genome, and the results indicate that OF specimens can be used successfully for diagnosis and have the potential to play a valuable role in diagnosis and surveillance of mumps.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella combination vaccine: safety and immunogenicity alone and in combination with other vaccines given to children. Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella Vaccine Study Group.

Eight hundred and twelve children, 12 months to 3.5 years of age, were enrolled in two clinical studies to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated combination vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV). Children were enrolled in one of two randomized, multicenter studies, involving administration of (1) MMRV and placebo vs. measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (M-M-R(II)) and varicella-zoster virus vaccine (VARIVAX), given at separate anatomic sites at the same office visit; or (2) MMRV, DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine) and OPV (oral polio vaccine) vs. M-M-R(II), DTaP, and OPV, with VARIVAX given 6 weeks later. All vaccine regimens were generally well tolerated. More than 95% of vaccinees seroconverted for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, regardless of the vaccine or regimen used. In each study, the level of antibody titer to varicella virus was significantly lower in vaccinees receiving MMRV than in those who received VARIVAX in a separate syringe.

Chickenpox Vaccine↗
PubMed1988

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the mumps virus gene encoding the P protein: mumps virus P gene is monocistronic.

The nucleotide sequence of the P (phosphoprotein) gene of two strains of mumps virus has been determined from overlapping cDNA clones. The P gene contained a single open reading frame coding for a protein of 391 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 41,587, in good agreement with the value (40K to 45K) estimated from electrophoretic mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. No open reading frame analogous to the C gene of other paramyxoviruses existed in the mumps virus P gene region. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the mumps virus P protein with that of Newcastle disease virus showed a limited sequence homology.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

[Mumps meningitis and mumps vaccination (author's transl)].

Mumps meningitis (MM) is the most frequent inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in children. It occurs twice as often in boys as in girls. Usually it is mild; encephalitic signs are found only in 2-3% of the cases. Even here persistent neurological signs are rare, but psychological alterations are found in about 20% of the cases. 40% of all MM cases occur in children of school age necessitating absence from school for four weeks at last. The frequency of MM makes it a financial problem too. In Viennese hospitals 4.2 million Austrian Schillings were spent yearly for hospitalization of children with MM, on average, during the years 1971-1975. The vaccination of all Viennese children born in a single year (18,000) against mumps would require an outlay of only 2.8 million Austrian Schillings. Wide-spread routine vaccination against mumps is indicated, therefore, not only for medical, but for social and economic reasons as well.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2001

Mumps virus neutralizing antibodies do not protect against reinfection with a heterologous mumps virus genotype.

In April 1999, a previously healthy 22-year-old woman was taken ill with fever and bilateral swelling of the parotid glands. A chronic course of disease extending from April to December was found with swelling of the parotid glands, fatigue, low grade fever, episodes of tachycardia and nightswetting. Mumps virus RNA of genotype A character based on the SH (small hydrophobic) protein gene classification was demonstrated in three serum samples collected during the course of clinical disease. Different criteria for reinfection were fulfilled including demonstration of IgG antibodies by ELISA in a preinfection serum sample. The preinfection serum sample of the patient was able to efficiently neutralize the infectivity of a heterologous genotype D strain but was unable to neutralize the homologous genotype A virus. The findings in the present study may offer an explanation of a mechanism behind previously observed vaccine failures and the occurrence of reinfection with heterologous mumps virus strains.

Adult↗