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PubMed1993

The UPA score and teenage pregnancy.

Teenage motherhood is often said to be the result of deficient contraceptive and abortion services. Using data from the Public Health Common Data Set (PH CDS) we demonstrate two important effects in a Regional Health Authority: higher rates of conception are related to a live birth rather than an abortion pregnancy outcome; District Health Authorities (DHAs) with high underprivileged area scores (UPA) are more likely to have high rates of conception in the teenage years than those districts with low scores.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Trends of twinning rates in ten countries, 1972-1996.

Trends of twinning rates were analyzed using vital statistics in Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, and Singapore during the period from 1972 to 1996. The twinning rates increased significantly year by year in each country. During these periods, the twinning rate increased by twenty percent in Austria and Canada, and by sixty percent in Norway and Sweden. The twinning rate was 1.6 times higher in Sweden than in Hong Kong in 1972 and by eighty percent in Israel in 1995. Twinning rates were higher in European countries, Canada, and Australia than in Asia. The variations of the twinning rates among countries were not only due to biological factors, but also to assisted reproductive techniques. In Australia, the overall twinning rate was 1.3 times higher in the nuptial births (14.1 per 1000 births) than in the ex-nuptial births (10.7) during the period 1994-1996. As for maternal age, twinning rates in Sweden increased year by year for maternal age groups except the youngest and the oldest age groups. In Sweden, the rising twinning rate has been attributed to the higher proportion of mothers (for the 25-39 year old age groups) treated with ovulation-inducing hormones and attributed to in-vitro fertilization.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Comparative study on the efficacy, acceptability, and side effects of a contraceptive pill administered by the oral and the vaginal route: an international multicenter clinical trial.

The objective of this multicenter randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy, acceptability, and occurrence of side effects associated with the oral versus vaginal route of administration of contraceptive pills. Eight hundred nineteen healthy, parous women of reproductive age were recruited at family planning clinics and research centers, members of the South to South Cooperation in Reproductive Health, in seven countries of the developing world. These women were randomly assigned to use either oral or vaginal administration of the same contraceptive pill, which contained 250 micrograms levonorgestrel and 50 micrograms ethinyl estradiol. No statistically significant differences were found in discontinuation rates between the two groups after 1 year. Involuntary pregnancy rates after 1 year were not statistically significantly different between the two groups. The vaginal route of administration appears to be as acceptable and efficacious as the oral route.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1985

The household-composition matrix as a notion in multiregional forecasting of population and households.

"The household-composition matrix has been used in the past for single-region projection of population and households; here the application is expanded to multiregional projection of population and households. Geographic regions of residence are considered as household categories, and a household-composition matrix is constructed to indicate average numbers of persons by age per household, for each of the regions considered." The method is illustrated using data for the city of Edmonton, Canada. Changes over time due to population aging and to observed patterns of household mobility are considered. "These patterns are listed as six possible household mobility types, which in turn, are viewed as constraints within which population growth takes place. With the assumption that external net-migration to the regions, as a whole, is known for a projected period, an iterative procedure is offered to estimate future population by age and region, as well as future number and average size of households by region."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1989

Intraregional income distribution and poverty: some investigations for the Netherlands, 1960-81.

"This paper is addressed to intraregional income inequalities in the Netherlands. Various concepts are used to measure the degree of regional poverty. In addition, dissimilarity between intraregional income distributions is studied. At the provincial level, relatively small and decreasing dissimilarities are observed. However, at lower spatial levels (especially within metropolitan areas) much larger dissimilarities in mean income and income distribution occur. In the Netherlands, urban poverty has become a more intense and widespread phenomenon than rural poverty."

Demography↗
PubMed1986

Parameterized multistate population dynamics and projections.

"This article reports progress on the development of a population projection process that emphasizes model selection over demographic accounting. Transparent multiregional/multistate population projections that rely on parameterized model schedules are illustrated [using data primarily from a number of developed countries, particularly Sweden], together with simple techniques that extrapolate the recent trends exhibited by the parameters of such schedules." The author notes that "the parameterized schedules condense the amount of demographic information, expressing it in a language and variables that are more readily understood by the users of the projections. In addition, they permit a concise specification of the expected temporal patterns of variation among these variables, and they allow a disaggregated focus on demographic change that otherwise would not be feasible."

Demography↗
PubMed1997

Modelling regional population growth in China.

"This paper develops a forward demographic rates-based multiregional population model on the basis of a set of multiregional population accounts. Forward emigration rates and immigration flows are adopted to describe the external migrations. The model is used to make consistent multiregional population projections of China at a provincial level.... Three sets of multiregional population projections of China at provincial level are made for the period 1987-2087. It is found that the national population trend is a combination of various regional population trends. Some regions, such as Zhejiang, will reach their population peak as early as the beginning of the next century while other regions, such as Xinjiang, will face continuous population growth in the first half of the next century."

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Multi-sectoral urban growth in space and time: an empirical approach.

"This paper compares the distribution of growth of several economic sectors in an attempt to trace and analyse their spatiotemporal sequence of decentralization. The paper applies a polynomial regression model capable of dealing with detailed spatiotemporal series. The application of the model to the urban field of Philadelphia [Pennsylvania] shows population to be the farthest spread followed by manufacturing industries. Despite, or probably because of, their extensive spread, both sectors display low levels of growth." In addition to population and manufacturing, the patterns of growth in retail and wholesale trade, services, and the provision of financial, insurance, and real estate services are examined for the period 1960-1980. (summary in FRE, GER)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regional variation in infant survival in China.

From retrospective survey reports 1985-87, the study examined the determinants of neonatal and post-neonatal survival in three provinces in China. Conditional logistic regression models were employed to estimate the effects of macro- and micro-level factors (such as socioeconomic conditions, familial relationships, as well as biosocial determinants) on the survivorship of neonatal and post-neonatal infants in China. The study yielded two findings: (1) Social changes in Chinese society had a strong positive effect on neonatal and post-neonatal survivorship; and (2) the magnitude of such social changes differed across regions which, in turn, led to the differential effects on neonatal and post-neonatal survivorship across provinces in China.

China↗
PubMed1993

Geographical variations in the prevalence of HIV infection among drug users receiving ambulatory treatment in Spain.

To identify the factors responsible for the regional differences in HIV-positive serostatus among drug users in Spain receiving outpatient treatment, the 17 autonomous regions into which Spain is divided were classified as high (mean 52%) or low prevalence groups (mean 34%) depending on the prevalence of seropositivity. In regions where the prevalence of positive serostatus was high, unemployment was more markedly associated with HIV infection than in low prevalence regions, while other potential risk factors yielded the same strength of association. Even so, adjustment for all the factors only accounted for 13% of the total difference in HIV+ prevalence between regions. The current distribution of risk factors among the two groups of autonomous regions does not explain these differences.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Geographical distribution of HIV-1 group O viruses in Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine to what extent HIV-1 group O strains are present in different African countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 14,682 samples of sera from a range of patients from 12 different African countries were tested. All the sera were tested with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a combination of V3 peptides from ANT-70 and MVP-5180. Samples reactive in ELISA were retested in a line immunoassay (LIA-O). Samples reactive in ELISA were also retested with an in-house Western blot to determine the presence of antibodies to gp120 of HIV-1 ANT-70. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on HIV-1 group O and group O indeterminate sera. RESULTS: Of all the sera samples tested, only 19 sera had antibodies to group O V3 peptides exclusively and 46 were indeterminate for group O infection in LIA-O. The highest prevalence of HIV-1 group O infection among HIV-positive sera was observed in Cameroon (2.1%) and neighbouring countries, 1.1% in Nigeria and 0.9% in Gabon. The lowest rates were seen in west Africa: 0.07% in Senegal, 0.14% in Togo, 0.16% in Chad and 0.3% in Niger. Group O sera were observed in almost all the population categories tested. The ANT-70 V3 peptide in LIA-O was reactive with all of the sera considered to be HIV-1 group O antibody positive by LIA, versus 78.9% for the MVP-5180 peptide. Thirteen out of 19 group O samples of sera were tested in PCR. Eight samples were identified as group O by specific group O pol and/or V3 primers; in the remaining five samples no HIV RNA could be detected. Of the indeterminate sera samples, two were identified as group O. CONCLUSION: In eight of the 12 countries tested, antibodies to group O viruses were identified. Numbers of HIV-1 group O viruses are low. Their presence is not restricted to Cameroon and neighbouring countries but can also be found in west and south-east Africa.

Africa↗
PubMed1989

Multiregional estimation of gross internal migration flows.

"A multiregional model of gross internal migration flows is presented in this article. The interdependence of economic factors across all regions is recognized by imposing a non-stochastic adding-up constraint that requires total inmigration to equal total outmigration in each time period. An iterated system estimation technique is used to obtain asymptotically consistent and efficient parameter estimates. The model is estimated for gross migration flows among the Canadian provinces over the period 1962-86 and then is used to examine the likelihood of a wash-out effect in net migration models. The results indicate that previous approaches that use net migration equations may not always be empirically justified."

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Restructuring federalism: the impact of Reagan policies on the family planning program.

Through fiscal cutbacks and structural changes, Reagan's federalism assaulted the ethos of public health. In assessing the effects of Reagan policies on a basic public health program, family planning services, we find a substantial decrease in spending for this program, a reduction in the numbers of patients served, and increased variation among the states in the provision of services to low-income women. These effects are comparable with findings from other studies on the impact of Reagan's federalism upon social programs and have manifold implications for public health.

Capital Financing↗