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PubMed2001

Effect of prepartum dietary protein level on performance of primigravid and multiparous Holstein dairy cows.

This study compared the effects of two levels of crude protein (CP) fed during late gestation on the performance, blood metabolites, and ovarian activity of Holstein cows. One-hundred and six cows (42 primigravid and 64 multiparous) 32 d before calving were divided into two groups and fed diets containing moderate (12.7% CP, 36% rumen undegradable protein, (RUP) or high (14.7% CP, 40% RUP) protein. Higher prepartum CP diet increased milk production during the first 120 d in milk (DIM), but most of that effect was detected for the primigravid cows. Primigravid cows fed the prepartum diet higher in protein produced 2.0 kg/d more milk and 3.1 kg/d more 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) during early lactation. Yields of milk fat and protein in early lactation were also increased by the high prepartum CP diet fed to primigravid cows. During the complete lactation, the response to prepartum dietary protein differed between primigravid and multiparous cows. Yields of milk, 3.5% FCM, and milk fat and protein were not affected by the prepartum diet for primigravid cows, but decreased for multiparous cows fed the high protein diet. However, primigravid cows fed the high prepartum protein diet had a higher 305-d mature equivalent milk yield. Colostrum composition, blood metabolites, ovarian activity, and disease incidence were not influenced by prepartum protein. Data from this study suggest that the current prepartum protein recommendation seems to be adequate for multiparous cows, but late-gestation primigravid cows might benefit from diets with a CP content above 12.7%.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Chewing activity, saliva production, and ruminal pH of primiparous and multiparous lactating dairy cows.

Four multiparous (MP) and four primiparous (PP) ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a double 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the chewing behavior, saliva production, and ruminal pH of cows in the first or subsequent lactation. Cows were fed one of four diets; three total mixed rations containing 40, 50, or 60% silage (DM basis), and a separate ingredient diet containing 50% concentrate. Dry matter intake was higher for MP cows than for PP cows (19.2 vs. 17.1 kg/d) but not as a percentage of body weight (2.97 +/- 0.06%). Multiparous cows spent more time eating than PP cows (260 vs. 213 min/d, respectively), even after adjustment for dry matter intake (13.8 vs. 12.4 min/kg DM). Multiparous cows also spent more time ruminating per day than PP cows (560 vs. 508 min/d, respectively). Eating salivation rate was not affected by parity, but resting salivation rate was higher for MP cows than for PP. Although MP cows spent more time chewing than PP cows, total daily saliva production was only numerically higher for MP cows because the increase in saliva produced during chewing was accompanied by a decrease in saliva produced during resting. Furthermore, pH profiles tended to be lower for MP cows than for PP cows. Multiparous cows may have a greater risk of incurring acidosis than PP cows because increased salivary secretion associated with increased chewing may not sufficiently compensate the increment of fermentation acids produced in the rumen due to high feed intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of Staphylococcus species during the periparturient period in primiparous and multiparous cows.

During a 14-mo period, 77 multiparous and 36 primiparous cows were sampled to determine the prevalence of staphylococci during the periparturient period. Distal streak canal swabs were taken at 14 d prepartum, and foremilk was sampled the first 5 consecutive wk of lactation. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 7.6% of quarters of primiparous cows but from only .6% of quarters of multiparous cows at parturition. Prevalence in primiparous cows declined to 3.5% by the wk-1 sampling. Quarter prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species prepartum, at parturition, and wk 1 to 5 in primiparous cows was 38.9, 27.8, 15.3, 14.6, 13.2, 15.3, and 14.6%, respectively. In multiparous cows, prevalence at these times was 50.3, 12.3, 6.2, 8.1, 10.7, 7.1, and 8.1%. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the predominant species isolated, accounting for over 50% of the staphylococci isolated at each sampling time. Results suggest that high prevalence of staphylococci isolated prepartum is a reflection of natural skin flora and that a higher postpartum prevalence of these organisms was observed in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows. These data suggest also that the peripartum heifer could be a source of Staphylococcus aureus in the lactating herd.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant in multiparous women in Benin City, Nigeria.

Lupus anticoagulant which in the past was regarded as a laboratory nuisance is now known to be associated with numerous clinical conditions including thrombosis and recurrent foetal loss, however, no work has been done to assess its prevalence in non-pregnant healthy multiparous women. Our aim therefore was to determine the prevalence of lupus anticoagulant in non-pregnant multiparous Nigerian women of childbearing age. Fifty non-pregnant multiparous women who were considered healthy following verbal interviews were studied. An eligibility criterion was used. Coagulation studies were performed on plasma samples from all the women using the Kaolin clotting time. Mixing experiments were conducted on samples with prolonged clotting time to detect the presence of the lupus anticoagulant. The Kaolin clotting time ratio of greater than or equal to 1.2 was considered positive for the lupus anticoagulant. Forty-four (88%) of the 50 women had a normal cloning time, 2(4%) had subnormal clotting time while 4(8%) of them had a prolonged Kaolin clotting time. Mixing experiments on these 4 samples revealed Kaolin clotting time ratios of over 1.2, signifying the presence of the lupus anticoagulant (i.e. 8 per cent prevalence) among the population of women studied Multiparous women with the lupus anticoagulant may not be symptomatic therefore the anticoagulant should be screened for in women with unexplained prolongation of cloning time. We recommend that these women should be followed up especially in pregnancy to forestall any of the obstetric complications that have been associated with the lupus anticoagulant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of tubal ligation on pelvic endometriosis externa in multiparous women with chronic pelvic pain.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tubal ligation is associated with decreased prevalence and less severity of pelvic endometriosis in multiparous patients with chronic pelvic pain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1995 to April 2002, 322 chronic pelvic pain patients underwent laparoscopy. Of these, 125 patients were multiparous (parity > or = 2). Their obstetric history, present contraceptive methods and laparoscopic findings were recorded perioperatively. The medical record of each patient was reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Among multiparous women with chronic pelvic pain, the prevalence of endometriosis in patients with and without tubal ligation was 45.1% (23 of 51 patients) and 59.5% (44 of 74 patients), respectively. Moderate-severe endometriosis was found in 8.7% (2 of 23 patients) and 36.4% (16 of 44 patients) among patients with and without sterilization. Tubal ligation was statistically significantly associated with severity of disease [P = 0.036, Crude OR (95% CI) = 0.17 (0.02-0.85), Adjusted OR (95% CI) = 0.21 (0.04-1.08)]. There was no statistically significant relationship between tubal ligation and prevalence of endometriosis. The small sample size of the study might account for this statistical result. CONCLUSION: Nearly half of multiparous women with chronic pelvic pain and tubal ligation had endometriosis. Tubal ligation was related to less severity of disease, with statistically significant difference.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Grand multiparity: a study of 168 cases.

The aim of this retrospective study was to consider the problem of grand multiparity in our female population to evaluate if grand multiparity represents a real risk factor for pregnancy, delivery and fetal well-being. From 1981 to 1989 the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Institute of Turin University together with St. Anna Hospital of Turin carried out a retrospective study on pregnancy course, delivery and fetal status in 168 women who had had four or more pregnancies and in 5320 multiparous women who had parity < 4. We analyzed the parity distribution in the different ages with the aid of the registry office and by consulting patient's obstetric clinical history. We evaluated the incidence of gestational complications in the multiparous group. Finally we studied the delivery modality and perinatal mortality in 72,907 births from 1981 to 1989.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The value of uterine artery Doppler in the prediction of uteroplacental complications in multiparous women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of second-trimester uterine artery Doppler in the prediction of complications resulting from uteroplacental insufficiency in low- and high-risk multiparous women. METHODS: Color flow pulsed Doppler imaging of both uterine arteries at 20 weeks' gestation was performed on 628 multiparous women; 458 of them had no known risk factors and 170 had clinically identifiable high-risk factors at booking. An abnormal result was defined as bilateral notches and a mean resistance index (RI) >/= 0.55 (50th centile) or unilateral notches and a mean RI >/= 0.65 (80th centile). The main outcome measure was adverse pregnancy outcome defined as any case of pre-eclampsia, small-for-gestational age birth weight (< 5th centile), placental abruption, stillbirth or early neonatal death. RESULTS: There was an adverse outcome in 30 women (6.6%) in the low-risk group and 48 (28.2%) women in the high-risk group. In the high-risk group the sensitivity to predict adverse pregnancy outcome in screen-positive women was 81.4% for a specificity of 89.0%, a positive predictive value of 71.4% and a negative predictive value of 93.4%. Normal Doppler studies in the high-risk group conferred a risk of adverse perinatal outcome of 6.6%, similar to the risk of adverse outcome in the low-risk population (6.6%). In the low-risk group the sensitivity for an adverse outcome in screen-positive women was 33.3% for a specificity of 92.8% and a positive predictive value of 24.4%. CONCLUSION: In high-risk multiparous women, persistent bilateral notches with mean RI >/= 0.55 and unilateral notches with mean RI >/= 0.65 at 20 weeks' gestation identifies the vast majority of women who will subsequently develop complications secondary to uteroplacental insufficiency. Normal uterine artery Doppler studies in these women confers a risk of adverse outcome similar to that of women with an uncomplicated obstetric history. In low-risk women, the screening efficacy of uterine artery Doppler for adverse perinatal outcome is poor and does not justify routine screening.

Arteries↗
PubMed1998

Immune recognition of endometrial tumor antigens induced by multiparity.

OBJECTIVE: The risk of developing endometrial cancer is reduced with increasing parity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that maternal immunization against fetal antigens might be elicited during pregnancy and, if so, to characterize antigens reactive with this immune response. METHODS: Sera were obtained from nulliparous (n = 9) and multiparous women (n = 14). Cellular proteins were isolated from normal endometrium and cultured cells from early (HEC-1A) and late (KLE and RL95-2) stage endometrial cancers. These were separated by SDS-PAGE and those proteins reactive with each individual's serum were assessed by Western immunoblot. Reactive proteins were isolated from KLE tumor cells by immunoaffinity columns. Three commonly recognized proteins were identified, separated, and processed for internal microsequencing. RESULTS: Sera from multiparous women, used as primary antibodies, recognized multiple bands on endometrial tumors, ranging from 10 to 120 kDa. Several antigens were commonly recognized by the sera of multiparous women. The three commonly recognized proteins, normally expressed by fetal tissues, were identified as cystatin A (10 kDa), epidermal fatty acid binding protein (18 kDa), and keratin 10 (54 kDa). Nulliparous women failed to recognize these antigens. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that certain antigens expressed by the fetus and/or the placenta immunize women during pregnancy. This immune response may protect these women from developing endometrial cancer and explain epidemiologic findings. Future studies will explore the utility of these reexpressed fetal antigens as possible targets for active immunotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Is grand multiparity associated with an increased risk of dysglycaemia?

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We sought to determine the risk of diabetes and IGT/IFG with grand multiparity. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women, aged > or =25 years, from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study and the Crossroads Undiagnosed Disease Study (a rural study in Victoria, Australia), participated in a household census (response 67 and 70%, respectively), subsequently attending a biomedical examination that included an oral glucose tolerance test (58% [6198] and 69% [819]). RESULTS: After adjusting for age, obesity and socio-economic status, diabetes, but not IGT/IFG, was less common among women with a parity of 1 to 2 (odds ratio [OR]=0.64 [0.48-0.84]) and 3 to 4 (OR=0.72 [0.53-0.96]) than in grand multiparous women. This relationship was unrelated to past hysterectomy, use of the oral contraceptive pill or menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Grand multiparity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes but not of IGT/IFG. We postulate that parity accelerates transition from IGT/IFG to diabetes, more than it does transition from normal glucose tolerance to IGT/IFG.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pre-eclampsia: is it a different disease in primiparous and multiparous women?

The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in clinical and laboratory parameters and differences in the complication rates between pre-eclamptic primiparous and pre-eclamptic multiparous women. A prospective case series of 112 primiparous and 186 multiparous women with pre-eclampsia was conducted at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital; a large tertiary public health service hospital in Irbid, North Jordan. A uniform medical and surgical management protocol was implemented. The main outcome measures included antenatal, intrapartum and puerperal, maternal and foetal complications. Multiple maternal and foetal demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were studied. As expected, the primiparous were younger than the multiparous women. After adjusting for maternal age, regression analysis revealed no difference in the systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the two groups. It was also demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in the clinical presentation, haematological and biochemical parameters or ultimate maternal outcome between the two groups. After adjusting for babies' sex and gestational age, it was demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in the following: gestational age at delivery, foetal weight, stillbirth, admission rate to neonatal intensive care unit, neonatal death rate within the first four weeks after birth and incidence of intrauterine growth restriction between the two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Importance of vaginocervical stimulation for the formation of maternal bonding in primiparous and multiparous parturient ewes.

The importance of vaginocervical stimulation for the formation of the maternal bond between a ewe and its lambs was investigated by studying the ability of artificial mechanical vaginocervical stimulation to induce adoption of an alien lamb after the selective bond with the ewe's own lambs had been formed. Results showed that for both multiparous and primiparous ewes, 5 min of mechanical VCS (using a hand) was effective in inducing complete acceptance of an alien lamb (6-48 h old) between 6.5 and 7.5 h postpartum in the majority of animals (8/10 multiparous, 8/9 primiparous) without interfering with the bond between the ewe and its own lambs. In a second group of multiparous animals, 6 out of 7 animals were also induced to completely accept an alien lamb between 26.5 and 27.5 h postpartum. It was found that the most critical aspect of the VCS was pressure on, and stretching the neck of, the cervix. Results show that VCS is not only important for the stimulation of maternal behavior, but also for the formation of the selective maternal bond. The ability of VCS to trigger the formation of a new maternal bond extends for at least 27.5 h post-partum.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Skeletal changes in multiparous and nulliparous mice fed a nutrient-deficient diet containing cadmium.

Female mice were given nutrient-deficient, purified diets containing either 0.25 (environmental), 5, or 50 ppm Cd; the nutrient quality of each was patterned after deficiencies known to be present in food consumed by Japanese women who contracted Itai-Itai disease. One-half of the mice were bred for six consecutive, 42-day rounds of pregnancy/lactation (PL mice); remaining females were non-pregnant, virgin controls (NP mice). PL and NP mice were sacrificed at the end of rounds 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6. PL mice taken during the first three rounds were successively pregnant; those taken in later rounds experienced gestation/lactation either four (round 5) or three (round 6) non-successive times. No consistent round-by-round decreases in diet consumption or body weight occurred among NP mice during the 252 days of cadmium exposure, however a significant decrease in femur calcium content (11-17%) was observed in virgin groups exposed to 50 vs. 0.25 ppm Cd. Similar femur decalcification (14-20%) was observed in PL mice, however calcium loss at 50 ppm Cd paralleled decreases in food consumption (24%) and body weight (9-17%). Significant but smaller decreases in the calcium/dry weight (Ca/DW) ratio were found for NP and PL groups consuming 50 ppm dietary Cd. Over the 6-round experiment, exposure to cadmium was found to effect smaller decreases in both femur Ca content and Ca/DW ratio than either consumption of nutrient-deficient diet or multiparous experience. Demineralization results for PL mice provide evidence that the combination of chronic ingestion of cadmium in a nutrient-deficient diet and multiparous activity likely played a role in the etiology of Itai-Itai disease; results for NP mice additionally suggest that decalcification may have been initiated in human females at a time prior to the multiparous and menopausal stages of life.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Effect of feeding level on progesterone concentration in early pregnant multiparous sows.

The effect of three feeding regimens on progesterone level was tested during early pregnancy in multiparous sows. A total of eighteen sows in their eighth parity (8.1 +/- 2.8, mean +/- S.D.) were used. During lactation the sows were fed to appetite and after weaning they received 4 kg (52 MJ) a commercial feed per day. Following ovulation, sows were allocated to one of three treatment groups and fed 2 kg/day (low feeding, LLL) or 4 kg/day (high feeding, HHH) throughout the trial or 2 kg/day for 11 days, 4 kg/day for 10 days, and 2 kg/day for the remaining days of the study (modified feeding, LHL). Blood for progesterone and cortisol analyses was collected daily throughout the study, and for luteinizing hormone (LH) assay for 12 h at 15 min intervals on days 14 and 21 of pregnancy. An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge test was performed on all sows day 28 of pregnancy. Dietary treatment did not significantly affect hormonal parameters. However, progesterone concentration tended to be lower (P = 0.08) in the HHH group than in the LLL group. In the LHL group venous progesterone concentration seemed to fluctuate. No effects of feeding were observed on progesterone concentration in allantoic fluid on day 35 of pregnancy. Venous cortisol level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) during proestrus and oestrus in all groups and there was no significant difference between groups in response to ACTH challenge. The mean amplitude of LH pulses decreased significantly (P < 0.01) from days 14 to 21 of pregnancy in all groups. In addition, an interaction was found between feeding level and baseline LH concentration and also between feeding level and mean LH concentration. Embryonic recovery was highest in the LLL (69%), lowest in the HHH (45%) and moderate in the LHL (55%) group. Neither high feeding nor modified feeding provided any benefits for reproductive performance in multiparous sows. A low feeding regimen thus appears optimal for multiparous sows in early pregnancy at least with the management regime described.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2004

Histochemical and stereological analysis of the levator ani (pubocaudal) muscle in nulliparous and multiparous beagles.

Fiber-type composition and several stereological parameters of the levator ani (pubocaudal) muscle were evaluated in five nulliparous and five multiparous beagles using myosin ATPase-histochemistry and systematically selected muscle cross-sections. With respect to the narrow canine pelvic cavity, this study was also undertaken to determine whether vaginal birth of at least seven litters causes similar neuromuscular changes in the canine levator ani (pubocaudal) muscle analoguous to those seen in the pelvic floor muscles of women after vaginal delivery. The canine pubocaudal muscle is comprised of approximately equal amounts of slow twitch type I and fast twitch type II (IIA, IIS) fibers. The muscles of both the nulliparous and multiparous beagles did not display any signs indicative of denervation or myopathology. The multiparous dogs exhibited significantly increased mean absolute muscle (1720 mm(3)) and total fiber-type I volumes (850 mm(3)) as well as relevantly increased mean diameter of type I fibers (72.0 microm) when compared with the nulliparous group. The canine levator ani (pubocaudal) muscle is not pathologically affected by vaginal deliveries and seems to adapt to numerous successive pregnancies and births through fiber-type I hypertrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Age-related changes in the morphology of preganglionic neurons projecting to the paracervical ganglion of nulliparous and multiparous rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate age-related changes in preganglionic neurons in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord of the female rat that may underlie impaired control of the urogenital system in old age. Preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of young adult, aged nulliparous and aged multiparous rats were identified by retrograde tracing with cholera toxin subunit-B and subsequent immunocytochemistry. Labeled preganglionic neurons were scanned, processed and analyzed using the confocal microscope. Measurements were made of soma area, number of primary dendrites, number of dendritic branch points and total dendritic length. There were significant decreases in the number of primary dendrites, number of dendritic branch points and total dendritic length of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in both nulliparous and multiparous aged rats compared to the young adult group. No significant differences were found in the dendritic morphology of aged parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. Soma area was not significantly different between age groups for sympathetic or parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. These changes in dendritic morphology may result in altered control of the lower urogenital tract in aged nulliparous and multiparous female rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Bone-mass peak in multiparity and reduced risk of bone-fractures in menopause.

OBJECTIVES: Pregnancy has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis; however, the results are controversial. Women in Colombia are multiparous, and therefore they represent an ideal population for the investigation of the effect of parity on osteoporosis. METHODS: The study included 1855 post-menopausal Hispanic women from Barranquilla, Colombia who were referred to our osteoporosis clinic for a routine evaluation of their bone mineral status. Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm(2)) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Total body, femoral and lumbar areas were scanned. RESULTS: BMD of total body, hip and legs (P<0.0001), Ward's area (P<0.002) and intertrochanteric area (P<0.003) was high in women with at least one delivery in comparison with nulliparous women. Total mineral and calcium body contents were also high in women after second delivery. A history of fractures was found in 22.9% (n=425) of the study women. The relative risk for bone-fractures was high (O.R. 0.41; P<0.000002) in nulliparous women in comparison to multiparous women. In addition, osteopenia (O.R. 2.01; P=0.008) and osteoporosis (O.R. 3.99; P=0.0004) were most often present in nulliparous women in comparison to multiparous women. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancies in this population appear to be a protective factor against development of osteoporosis. The increase in total mineral and calcium contents was related to the number of pregnancies, suggesting the existence of a bone mass peak during pregnancy.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Induction of labor with vaginal prostaglandin-E2 in grand multiparous women with one previous cesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: To review the outcome of induction of labor with vaginal prostaglandin-E2 in grand multiparous women with one previous cesarean section. METHODS: Twenty-six grand multiparous women with one previous cesarean section were induced with vaginal prostaglandin-E2. RESULTS: Twenty (76.9%) women delivered vaginally and six (23.1%) women delivered by emergency cesarean section. The mean duration of labor was 6 +/- 3.6 h. There was no uterine rupture or dehiscence. There was one neonatal death and two stillbirths. CONCLUSIONS: Our limited study suggests that induction of labor with vaginal prostaglandin-E2 in selected grand multiparous women with one previous cesarean section may be a reasonable option. However, further studies are needed to document its safety.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Reproductive endocrinology and postweaning performance in the multiparous sow. Part 1. Influence of metabolic status during lactation.

The metabolic status of the sow during lactation might influence reproductive endocrinology and the postweaning reproductive performance. With regard to the multiparous sow, previous studies addressing this topic are scarce and the results inconsistent. Blood samples were collected from 18 multiparous sows during lactation and after weaning for analysis of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, creatinine, urea progesterone, LH, and estradiol-17beta. Based on the average preweaning NEFA levels the sows were divided into a "high" and a "low" catabolism group. The NEFA values were higher in the "high" group during each of the last 3 weeks of lactation. The levels of urea, creatinine and progesterone were similar (P > 0.05) in the two groups throughout the study. Reproductive functions seemed equally inhibited during lactation in the two groups and there were no differences in postweaning reproductive performance. The results suggest that metabolic rate during lactation varies considerably between equally nourished multiparous sows but this has no influence on postweaning reproductive performance.

Animals↗