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PubMed1976

The tentative identification in Escherichia coli of a multienzyme complex with glycolytic activity.

Penicillin spheroplasts of Escherichia coli were ruptured osmotically, by freezing and thawing, or mechanically. Differential centrifugation sedimented 20-30% of the glycolytic enzymes without increasing their specific activities. There was, however, evidence of distinct groups of sedimenting enzymes; growth on different carbon sources could influence the distribution. Sucrose gradient studies gave no evidence of enzyme association but provided estimations of the molecular weight of each enzyme which were close to those subsequently observed on gel filtration. Using the determined molecular weight and a literature value for specific activity, the measured activity ratio of the enzymes was compared with that expected from an equimolar mixture. All values agreed within a factor of five, except for hexokinase. The relative roles of hexokinase and phosphotransferase in E. coli are briefly considered. An equimolar multienzyme aggregate of all the enzymes of glycolysis would have a molecular weight of about 1.6 X 10(6). Chromatography on a Biogel column yielded one fraction, corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6), which contained a proportion of all the glycolytic enzyme studied; the remaining portion of each enzyme activity was eluted from the column at the position expected from its individual molecular weight. The fraction of mol. wt 1 600 000 was tested for complete glycolysis pathway activity and found not to be different from a reconcentrated mixture of the separated enzymes. Both the eluted and the reconstructed systems showed unexpected activity changes at different protein concentrations. The specific radioactivity of pyruvate formed by these systems from [14C]glucose 6-phosphate was reduced by the presence of unlabelled 3-phosphoglycerate, but by less than would have been expected had the latter been able to participate fully in glycolytic activity. This result indicates that these preparations were capable of selectivity compartmenting glycolytic intermediates. Electron microscope investigation of both systems showed large numbers of regular 30 nm diameter particles which, on disruption, appeared to be composed of smaller units: it is possible that these particles may have been aggregates containing glycolytic enzymes. The possible advantages of a glycolytic multienzyme complex are briefly discussed.

Carbohydrate Epimerases↗
PubMed1991

Molecular interaction of the proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase). Evidence that the proteasome is not a constituent of the '26 S' multienzyme complex.

On the basis of recent reports that suggested that proteasomes, via an ATP-dependent process, become integral components of a '26 S' complex possessing 3-carboxypropionyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr 4-methylcoumarin-7-ylamide-hydrolysing activity, we have investigated the molecular interaction of proteasomes in ATP-stabilized fraction II (proteins absorbed on DEAE-matrix and eluted with 0.5 M-KCl) of rabbit reticulocytes and mouse liver. Analysis of the various extracts by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, velocity-gradient centrifugation, non-denaturing PAGE and SDS/PAGE and immunoblotting with proteasome-specific antisera failed to identify the proteasome as part of a higher-molecular-mass '26 S' multienzyme complex. In all instances proteasomes are identified in their 'free' 650 kDa '20 S' form. In addition to the proteasome and independent of the presence of MgATP, we isolated a high-molecular-mass proteinase whose electrophoretic migration behaviour and sedimentation rate correspond to that of the previously described '26 S' proteinase. This '26 S' proteinase possesses a strong 3-carboxypropionyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr 4-methylcoumarin-7-ylamide-hydrolysing activity and is composed of several non-identical polypeptides in the molecular-mass range 20-150 kDa. Despite its similarity to proteasomal enzyme activity, protein analysis and immunoblotting experiments demonstrate that neither the intact proteasome nor subunits thereof are components of the '26 S' proteinase complex.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Evidence for two lipoic acid residues per lipoate acetyltransferase chain in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.

The reaction of two maleimides, N-ethylmaleimide and bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether, with the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli in the presence of the substrate, pyruvate, was examined. In both cases, the reaction was demonstrated to be almost exclusively with the lipoate acetyltransferase component, and evidence is presented to show that the most likely sites of reaction are the lipoic acid residues covalently bound to this component. With both reagents the stoicheiometry of the reaction was measured: 2 mol of reagent reacted with each polypeptide chain of lipoate acetyltransferase, implying that each chain bears two functionally active lipolic acid residues. This observation can be reconciled with previous determinations of the lipoic acid content of the complex by allowing for the variability of the subunit polypeptide-chain ratio that can be demonstrated for this multimeric enzyme.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1978

Mechanism of action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli.

The extent of cooperativity among the polypeptide chain components in the overall reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli has been studied. Selective inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component with thiamin thiazolone pyrophosphate demonstrates that no cooperativity between this component and the overall catalytic reaction occurs: the amount of overall complex activity is directly proportional to the fraction of active pyruvate dehydrogenase component. The transacetylase component has two lipoic acid residues on each of its polypeptide chains that can be modified by N-[(3)H]ethylmaleimide in the presence of pyruvate and thiamin pyrophosphate. The kinetics of the loss of overall complex activity due to modification of the lipoyl residues on the transacetylase component by maleimide reagents shows that not all lipoic acids are coupled into the overall catalytic reaction and that acyl-group and electron pair transfer involving two or more lipoic acids per catalytic cycle must occur. Finally, full complex activity is found when only half the normal flavin content is present. The results indicate that extensive communication among lipoic acids in acyl-group and electron pair transfer must exist in the normal catalytic mechanism. These results are consistent with the average distances between catalytic sites measured by energy transfer experiments.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1990

The tryptophan synthase multienzyme complex: exploring structure-function relationships with X-ray crystallography and mutagenesis.

The bifunctional tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex that catalyzes the final two reactions in tryptophan biosynthesis is a classic example of a multienzyme complex that "channels" a metabolic intermediate (indole) between two active sites. The three-dimensional structure of the alpha 2 beta 2 complex from Salmonella typhimurium reveals that the four polypeptide subunits are arranged in an extended alpha beta beta alpha order forming a complex 150 A long. The active sites of the neighboring alpha and beta subunits are separated by about 30 A and appear to be connected by a tunnel, which may facilitate the intramolecular transfer of indole. The active site of the alpha subunit, which is centrally located near one end of an eight-fold alpha/beta barrel structure, contains the sites of most of the missense mutations which were identified as key residues by Yanofsky and colleagues in early genetic studies. Site-directed mutagenesis is being used to replace residues found in the active sites of the alpha and beta subunits in order to probe the mechanism of catalysis. Recombinant DNA technology should also be useful in analyzing protein-protein interaction, protein folding and the channeling phenomenon.

Crystallography↗
PubMed1991

Two lipoyl domains in the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase chain of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Streptococcus faecalis.

A fragment of DNA incorporating the gene, pdhC, that encodes the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) chain of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Streptococcus faecalis was cloned and a DNA sequence of 2360 bp was determined. The pdhC gene (1620 bp) corresponds to an E2 chain of 539 amino acid residues, Mr 56,466, comprising two lipoyl domains, a peripheral subunit-binding domain and an acetyltransferase domain, linked together by regions of polypeptide chain rich in alanine, proline and charged amino acids. The S. faecalis E2 chain differs in the number of its lipoyl domains from the E2 chains of all bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes hitherto described.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1990

Further evidence for direct interaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex with citric acid cycle based on nonlinearity of hill plots in presence of C2 and C4 substrate analogues.

1. Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDC) is measured with two different optical assays: (i) formation of p-nitro-acetanilid with arylamine-acetyltransferase and (ii) NAD reduction. 2. It is found that in contrast to the NAD assay system (ii) the coupled system (i) exhibits cooperativity with a Hill coefficient n = 3 over the whole range of substrate concentration. 3. The cooperative behaviour can be modified by presence of dichloroacetate (n = 2) and acetoin (n = 1----3). From additional measurements of PDC activity with toluene permeabilized mitochondria of fed and starved rats it is concluded that PDC activity in vivo is modified by changes in enzyme enzyme aggregation and interaction beside the known phosphorylation dephosphorylation mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Slow-binding inhibition of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex by acetylphosphinate.

The pyruvate analogue acetylphosphinate (CH3-CO-PO2H2) inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1) of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex in a time-dependent process with biphasic reaction kinetics. The formation of an initial, rapidly reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex (EI) with an apparent Ki of 0.12 +/- 0.025 microM is followed by the conversion to a tighter complex (EI) at a maximal rate of k3 = 0.87 +/- 0.34 min-1. The inhibition is reversible (dissociation rate constant k4 = 0.038 +/- 0.002 min-1), requires the presence of the cofactors thiamin pyrophosphate and Mg2+, and is competitive with regard to pyruvate. The microscopic rate constants give a value of 5 nM for the overall dissociation constant [Ki = [E] [I]/[( EI] + [EI]) = Kik4/(k3 + k4)] compared with values of 10 and 3.5 nM obtained by steady-state methods. Thus acetylphosphinate binds by 5 orders of magnitude more tightly to pyruvate dehydrogenase than does pyruvate (Km = 0.35 mM). Acetylphosphinate also affects the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex fluorescence when excited at 290 nm in a time-dependent manner with a maximal rate constant of 0.99 min-1, suggesting a conformational change in the enzyme complex as the slow step in conversion of EI to EI (k3). All these features taken together suggest that the interaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase with acetylphosphinate involves the formation of a thiamin pyrophosphate-acetylphosphinate adduct that resembles the normal reaction intermediate, 2-(1-carboxy-1-hydroxyethyl)thiamin pyrophosphate (alpha-lactylthiamin pyrophosphate).

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1992

Sequences directing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) binding are located on the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1) component of the mammalian 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.

Sequences located in the N-terminal region of the high M(r) 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1) enzyme of the mammalian 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (OGDC) exhibit significant similarity with corresponding sequences from the lipoyl domains of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and protein X components of eukaryotic pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDCs). Two additional features of this region of E1 resemble lipoyl domains: (i) it is readily released by trypsin, generating a small N-terminal peptide with an apparent M(r) value of 10,000 and a large stable 100,000 M(r) fragment (E1') and (ii) it is highly immunogenic, inducing the bulk of the antibody response to intact E1. This 'lipoyl-like' domain lacks a functional lipoamide group. Selective but extensive degradation of E1 with proteinase Arg C or specific conversion of E1 to E1' with trypsin both cause loss of overall OGDC function although the E1' fragment retains full catalytic activity. Removal of this small N-terminal peptide promotes the dissociation of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) from the E2 core assembly and also affects the stability of E1 interaction. Thus, structural roles which are mediated by a specific gene product, protein X in PDC and possibly also the E2 subunit, are performed by similar structural elements located on the E1 enzyme of the OGDC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Interaction of avidin with the lipoyl domains in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex: three-dimensional location and similarity to biotinyl domains in carboxylases.

Avidin can form intermolecular cross-links between particles of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from various sources. Avidin does this by binding to lipoic acid-containing regions of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase polypeptide chains that comprise the structural core of the complex. It is inferred that the lipoyl domains of the acetyltransferase chain extend outwards from the interior of the enzyme particle, interdigitating between the subunits of the other two enzymes bound peripherally in the assembled structure, with the lipoyl-lysine residues capable of reaching to within at least 1-2 nm of the outer surface of the enzyme complex (diameter ca. 37 nm). The distribution of enzymic activities between different domains of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase chain implies that considerable movement of the lipoyl domains is a feature of the catalytic activity of the enzyme complex. There is evidence that the lipoyl domain of the 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes is similar in structure to a domain that binds the cofactor biotin, also in amide linkage with a specific lysine residue, in the biotin-dependent class of carboxylases.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1990

Interactions of lipoyl domains with the E1p subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli.

Equilibrium binding experiments were carried out with lipoyl domains and the pyruvate decarboxylase [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide), E1p, EC 1.2.4.1)] component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. The dissociation constant (Ks) was estimated to be not less than 0.3 mM, exceeding the Km value (33 microM) for reductive acetylation of the domains by an order of magnitude. Thus, the lipoyl domain, which is required to promote reductive acetylation of the lipoyl group, does not appear to do this simply by enhancing the binding to E1p. The difference between Ks and Km suggests that the formation and release of reductively acetylated lipoyl domains from the enzyme may be a relatively rapid step in the mechanism.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1990

Cloning and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the alpha and beta subunits of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus.

A 4175-bp EcoRI fragment of DNA that encodes the alpha and beta chains of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) component (E1) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus has been cloned in Escherichia coli. Its nucleotide sequence was determined. Open reading frames (pdhA, pdhB) corresponding to the E1 alpha subunit (368 amino acids, Mr 41,312, without the initiating methionine residue) and E1 beta subunit (324 amino acids, Mr 35,306, without the initiating methionine residue) were identified and confirmed with the aid of amino acid sequences determined directly from the purified polypeptide chains. The E1 beta gene begins just 3 bp downstream from the E1 alpha stop codon. It is followed, after a longer gap of 73 bp, by the start of another but incomplete open reading frame that, on the basis of its known amino acid sequence, encodes the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) component of the complex. All three genes are preceded by potential ribosome-binding sites and the gene cluster is located immediately downstream from a region of DNA showing numerous possible promoter sequences. The E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of the B. stearothermophilus pyruvate dehydrogenase complex exhibit substantial sequence similarity with the E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of pyruvate and branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes from mammalian mitochondria and Pseudomonas putida. In particular, the E1 alpha chain contains the highly conserved sequence motif that has been found in all enzymes utilizing thiamin diphosphate as cofactor.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1992

Three-dimensional solution structure of the E3-binding domain of the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase core from the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.

The three-dimensional solution structure of a 51-residue synthetic peptide comprising the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3)-binding domain of the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) core of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hybrid distance geometry-dynamical simulated annealing calculations. The structure is based on 630 approximate interproton distance and 101 torsion angle (phi, psi, chi 1) restraints. A total of 56 simulated annealing structures were calculated, and the atomic rms distribution about the mean coordinate positions for residues 12-48 of the synthetic peptide is 1.24 A for the backbone atoms, 1.68 A for all atoms, and 1.33 A for all atoms excluding the six side chains which are disordered at chi 1 and the seven which are disordered at chi 2; when the irregular partially disordered loop from residues 31 to 39 is excluded, the rms distribution drops to 0.77 A for the backbone atoms, 1.55 A for all atoms, and 0.89 A for ordered side chains. Although proton resonance assignments for the N-terminal 11 residues and the C-terminal 3 residues were obtained, these two segments of the polypeptide are disordered in solution as evidenced by the absence of nonsequential nuclear Overhauser effects. The solution structure of the E3-binding domain consists of two parallel helices (residues 14-23 and 40-48), a short extended strand (24-26), a five-residue helical-like turn, and an irregular (and more disordered) loop (residues 31-39). This report presents the first structure of an E3-binding domain from a 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1992

Overproduction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli and site-directed substitutions in the E1p and E2p subunits.

The aceEF-lpd operon of Escherichia coli encodes the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1p), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2p) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDH complex). An isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible expression system was developed for amplifying fully lipoylated wild-type and mutant PDH complexes to over 30% of soluble protein. The extent of lipoylation was related to the degree of aeration during amplification. The specific activities of the isolated PDH complexes and the E1p component were 50-75% of the values normally observed for the unamplified complex. This could be due to altered stoichiometries of the overproduced complexes (higher E3 and lower E1p contents) or inactivation of E1p. The chaperonin, GroEL, was identified as a contaminant which copurifies with the complex. Site-directed substitutions of an invariant glycine residue (G231A, G231S and G231M) in the putative thiamine pyrophosphate-binding fold of the E1p component had no effect on the production of high-molecular-mass PDH complexes but their E1p and PDH complex activities were very low or undetectable, indicating that G231 is essential for the structural or catalytic integrity of E1p. A minor correction to the nucleotide sequence, which leads to the insertion of an isoleucine residue immediately after residue 273, was made. Substitution of the conserved histidine and arginine residues (H602 and R603) in the putative active-site motif of the E2p subunit confirmed that H602 of the E. coli E2p is essential, whereas R603 could be replaced without inactivating E2p. Deletions affecting putative secondary structural elements at the boundary of the E2p catalytic domain inhibited catalytic activity without affecting the assembly of the E2p core or its ability to bind E1p, indicating that the latter functions are determined elsewhere in the domain. The results further consolidate the view that chloramphenicol acetyltransferase serves as a useful structural and functional model for the catalytic domain of the lipoate acyltransferases.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1992

Conformational studies of the interdomain linker peptides in the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.

Two peptides (PEP1, 26 residues, and PEP2, 22 residues) were synthesized with amino acid sequences identical to two of the long segments of polypeptide chain rich in alanine, proline, and charged amino acids that link the lipoyl domains together in the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. The circular dichroism and 400-MHz 1H NMR spectra of the peptides indicated that they lacked regular secondary structure. Even in the presence of 45% (v/v) hexafluoroisopropanol, they appeared to acquire a helical content of only 23-25%. However, 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that the Ala-Pro peptide bonds were all (> 95%) in the trans configuration, compared with a value of 87% for the Ala-Pro bond in the model peptide AAPA, which is a recurrent sequence motif in PEP1 and PEP2. Likewise in peptides representing the N- and C-terminal halves of peptide PEP2, the Ala-Pro bonds were again all (> 95%)-trans, suggesting that peptide length is the essential determinant of the cis:trans ratio. Antisera were raised against peptides PEP2 and PEP3, the latter representing a third interdomain segment of polypeptide chain (Radford, S. E., Laue, E. D., Perham, R. N., Martin, S. R., and Appella, E. (1989a) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 767-775). Despite extensive sequence similarity among peptides PEP1, PEP2, and PEP3, only limited immunological cross-reactivity was observed, which suggests that the antigenic epitope(s) in the peptides are different and distinct. It is likely that these peptides are representative of a class of inter-domain linkers or spacers found in a wide variety of proteins and endowed with varying degrees of flexibility and stiffness to match their particular biological purpose.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1989

Conformational flexibility and folding of synthetic peptides representing an interdomain segment of polypeptide chain in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.

Synthetic peptides (32 residues in length) were synthesized with amino acid sequences identical to, or related to, the long (alanine + proline)-rich region of polypeptide chain that links the innermost lipoyl domain to the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding domain in the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. The 400-MHz 1H NMR spectra of the peptide (Mr approximately 2800) closely resembled the sharp resonances in the spectrum of the intact complex (Mr approximately 5 x 10(6], and the apparent pKa (6.4) of the side chain of a histidine residue in one of the peptides was found to be identical to that previously observed for a histidine residue inserted by site-directed mutagenesis into the corresponding position in the same (alanine + proline)-rich region of a genetically reconstructed enzyme complex. These results strongly support the view that the three long (alanine + proline)-rich regions of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase chains are exposed to solvent and enjoy substantial conformational flexibility in the enzyme complex. More detailed analysis of the peptides by circular dichroism and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that they were disordered in structure but were not random coils. In particular, all the Ala-Pro peptide bonds were greater than 95% in the trans configuration, consistent with a stiffening of the peptide structure. Differences in the sequences of the three long (alanine + proline)-rich segments may reflect structural tuning of these segments to optimize lipoyl domain movement in enzyme catalysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Investigation of the mechanism of active site coupling in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli by protein engineering.

Site-directed mutagenesis of the aceF gene of Escherichia coli was used to generate a nested set of deletions in the long (alanine + proline)-rich sequence that separates the lipoyl domain from the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding domain in the "one-lipoyl domain" dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase polypeptide chains of a pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. The deletions reduced the number of residues in this sequence successively from 32 to 20, 13, 7 and just 1 residue. In all instances, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes were still assembled in vivo around cores containing the deleted chains, and those with the two shortest deletions were essentially fully active. However, the two most severe deletions caused falls of 50% or more in specific catalytic activity. Similarly, although shortening the interdomain sequence to 20 residues left the system of active-site coupling unimpaired, cutting it to 13 residues or less caused substantial falls in the reductive acetylation of the lipoyl domains and corresponding losses of active-site coupling. The changes in specific catalytic activity and active-site coupling that accompanied the shortening of the (alanine + proline)-rich segment were reflected in the poorer growth rates of the relevant strains of E. coli on stringent substrates. All these results are consistent with this (alanine + proline)-rich sequence acting as a linker region that facilitates the movements of the lipoyl domains required for full catalytic activity and active-site coupling in the complex. The other two such sequences that separate the additional lipoyl domains in the N-terminal half of the wild-type "three-lipoyl domain" dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase chain are presumed to function similarly. This role is consistent with the conformational flexibility assigned to these segments from previous studies based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and protein engineering.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1978

Properties of the thioesterase component obtained by limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex.

The fatty acid synthetase from lactating rat mammary gland is shown to consist of two polyfunctional polypeptides of similar molecular weight (about 220,000); a 4'-phosphopantetheine residue is covalently bound to one, or both subunits. Limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase releases on enzymatically active thioesterase component which has been purified and its properties studied. The thioesterase sediments in the ultracentrifuge as a single component of molecular weight 32,000; its sedimentation coefficient is 2.9 x 10-(13) s its diffusion coefficient 5.0 x 10-(7) cm2 s-(1). The thioesterase also elutes from a column of Sephadex G-75 as a single, symmetrical peak of constant specific activity. However, electrophoresis of the denatured thioesterase in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate reveals that the enzyme has been partially nicked during isolation. The kinetic data of the enzyme reaction were studied using palmityl-CoA as a model substrate. Solvent pH was found to affect both Vmax and Km (Km = 0.5 micron at pH 6.6, 2.5 micron at pH 8.0) wereas solvent ionic strength affected Vmax but no Km. The thioesterases from the fatty acid synthetases of rat liver and lactating mammary gland have identical physical properties, identical amino acid compositions, and are immunologically indistinguishable. Both thioesterases hydrolyze long chain, in preference to short chain, thioesters of CoA, an observation consistent with their role in regulation of the chain-terminating step in fatty acid synthesis by the parent multienzyme complexes.

Amino Acids↗