The mass spectrometric behavior of some adrenal cortical steroids and their lactonic derivatives.
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
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Results for “Mass Behavior”
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Administration of ticarcillin, a new antipseudomonal antibiotic, in patients undergoing dialysis.
Ticarcillin was administered to three groups of patients in chronic renal failure; three were undergoing chronic hemodialysis, two were undergoing peritoneal dialysis, and three received the drug after hemodialysis. The serum half-lives were measured. A dosage regime for patients undergoing dialysis is suggested.
Carboxylic Acids↗
[Physicians and behavior of mass media--spying or attacking by the media?].
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Communication↗
Behavior of the mass transfer zone in a biosorption column.
Modeling of the mass transfer zone behavior under variable conditions in a flow-through fixed-bed sorption column enabled the prediction of breakthrough curves for Cu2+ and Ca-preloaded Sargassum fluitans biomass. The mass transfer resistance, particle diffusion, and the axial dispersion were incorporated in the model. The dynamics of the mass transfer zone was described under variable sorption column operating conditions including different column lengths and fluid flow rates. Accurate estimation of the behavior of the mass transfer zone as it progressed through the column, reflected eventually in the breakthrough curve, assisted in its relevant interpretations. Furthermore, the proposed mathematical model of the biosorption process was capable of demonstrating the expanding and broadening of the mass transfer zone linked to the equilibrium sorption isotherm. The fundamental understanding of the mass transfer zone dynamics is particularly important for process scale-up where maintaining the process efficiency is critical.
Adsorption↗
A randomized, crossover trial of high-carbohydrate foods in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease: associations among intervention response, body mass index, and behavioral and cognitive function.
BACKGROUND: Despite recognition that weight loss is a problem in elderly persons with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing their food intake remains a challenge. To effectively enhance intake, interventions must work with individuals' changing needs and intake patterns. Previously, the authors reported greater food consumption at breakfast, a high-carbohydrate meal, compared with dinner, and shifts toward carbohydrate preference at dinner in those with increased behavioral difficulties, low body mass index, or both. METHODS: Thirty-four nursing home residents with probable AD who ate independently participated in a randomized, crossover, nonblinded study of two nutrition interventions. The intervention described here included replacing 12 nonconsecutive "traditional" dinners with meals high in carbohydrate but comparable to traditional dinners in protein. Measures included weighed food intake, body weight, cognitive function (as assessed using the Severe Impairment Battery and Global Deterioration Scale), behavioral disturbances (as assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version), and behavioral function (as assessed using the London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale). RESULTS: Group mean dinner and 24-hour energy intake increased during the intervention phase compared with baseline, protein intake was unaffected, and carbohydrate intake increased. Increased dinner intake, attributable to intervention foods, was achieved in 20 of 32 of participants who completed the study and was associated with increased carbohydrate preference, poorer memory, and increased aberrant motor behavior. Those with low body mass indices were the most resistant to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Providing a high-carbohydrate meal for dinner increases food intake in seniors at later stages of the disease who are experiencing cognitive and behavioral difficulties, possibly as a result of a shift in preference for high-carbohydrate foods.
Aged↗
Couch potatoes or french fries: are sedentary behaviors associated with body mass index, physical activity, and dietary behaviors among adolescents?
OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic characteristics of adolescent boys and girls who engage in three sedentary behaviors (television/video use, computer use, and reading/homework), and to explore how each sedentary activity is associated with body mass index (BMI), dietary behaviors, and leisure time physical activity. DESIGN: This study draws on data collected from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), a school-based survey examining personal, behavioral, and socioenvironmental factors that are associated with nutritional intake among adolescents. SUBJECTS: The study sample consists of 4746 middle and high school students from 31 public schools in a metropolitan area of the upper Midwest. All students were invited to participate. The overall response rate for Project EAT was 81.5%. Data collection was completed during the 1998-1999 school year. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Multivariate linear regression was used for examining associations between independent and dependent variables, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. All differences were considered statistically significant at P<.05. RESULTS: Among boys, television/video use and time spent reading/doing homework were positively associated with BMI (P<.05), whereas for girls television/video and computer use were positively associated with BMI (P<.05). High television/video use among boys and girls was associated with more unhealthful dietary behaviors (eg, increased consumption of soft drinks, fried foods, and snacks) (P<.05). In contrast, time spent reading/doing homework was associated with more healthful dietary behaviors (eg, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables) (P<.05). Leisure time physical activity was not associated with television/video use among boys or girls, but was positively associated with computer use and time spent reading/doing homework (P<.05). Applications/Conclusions Messages and advice aimed at reducing time spent in sedentary activities should be targeted at television/video use instead of time spent reading, doing homework, or using a computer. Nutrition education should incorporate messages about the influence of the media and advertising on dietary behaviors.
Adolescent↗
Impact of denaturation with urea on recombinant apolipoprotein A-IMilano ion-exchange adsorption: equilibrium uptake behavior and protein mass transfer kinetics.
We have studied the equilibrium uptake behavior and mass transfer rate of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(Milano) (apo A-I(M)) on Q Sepharose HP under non-denaturing, partially denaturing, and fully denaturing conditions. The protein of interest in this study is composed of amphipathic alpha helices that serve to solubilize and transport lipids. The dual nature of this molecule leads to the formation of micellar-like structures and self association in solution. Under non-denaturing conditions equilibrium uptake is 134 mg/mL media and the isotherm is essentially rectangular. When fully denatured with 6 M urea, the equilibrium binding capacity decreases to 25 mg/mL media and the isotherm becomes less favorable. The decrease in both binding affinity and media capacity when the protein is completely denatured with 6 M urea can be explained by the loss of all alpha helical structure. The rate of apo A-I(M) mass transfer on Q Sepharose HP was characterized using a macropore diffusion model. Results of modeling studies indicate that effective pore diffusivity increases from 4.5 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the absence of urea to 6.0 x 10(-8) cm2/s when apo A-I(M) is fully denatured with 6 M urea. Based on light-scattering data reported for apo A-I, protein self association appears to be the dominant cause of slow protein mass transfer observed under non-denaturing conditions.
Adsorption↗
MR evaluation of clinically suspected adnexal masses.
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and accuracy of pelvic MRI in the prospective evaluation of women with a clinically suspected pelvic mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred three patients with clinically suspected pelvic masses were prospectively evaluated by pelvic MRI. Masses were analyzed for size, location, morphological characteristics, and signal behavior. Masses were classified as benign, malignant, or indeterminate and in every case an attempt was made to generate a specific diagnosis according to previously reported characteristic MR appearances. Surgical follow-up was obtained within 3 months of MRI examination for all patients, excepting 11 patients with typically appearing leiomyomas. RESULTS: One hundred twenty pelvic masses were confirmed. Magnetic resonance was 100% sensitive and 99% specific in prospectively diagnosing dermoids, 96% sensitive and 100% specific in diagnosing subserosal leiomyomas, and 92% sensitive and 91% specific in diagnosing endometriomas. CONCLUSION: When physical examination or ultrasound examination is inconclusive, pelvic MRI can aid in the evaluation of women with a suspected pelvic mass. By identifying these common benign gynecologic conditions, unnecessary surgery can be avoided.
Adnexal Diseases↗
Short pulse laser mass spectrometry of nitrotoluenes: ionization and fragmentation behavior.
The mass spectra of all isomers of mononitrotoluene, four isomers of dinitrotoluene and of 2,4,6,-trinitrotoluene, obtained by multiphoton ionization utilizing ultrashort laser pulses with center wavelengths of either 206 nm or 412 nm, are presented and discussed. Under these ionization conditions all nitrotoluenes exhibit a high degree of fragmentation which increases with the degree of substitution. For the compounds having a nitro group in position 2 and/or 6 a pronounced ortho effect leading to the loss of OH is observed. The fragmentation patterns in the lower mass range are typical for alkylated aromatic substances. While no fundamental differences between the mass spectra obtained with the two wavelengths were observed, the visible light in all cases resulted in a broader variety of fragments and additional signals in the higher mass range. The latter can be used for isomer identification.
Journal Article↗
Early detection of hearing loss in infants by auditory nerve and brain stem responses.
Auditory-nerve and brain-stem-evoked responses (ABR) have been used alongside standard behavioral hearing tests for the early detection of hearing loss in infants and young children. Two comparisons are presented. The first concerns a group of 65 hearing-impaired children for whom we now have complete pure-tone and speech audiograms. There is a good correlation between the two types of hearing tests in 61 children; the lack of correlation in 4 children is discussed. The second comparison was conducted on neonates. Because ABR testing provides information which is far more accurate than behavioral testing, it is recommended for use in high-risk neonates, especially when mass behavioral screening is not feasible.
Audiometry↗
Rats eating and hoarding as a function of body weight and cost of foraging.
Rats were trained to forage 2 h daily in a zigzag alley at -15 degrees C. On experimental days food was placed in large amounts at a 1-, 4-, or 16-m distance from a warm shelter. The mass of food ingested and hoarded in the shelter by the rats was then recorded. The rats' body weights were depressed progressively by spacing the sessions with access to food, and then the animals were allowed to recover their initial body weight. The results showed that 2-h food intake was constant and did not vary as a function of body weight loss or the distance to reach the food (cost). On the other hand, the mass of food hoarded was a linear increasing function of body weight loss below the hypothetical set point for body weight and a decreasing linear function of the distance to the food. The linear regression of the mass of food hoarded on body weight with a negative slope (b) adequately depicted the rat's hoarding behavior: mass hoarded = a + b (body wt). The slope of this function decreased with increasing cost of food procurement. It is concluded that 1) the main response of the rat to starvation is food hoarding rather than ingestion and 2) the estimation of the body weight set point from hoarding is not affected by the costs of food procurement.
Animals↗
Upper body and centralized adiposity in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites: relationship to body mass index and other behavioral and demographic variables.
Mexican Americans have a higher prevalence of NIDDM, more overall obesity and more centralized adiposity than non-Hispanic whites, but have thus far not been characterized as to whether they have greater upper body adiposity. Waist-to-hip circumferences (WHR, a measure of upper body adiposity) and subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratios (centrality index, a measure of centralized adiposity) were determined in 725 Mexican Americans and 226 non-Hispanic whites as part of the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Mexican American females had higher centrality indices and WHRs than non-Hispanic white females, even after adjustment for demographic (age, menopausal status) and behavioral variables (body mass index, parity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and oral contraceptive and estrogen use). Mexican American males had higher centrality indices than non-Hispanic white males, but differences in WHR disappeared after adjustment for overall adiposity (body mass index). Of the demographic and behavioral variables, only age and body mass index were consistently related to regional body fat distribution. The lack of an association between body fat distribution and behavioral variables suggests that genetic factors may play the principal role in determining body fat distribution. Surprisingly, the distributions of centrality index and WHR were relatively independent of one another suggesting that they may be used as distinct, independent predictors of metabolic diseases.
Adipose Tissue↗
Psychosocial factors at work, smoking, sedentary behavior, and body mass index: a prevalence study among 6995 white collar workers.
This cross-sectional study examined whether psychosocial factors at work were associated with smoking, sedentary behavior, and body mass index. The study population was composed of 3531 men and 3464 women employed as white collar workers in 21 organizations. Data were collected at worksites. Psychological demands and decision latitude at work were measured with the Karasek 18-item questionnaire. Smoking, sedentary behavior, and mean body mass index were compared by quartiles of decision latitude and psychological demands and by job strain categories. Prevalence of smoking, mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, prevalence of sedentary behavior, and mean body mass index were not consistently associated with decision latitude, psychological demands, or high job strain. However, prevalence of smoking was elevated in women belonging to the highest quartile of psychological demands (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 1.6) and in the active job strain groups in both men (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.1) and women (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.0). Prevalence of sedentary behavior was elevated in men in the lowest quartile of decision latitude (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.7), in the passive group (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.5), and in the high strain group (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.6). In women, this prevalence was elevated in the third quartile of psychological demand (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6). These results provide only partial support for an association between some psychosocial factors at work and the prevalence of smoking and sedentary behavior.
Adolescent↗
Measuring neutron-star radii with gravitational-wave detectors.
Coalescing binary neutron stars (NS) are expected to be an important source of gravitational waves (GW) detectable by laser interferometers. We present here a simple method for determining the compactness ratio M/R of NS based on the observed deviation of the GW energy spectrum from point-mass behavior at the end of inspiral. Our method is based on the properties of quasiequilibrium binary NS sequences and does not require the computation of the full GW signal h(t). Combined with the measurement of the NS masses during inspiral, the determination of M/R will allow very strong constraints to be placed on the equation of state of dense nuclear matter.
Journal Article↗
The relation of communication to risk judgment and preventive behavior related to lead in tap water.
More and more communities are becoming concerned about health risks posed by lead and other health hazards in their drinking water. Our study, applying the model of innovation diffusion to the adoption of preventive health behaviors, found that reliance on health professionals for information about lead in tap water was associated with residents perceiving risk from this hazard, their sense of efficacy in dealing with it, and their adoption of preventive behaviors. Mass media and pamphlets mailed directly to residents were relatively ineffective. Results suggest that interpersonal channels may be the best way to reach individuals who live in areas of highest risk from tap water lead.
Communication↗
Characterization of the catalase of the n-alkane-utilizing yeast Candida tropicalis functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Candida tropicalis catalase (CTC) genomic DNA was recombined on a plasmid with the galactose-inducible GAL7 promoter and expressed highly as a heme protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as host. The percentage of recombinant CTC (rCTC) in total extractable protein amounted to at least 25%. The rCTC was purified and characterized in terms of subunit mass, behavior in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, absorption spectrum, amino-terminal amino acid sequence, peptide map, specific activity, and Michaelis constant (Km) value for hydrogen peroxide. These properties were similar or identical to those of the purified enzyme from C. tropicalis (CTC). From these results, this system appears suitable for high expression of functional catalase protein having heme.
Base Sequence↗
The plague in India, 1994.
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Disease Outbreaks↗
Access to hospitals in the wake of terrorism: challenges and needs for maintaining public confidence.
The problem of surge capacity in the wake of a terror-related emergency has lead to a number of interesting proposals designed to mitigate the effects of crowds as well as deficiencies in patient care capacities. The most controversial of these is a proposal to close hospital doors in the wake of a mass casualty terror event. However, several specific challenges posed by mass casualty events make closing hospitals doors undesirable. These include the need for efficient movement of resources, maintenance of social order, and providing the moral reassurance needed by the general public in times of crisis. Importantly, these challenges are related to features of terrorist events that distinguish such events from circumstances of "normal" surge that might result in, for example, closure of emergency rooms.
Attitude to Health↗