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PubMed1989

Reading comprehension of deaf adolescent residential school students and its relationship to hearing mothers' communication strategies and skills.

A nationwide study was conducted to examine the relationship between prelingually deaf adolescents' reading comprehension scores and their hearing mothers' communication strategies and skills. Subjects included 201 students from six randomly selected residential schools for the deaf. Correlation coefficients, stepwise multiple regression analyses and analysis of covariance showed that for this group of subjects, method of communication used by mothers had no significant relationship with their deaf children's reading comprehension scores. No significant relationship was found between reading comprehension of the children of mothers who used manual communication and the age of the child when the mother began to sign. A potential relationship was found, however, between reading comprehension scores and signing skill levels of mothers who used manual communication.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

The prevalence of stuttering in the hearing-impaired school age population.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of stuttering in the current hearing-impaired school age population. Backus (1938) and Harms and Malone (1939) found a low incidence of stuttering in the hearing-impaired population in surveys conducted almost 50 years ago. Those surveys asked for information only on speech disfluency and did not collect information on disfluency in manual communication. The present survey was sent to 150 regional, private, and state schools for the hearing impaired. Seventy-seven schools responded, representing a total of 9,930 students enrolled. Twelve hearing-impaired students were reported who stutter: 3 were reported to stutter in the oral mode only, 6 in manual communication only, and 3 in both modes. The results indicate that the prevalence of stuttering in the hearing-impaired population is 0.12% and that perceived manual disfluency is more prevalent than oral disfluency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Use of aided language stimulation to improve syntactic performance during a weeklong intervention program.

This pilot study assessed the performance of nine children, aged 4;8-14;5, who used augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems before and after a weeklong aided language stimulation intervention program. Pre/post test data were analyzed to evaluate the participants' syntactic complexity when using (a) a manual communication board and (b) a dynamic display speech generating device (DD-SGD). Results indicate that most participants improved their syntactic performance and that these gains were more pronounced when the participants used a manual communication board as compared with a DD-SGD. There was considerable individual variation in performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Planning an initial expressive sign lexicon for persons with severe communication impairment.

Selecting an initial sign lexicon for an individual requires far more than simply making a list of useful words or translating a spoken lexicon into signs through use of a sign dictionary. It requires knowledge of child language acquisition, knowledge of manual signs and linguistic constraints on their use, and knowledge of the needs and desires of the individual for whom the lexicon is intended. Suggestions of writers such as Holland (1975) and Lahey and Bloom (1977) are studied in terms of their appropriateness for visual-manual communication and are applied to approximately 50 signs most frequently taught to retarded and autistic persons (Fristoe and Lloyd, 1979a) to aid in lexicon planning. Additional signs are proposed for extending this basic list. The resulting sample lexicon is evaluated against the suggestions of Holland and of Lahey and Bloom. Rationales given for determining these selections, deletions, and additions can be applied to modify this initial lexicon to make it better suited for a specific individual.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1982

Diagnosis and communicative ability in deaf children in the European Community.

The survey of Childhood deafness carried out during 1977 in the nine countries of the European Economic Community (EEC) provided data on the age at which diagnosis is achieved, the patterns of hearing aid provision, the types of school environment, speech and reading abilities, and the use of manual communication.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Effect of syntactic order on serial-recall performance of hearing-impaired and normal-hearing subjects.

Previous research on the effect of syntactic order on the memory performance of hearing-impaired subjects has indicated that in contrast to normal-hearing subjects the deaf do not make use of the syntactic order of a word string to facilitate retention and recall. The present study used an immediate serial recall paradigm rather than a paired associate paradigm requiring longer term retention. Using this paradigm, 10 normal-hearing, 10 hearing-impaired subjects trained with manual communication, and 10 hearing-impaired trained with oral communication were presented with word strings of four, six, and eight words in length. One set of word strings was syntactically well formed while another was randomly ordered. The subjects were presented the stimuli over nine trials. An analysis of the number of errors for each list length and order condition revealed facilitation due to syntactic order at the eight-word length for all subjects and at the six-word length for the hearing-impaired populations. An error analysis further supported the use of syntactic order by the hearing impaired to facilitate their retention of the word strings. Two ways of resolving the conflict between these results and prior results showing no facilitation are presented. The first recognizes the possible use of an order of mention strategy and its effect upon performance in these two studies. The second notes the differences in the involvement of semantic versus syntactic information in the tasks used in these studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An investigation of telephone use among cochlear implant recipients.

The purpose of this study was to examine telephone use among cochlear implant recipients. A questionnaire was constructed and mailed to 803 adults who received a Clarion cochlear implant system manufactured by Advanced Bionics Corporation. Questionnaire recipients were implanted at least 12 months prior to receiving the questionnaire (i.e., they were implanted in 1998 or 1999). Approximately 60% (n = 478) responded, of whom 70% (n = 336) were considered "telephone users" (i.e., they answered the telephone and/or initiated calls). Telephone users were significantly younger and had significantly more daily hours of cochlear implant use than nonusers. Not surprisingly, there were differences between groups with respect to method of communication (i.e., more users employed oral communication, while more nonusers employed both oral and manual communication) and ability to understand words without lipreading (i.e., more users were able to understand). Thirty-seven percent of the telephone users were male, and 63% were female. The average age was 51.8 years (SD = 15.5). Ninety-five percent of users initiated calls to family and friends, 65% made appointments by phone, and approximately 50% asked for information about a product or service and conducted business over the phone. Over 95% of users could identify a dial tone, a busy signal, and voices. The average telephone use per week was 5.4 hr. Approximately 85% indicated that they were able to interact with strangers on the telephone within 5 months of receiving the sound processor. Approximately 30% communicated via a cellular phone for personal use. The findings of this survey suggest an increase in cochlear implant users' telephone use relative to a decade earlier. Advances in cochlear implant and telephone technologies are 2 of several factors that may contribute to the changes observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of a pragmatic teaching strategy for requesting information by communication board users.

The effects of a pragmatic teaching strategy on 4 nonspeaking children's abilities to initiate requests for information (i.e., who, what, and where) using manual communication boards were investigated. A teaching strategy based on milieu teaching and time-delay procedures was developed and embedded in naturally structured communication tasks to evoke information requests. Results indicated that information requests using the communication board occurred only after the pragmatic teaching strategy was applied sequentially to the three request types during the experimental condition. This effect was demonstrated repeatedly across the 4 subjects. Although generalization across request types was not demonstrated, substantial generalization was found across partners and environments. A social validation measure confirmed the treatment effectiveness. Independent raters perceived significant differences when viewing before- and after-training videotapes on 7 of 10 communication variables for all subjects.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Baboons communicate with their right hand.

Humans are mainly right-handed for many actions including gestures. This bias is strongly linked to a left cerebral hemispheric dominance for language functions. Whether similar lateralized systems for communicative behaviors are present in other animals is unclear. Here we report the first evidence of strong population-level right-handedness in 60 captive baboons for a species-specific communicative manual gesture. Our findings support the view that lateralization for language may have evolved from a gestural system of communication controlled by the left hemisphere.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1985

Sign language, pantomime, and gestural processing in aphasic persons: a review.

Many aphasic individuals who fail to reacquire spoken language skills may retain the ability to acquire aspects of a manual communication system. This conclusion is reached after reviewing the results of studies of pantomime recognition and production, spontaneous gestural production, and manual language training in a wide range of aphasic subjects. Overall, the aphasic subjects appeared to be less impaired in their visuomotor processing than in their auditory-vocal processing. The results, however, are not definitive enough to resolve the long-standing debate as to whether or not a central symbolic deficit is present in aphasia.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2005

Audiometric, clinical and educational outcomes in a pediatric symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) population with sensorineural hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate audiometric findings and outcomes with the clinical, radiological and educational findings in a symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) population with sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS: A retrospective review of data from 21 symptomatic congenital CMV patients identified in a pediatric hearing impaired database of 1500 patients. Clinical data, audiometric thresholds and outcomes, radiographic abnormalities, communication and educational achievements were used as outcome measures. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were identified with symptomatic congenital CMV infection at birth; 5 with unilateral hearing loss and 16 with bilateral hearing loss. The median initial pure-tone average (PTA) for the 21 subjects was 86 dB and the median final PTA was 100 dB. Progression of hearing loss was seen in 9 patients (43%). Neurological and radiological sequelae of symptomatic CMV infection were seen in 81% of affected patients. Children with neurological dysfunction were significantly more likely to rely on special education (p = 0.045). There was a significant correlation between the severity of the initial PTA and the development of a progressive hearing loss (p = 0.0058). Initial hearing thresholds were significantly better in those children with a history of jaundice (p = 0.002), hepatosplenomegaly (HSM) (p = 0.022) and cerebral palsy (CP) (p = 0.013). There was a significant correlation between a less severe final PTA and the presence of CP (p = 0.005). A history of mental retardation in children was significantly associated with poorer communication skills (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The severity of neurological manifestations in congenital symptomatic CMV infection was positively correlated with the need for total and manual communication and the reliance on special education. Statistical associations between clinical findings such as hepatic dysfunction, CP and hearing level were identified however plausible mechanisms explaining these associations remain ambiguous and are discussed in the context of this complex population of children with congenital symptomatic CMV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Predicting family communication choices.

The selection of a mode of communication by members of a family with a deaf child is a critical decision in the life of that family since it will condition how the family will be able to function in the future. However, while some writers have considered the outcomes of this decision, there is little information on factors that influence the decision. The purpose of this study was to examine why families developed one pattern of communication rather than another. The data came from the parents of 192 deaf adolescents who responded to a nationally distributed questionnaire. Results suggest that the mother takes the lead in determining the family's choice of a mode of communication. The single largest influence on the mother's mode of communication was the child's degree of hearing loss, followed by the child's mode of preschool education and the mother's level of education. The implications of this study for those who wish to promote the use of manual communication in families with a deaf child is to target mothers, particularly those who are less well educated, for intervention and training programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Amantadine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The effective management of fatigue has an important impact on the patient's functioning, abilities, and quality of life. Although a number of strategies have been devised for reducing fatigue, treatment recommendations are based on a limited amount of scientific evidence. Many textbooks report amantadine as a first-choice drug for MS-related fatigue because of published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showing some benefit. We performed a systematic review in order to gather existing evidence, and contribute to the topic. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of amantadine in reducing fatigue in people with MS. SEARCH STRATEGY: RCTs of amantadine were identified using MEDLINE, EMBASE, bibliographies of relevant articles, personal communications, manual searches of relevant journals, and information from drug companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, placebo or other drugs-controlled, double-blind trials of amantadine in MS people with fatigue. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three reviewers selected studies for inclusion in the review and they extracted the data reported in the original articles. Missing and unclear data were requested by correspondence with the trial's principal investigator. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the inadequacy of available data, heterogeneity of outcome measures. MAIN RESULTS: Out of twelve pertinent publications, four trials met the criteria for inclusion in this review: one study was a parallel arms study, and 3 were crossover trials. The number of randomised participants ranged between 10 and 115, and a total of 236 MS patients had been studied. Overall the quality of the studies considered was poor and all trials were open to bias. All studies reported small and inconstant improvements in fatigue, whereas the clinical relevance of these findings and the impact on patient's functioning and health related quality of life remains undetermined. The number of participants reporting side effects during amantadine therapy ranged from 10% to 57%, without significant differences between treatment and placebo. The side effects reported were generally mild, and discontinuation of the drug due to side effects occurred in less than 10% of the patients. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Amantadine treatment is overall well tolerated, however its efficacy in reducing fatigue in people with MS is poorly documented and there is insufficient evidence to make recommendations to guide prescribing. It is advisable to (a) improve knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of MS-related fatigue; (b) achieve an agreement on accurate, reliable and responsive outcome measures of fatigue; (c) perform good quality RCTs.

Amantadine↗
PubMed1994

Beginning signers' self-assessment of sign language skills.

Students enrolled in introductory manual communication classes demonstrated limited ability to assess their own communication skills. Questionnaires completed on the third day of class revealed that 70% of the students surveyed would attempt to interpret in a court of law if asked to do so. Although a fifty-minute discussion concerning topics such as ASL, sign systems, and interpreter skills and ethics aided some students in putting their skills into perspective, 41% continued to overestimate their abilities at midterm. The reasons for the overestimation are not clear. Avenues for future research are suggested.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Speech perception results in children with cochlear implants: contributing factors.

Speech perception test results were obtained from a group of 40 pediatric cochlear implant users. Half of the children participated in oral-only habilitation programs, which included both traditional oral and auditory-verbal approaches, and half participated in programs that used a combination of oral and manual communication referred to as total communication (TC). Analysis of the scores showed that children enrolled in oral-only habilitation programs scored significantly higher on the speech perception measures than did children who were enrolled in total communication based programs. These results were inconsistent with those of other reports, which suggested that communication methods had little effect on implant outcomes. To further examine the reasons for the differences in performance, we analyzed 7 additional factors, including length of implant use, age at surgery, device type, socioeconomic status, bilingualism, school setting, and participation in private therapy, which may affect implant performance. Multiple-regression analysis again showed communication mode to be the factor most highly correlated with speech perception abilities among this group of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The health and educational status of adolescents with congenital rubella syndrome.

As part of a longitudinal study of children with congenital rubella syndrome, 53 adolescents between 16 and 18 years of age were surveyed to determine their health and educational status. The findings were compared with those at the 18-months evaluation. At 16 to 18 years neurosensory impairments, cerebral dysfunction and organic behaviour syndromes were predominant, but the majority of children had multiple handicaps. A higher proportion had hearing loss. Although all the hearing-impaired children were begun in oral-based educational programs, 90 per cent of those with severe to profound hearing-loss diagnosed before the age of 18 months had changed to total or manual communication. Those with mild to moderate hearing-loss diagnosed after 18 months primarily communicate orally. The educational implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗