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PubMed1990

Hypomelanosis of Ito--a nonspecific marker of somatic mosaicism: report of case with trisomy 18 mosaicism.

We report on a patient with hypomelanosis of Ito (HI), developmental delay, recurrent pneumonia, and facial asymmetry. Chromosome analysis done on blood and on one of three skin biopsies showed trisomy 18 mosaicism. This is the first report of HI associated with trisomy 18 mosaicism. This neuroectodermal disorder appears to be a nonspecific manifestation of chromosome mosaicism.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18↗
PubMed1995

Mosaicism for a chromosome 8-derived minute marker chromosome in a patient with manifestations of trisomy 8 mosaicism.

We describe a patient with manifestations of the mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome and mosaicism for a minute marker chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a chromosome 8 probe confirmed that the marker was derived from chromosome 8. This is the smallest piece of chromosome 8 to be reported in a patient with mosaic trisomy 8 syndrome. When the clinical picture is strongly suggestive of trisomy for a specific chromosome region, we believe that FISH can be used to test markers in a guided, rather than random, fashion.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed2005

Pigmentary mosaicism following the lines of Blaschko in a girl with a double aneuploidy mosaicism: (47,XX,+7/45,X).

We report on a 6-year-old girl with linear streaks of apparent hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation following the Blaschko lines, growth retardation, bupthalmos of the left eye, and mild mental retardation. She had a 45,X karyotype in lymphocytes. In cultured fibroblasts a double aneuploidy mosaicism was detected, consisting of a cell line with trisomy for chromosome 7 and a cell line with monosomy for the X-chromosome and no cell line with a normal karyotype. Cutis tricolor or three levels of pigmentation in different skin areas suggested presence of a third, probably normal cell line. Double aneuploidy mosaicism of a cell line with monosomy X and a cell line with trisomy of an autosome is a rare finding. The combination of monosomy X with trisomy of chromosomes 8, 10, 13, 18, and 21 has been reported, but not the combination with trisomy 7. In the 45,X cell line, microsatellite analysis showed loss of the maternal X-chromosome, and presence of a maternal and paternal chromosome 7. The 47,XX,+7 cell line showed a paternal and a maternal X-chromosome, and a paternal and two identical maternal chromosomes 7. Mechanisms that might explain this double aneuploidy mosaicism are discussed.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1991

Confirmation of CVS mosaicism in term placentae and high frequency of intrauterine growth retardation association with confined placental mosaicism.

About 2 per cent of specimens from chorionic villus sampling (CVS) analysed either on direct preparation of cytotrophoblast cells or after culture of mesenchymal stroma reveal confined placental mosaicism (CPM), most commonly involving chromosomal trisomy. A significantly higher rate of prenatal loss (22 per cent) as well as the presence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been reported among pregnancies with CPM. To evaluate more precisely the effect of these aneuploid cell lines confined to the placenta on intrauterine fetal growth and fetal survival, we have studied 34 term placentae from pregnancies with CPM diagnosed on CVS and confirmed identical mosaicism in 17 of these placentae. There was a direct correlation between a high number of aneuploid cells present at CVS and a high likelihood of their detection in term placenta. Also, the proportion of aneuploid cells in the mosaic term placentae correlated with that observed in CVS specimens. Among 17 gestations with confirmed CPM at delivery, there were six cases of IUGR identified, five in liveborns and one associated with intrauterine death.

Amnion↗
PubMed2003

Pigmentary mosaicism with mosaic chromosome 5p tetrasomy.

Pigmentary mosaicism with mosaic chromosome 5p tetrasomy is described. A 5-year-old girl had phylloid hyperpigmentation segregated in the midline, and neurological deficits. Chromosome analysis performed on blood lymphocytes was normal, whereas skin fibroblasts from affected skin areas revealed chromosomal mosaicism.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed2000

Mosaicism in von Hippel-Lindau disease: lessons from kindreds with germline mutations identified in offspring with mosaic parents.

von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL [MIM 193300]) is a heritable autosomal dominant multiple-neoplastic disorder with high penetrance. It is characterized by brain and spinal-cord hemangioblastomas, retinal angiomas, clear-cell renal carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors and cysts of the pancreas, pheochromocytomas, endolymphatic-sac tumors, and papillary cystadenomas of the epididymis and broad ligament. Although most index cases have a positive family history of VHL, some do not and may represent de novo cases. Cases without a family history of VHL may or may not have a germline mutation in their VHL tumor-suppressor gene. We present two cases of VHL mosaicism. In each of two families, standard testing methods (Southern blot analysis and direct sequencing) identified the germline mutation in the VHL gene of the offspring, but not in their clinically affected parent. Additional methods of analysis of the affected parents' blood detected the VHL-gene mutation in a portion of their peripheral blood lymphocytes. In one case, detection of the deleted allele was by FISH, and, in the second case, the 3-bp deletion was detected by conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing of cloned genomic DNA. Mosaicism in VHL is important to search for and recognize when an individual without a family history of VHL has VHL. Patients diagnosed without family histories of the disease have been reported in as many as 23% of kindreds with VHL. Identification of individuals potentially mosaic for VHL will affect counseling of families, and these individuals should themselves be included in clinical screening programs for occult disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Watermelon mosaic virus II and zucchini yellow mosaic virus: cloning of 3'-terminal regions, nucleotide sequences, and phylogenetic comparisons.

The 3'-terminal genomic regions of an isolate of watermelon mosaic virus II (WMVII) and a Florida isolate of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-F) have been cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the WMVII cDNA clone shows the presence of the large nuclear inclusion protein gene, the coat protein gene and 3' untranslated region. The nucleotide sequence of a ZYMV-F cDNA clone shows the presence of the coat protein gene and 3' untranslated region. Comparisons of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of these clones with those from other potyviruses show that WMVII and the soybean mosaic virus N strain are closely related, thus supporting their classification as different strains of the same virus. Our comparisons also indicate that ZYMV-F is a distinct potyvirus type and that its closest relative is WMVII. Phylogenetic analysis using the most-parsimonious branching arrangement derived from the alignment of coat protein gene sequences suggests the existence of two major potyvirus groupings.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Evidence that cowpea aphid-borne mosaic and blackeye cowpea mosaic viruses are two different potyviruses.

The immunoreactivity of a panel of polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against African isolates of potyviruses from cowpea and African yam bean was examined in ELISAs. A serological study including reference isolates followed by further characterization in differential hosts resulted in separation of the potyviruses into two distinct serogroups, one containing blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and the other containing cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV). Using biotin-labelled MAbs, the BlCMV isolates were further subdivided into two serotypes and the CAMV isolates into five serotypes. Because both BlCMV and CAMV induce a very similar mosaic disease in cowpea, different ELISA procedures using mixed MAbs were evaluated and a single protocol was developed which allowed reliable diagnosis of both viruses.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1993

Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter-controlled DNA copies of cowpea mosaic virus RNAs are infectious on plants.

Clones have been constructed that contain full-length cDNA copies of cowpea mosaic virus RNA1 and RNA2, downstream of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The clones, when linearized downstream of the viral sequences, give rise to cowpea mosaic virus-like symptoms when inoculated onto cowpea plants. Viral RNA and virions can be detected in the inoculated plants, demonstrating that the clones are directly infectious.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Single- and double-stranded viral RNAs in plants infected with the potexviruses papaya mosaic virus and foxtail mosaic virus.

Three classes of viral RNA were recovered from polyribosomes purified from papaya leaves infected with papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) and from barley leaves infected with foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV): full-length viral RNAs [6.8 and 6.2 kilobases (kb), respectively]; less abundant intermediate subgenomic RNAs (2.2 and 1.9 kb), and abundant, small subgenomic RNAs (1 and 0.9 kb). Small amounts of the PapMV-specified 1.0-kb subgenomic RNA were encapsidated, whereas no encapsidated subgenomic RNAs could be found in preparations of FoMV. Immunoprecipitation of the products of in vitro translation of the small subgenomic RNA of both viruses showed that it codes for the corresponding viral coat protein. FoMV genomic RNA isolated from polyribosomes also directed the efficient synthesis of a 37- to 38-kilodalton protein which was immunoprecipitated by an antiserum raised against the coat protein. We presume this product to be a readthrough protein initiated to the 5' side of and in the same reading frame as the coat protein-coding sequences in FoMV RNA. The predominant double-stranded viral-specified RNAs in tissues infected with PapMV, FoMV, and clover yellow mosaic virus were genome sized (6.8, 6.2, and 7.0 kb pairs, respectively). If double-stranded RNAs corresponding to coat protein subgenomic RNAs exist, they must be present in much lower relative abundances.

Genes, Viral↗
PubMed1998

Cell-differentiation rules that generate regular mosaic patterns: modelling motivated by cone mosaic formation in fish retina.

We study characteristics of cell-differentiation rules that realize stable formation of regularly arranged checker-board patterns, exemplified by cone "mosaic" zebrafish retina, or the regular arrangement of cone photoreceptor cells. We consider the situation in which cells are arranged on a square lattice and are initially undifferentiated. Later each cell becomes one of the two differentiated states, affected by the state of the neighboring cells. The cells that undergo differentiation form a "morphogenetic cell row" which sweeps from one end to the other end of the lattice through time. This models an outward sweep of the margin of expanding mosaic region of the retina which occurs as undifferentiated photoreceptor cells become differentiated in concentric circles, joining the mosaic. We introduce an index to measure the ability of cell-differentiation rules to generate regular checker-board patterns from irregular initial patterns, and attempt to characterize the successful rules. We first show the importance of six "preservation conditions" which guarantee perfectly regular photoreceptor arrangement for all the rows after a regular row. Then we select an additional six "optimizing conditions" for responses to configuration that are consistently shown by the rules of high average scores. We also examine the effect of interaction between responses to different configurations. Finally we examine the concept of morphogenetic row precedence, i.e. that the successful rules generating a high score tend to treat the consistency with neighbors in the newly differentiated cells (those in the morphogenetic cell row) as more important that the consistency with previously differentiated neighbors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nucleotide sequence of Chinese rape mosaic virus (oilseed rape mosaic virus), a crucifer tobamovirus infectious on Arabidopsis thaliana.

The complete nucleotide sequence of Chinese rape mosaic virus has been determined. The virus is a member of the tobamovirus genus of plant virus and is able to infect Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh systemically. The analysis of the sequence shows a gene array that seems to be characteristic of crucifer tobamoviruses and which is slightly different from the one most frequently found in tobamoviruses. Based on gene organization and on comparisons of sequence homologies between members of the tobamoviruses, a clustering of crucifer tobamoviruses is proposed that groups the presently known crucifer tobamovirus into two viruses with two strains each. A name change of Chinese rape mosaic virus to oilseed rape mosaic virus is proposed.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2004

Genome sequences of Agropyron mosaic virus and Hordeum mosaic virus support reciprocal monophyly of the genera Potyvirus and Rymovirus in the family Potyviridae.

Assignment of mite-transmitted species to the genus Rymovirus (family Potyviridae) has changed several times, and the status of the genus has been questioned. To address this issue, complete genome sequences of the rymoviruses Agropyron mosaic virus (AgMV) and Hordeum mosaic virus (HoMV) were determined. AgMV (9540 nucleotides) and HoMV (9463 nucleotides) each encode a single polyprotein with proteinase cleavage sites demarcating protein products characteristic of monopartite species of the family Potyviridae. Of the described species of Potyviridae, AgMV and HoMV are most closely related to each other (68.5% nucleotide and 71.6% amino acid sequence identity) and equidistant (about 53% nucleotide and about 49% amino acid sequence identity) from a third rymovirus, Ryegrass mosaic virus (RGMV). Phylogenetic analyses by neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference each grouped the three Rymovirus species in an exclusive clade distinct from a clade containing 34 species of the genus Potyvirus. Because AgMV, HoMV, and RGMV share a reciprocal monophyletic relationship with species of the genus Potyvirus and are divergent in sequence and type of vector, the genus Rymovirus should be retained as a taxonomic unit within the family Potyviridae.

Agropyron↗
PubMed2006

The complete nucleotide sequence of a Pakistani isolate of Watermelon mosaic virus provides further insights into the taxonomic status in the Bean common mosaic virus subgroup.

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is a potyvirus with a worldwide distribution, but is mostly found in temperate and Mediterranean regions. The complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of a Pakistani isolate of WMV (WMV-Pk) was determined and compared with French isolate (WMV-Fr) and other closely related potyviruses. WMV-Pk showed overall identities of 94.4% (nt) and 96% (amino acid; aa) with the WMV-Fr. However, variability was observed in the 5' UTR and P1 region. Although sequence identities over most of the genome were well above 90% at both the nt and aa levels, reaching 99.6% (aa) in the CP and 100% (aa) in the 6K1 and 6K2, thereby suggesting that WMV-Pk and WMV-Fr are identical strains, but the sequence identities in the P1 region were only 80.6% (aa) and 82.8% (nt), while that in the 5' UTR was 82%. These differences may be due to different mutation phenomena of a common ancestor virus or mutations caused by different selection pressures in two different agro-ecological zones. The sequence of WMV-Pk is very close to that of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) over most of the genome, except for the N-terminal region, which is subject to recombination between SMV and Peanut stripe virus (PSV)/Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), as revealed by Simplot and phylogenetic analyses of N- and C-terminal P1, HC-Pro, and 5' UTR regions of the genome.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Mosaic disease induced by turnip yellow mosaic Tymovirus.

Mosaic disease is one of the most common consequences of infection of plants by viruses. Most such mosaics include islands of dark green tissue, which are normal in appearance, contain little or no virus and are resistant to superinfection at least for a period of weeks. The mosaic pattern that develops in successive expanded leaves of larger plants is variable and unpredictable. Therefore it has not been possible to investigate the early events in leaf primordia that lead to the formation of dark green tissue. Here we describe an experimental system which should allow the application of molecular techniques to the study of the nature of dark green tissue.

Brassica↗
PubMed1996

The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene and 3' untranslated region of azuki bean mosaic potyvirus, a member of the bean common mosaic virus subgroup.

The relationship of azuki bean mosaic potyvirus (AzMV) to members of the bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) subgroup has been unclear. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers and the polymerase chain reaction were used to amplify and clone the coat protein (CP) gene and 3' untranslated region (UTR) of AzMV. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CP is 94% identical to that of dendrobium mosaic virus, establishing the two as strains of the same virus. While the CP amino acid identities between AzMV and potyviruses of the BCMV species are at or below 90%, the 91 to 94% identity between their UTRs suggests that AzMV could be considered a strain of BCMV. Interestingly, the grouping of potyviruses within the greater BCMV subgroup on a coat protein amino acid tree correlates with a grouping based on the response elicited on bean containing the I gene for resistance to BCMV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Sequence data to settle the taxonomic position of bean common mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus isolates.

The nucleotide sequences of the coat protein genes and 3' non-translated regions (3'-NTRs) of three isolates of bean common mosaic virus (NL1, NL3 and NY15) and one isolate of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (W) were determined. Comparison of these sequences revealed that the coat proteins of NL1, NY15 and W were identical in size (287 amino acids) and exhibited an overall sequence similarity (94 to 97%), and 84 to 98% in their N-terminal regions. Furthermore, their 3'-NTRs were very similar in length [253 to 256 nucleotides (nt)] and sequence (93 to 96% similarity). In contrast, the coat protein of NL3 had only 261 amino acids and showed 87 to 89% similarity with NL1, NY15 and W whereas its N-terminal region revealed only 46 to 61% similarity. The 3'-NTR of NL3 also displayed appreciable differences, both in length (240 nt) and sequence (56 to 63% similarity). These results, in combination with earlier serological findings, justify the conclusion that NL1, NY15 and W should be considered strains of the same virus, i.e. bean common mosaic virus, and that NL3 is a strain of a different potyvirus for which the name 'bean black root virus' is proposed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗