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PubMed1978

[Electron microscopical and histochemical investigations of phagocytotic defense reaction of the lung in experimental mineral oil pneumonia (author's transl)].

Phagocytosis of foreign body material (mineral oil) by alveolar macrophages and interstitial localized macrophages is seen in early stages of mineral oil pneumonia studied by electron microscopy and histochemistry. Degradation of phagocytized mineral oil by phagolysosomes is seen in alveolar macrophages, appearing in final stages as empty vacuoles. In contrast, this hydrolytic degradation cannot be found in interstitially localized macrophages. In these cells the mineral oil is present in unchanged form. It seems to be likely that this retention of foreign body material is the reason of granuloma formation. As a non-specific result of mineral oil application there is observed an increased production and extrusion of osmiophilic material (surface active phospholipids) by large alveolar epithel cells.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2004

The usage, occurrence and dietary intakes of white mineral oils and waxes in Europe.

Dietary exposures to mineral hydrocarbons were estimated from information about patterns of usage, concentrations in foods and quantities of foods consumed. An industry survey showed that the largest usage of food-grade white mineral oils was in plastics manufacture although the majority are used in non-food applications. The largest volumes of wax usage were in packaging. Conservative estimates indicated that daily intakes of white mineral oils ranged from 0.39 to 0.91 mg/kg bw/day for adults and from 0.75 to 1.77 mg/kg bw/day for children (mean and 97.5th percentiles). Total wax intakes ranged from 0.08 to 0.19 mg/kg bw/day for adults and 0.23 to 0.64 mg/kg bw/day for pre-school children. When usage factors were applied, estimates of chronic intakes of white oils were reduced to 0.09-0.20 mg/kg bw/day for adults and to 0.17-0.39 mg/kg bw/day for children. Total wax intakes were reduced to 0.01-0.02 mg/kg bw/day for adults and to 0.02-0.06 mg/kg bw/day for children. For white mineral oils the principal source of exposure for most consumers was imported de-dusted grain. The principal source of potential wax exposure was from glazing agents on confectionery. There was no evidence of intakes exceeding SCF ADIs for microcrystalline waxes or certain white mineral oils and levels of exposure were similar to those of naturally-occurring mineral hydrocarbons in foods.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mineral oil metal working fluids (MWFs)-development of practical criteria for mist sampling.

Not all mineral oil metalworking fluids (MWFs) in common use form stable airborne mists which can be sampled quantitatively onto a filter. This much has been known for some time but no simple method of identifying oils too volatile for customary filter sampling has been developed. Past work was reviewed and experiments were done to select simple criteria which would enable such oils to be identified. The sampling efficiency for a range of commercial mineral oil MWF were assessed by drawing clean air through spiked filters at 2 l. min(-1) for periods up to 6 h before analysis. The physical properties of MWF are governed by their composition and kinematic viscosity was found to be the most practical and easily available index of the potential for sample loss from the filter. Oils with viscosities greater that 18 cSt (at 40 degrees C) lost less than 5% of their weight, whereas those with viscosities less than 18 cSt gave losses up to 71%. The losses from the MWF were mostly aliphatic hydrocarbons (C(10)-C(18)), but additives such as alkyl benzenes, esters, phenols and terpene odorants were also lost. The main recommendation to arise from the work is that filter sampling can be performed on mineral oils with viscosities of 18 cSt (at 40 degrees C) or more with little evaporative losses from the filter. However, sampling oils with viscosities less than 18 cSt will produce results which may significantly underestimate the true value. Over a quarter of UK mineral oil MWFs are formulated from mineral oils with viscosities less than 18 cSt (at 40 degrees C). The problem of exposure under-estimation and inappropriate exposure sampling could be widespread. Further work is being done on measurement of mixed phase mineral oil mist exposure.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Serum beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol levels during mineral oil therapy for constipation.

Twenty-five children with chronic constipation underwent serial monitoring of serum beta-carotene, retinol (vitamin A1), and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels during mineral oil therapy. Mineral oil was administered between meals. Patients were monitored for up to four months of therapy. Mean serum beta-carotene levels fell from 1.0 +/- 0.5 mumol/L (55.7 +/- 26.0 micrograms/dL) to 0.7 +/- 0.4 mumol/L (35.9 +/- 22.1 micrograms/dL) after the first month of mineral oil therapy and remained depressed throughout the remainder of the study. Serum alpha-tocopherol levels remained unchanged throughout the observation period. There was a modest increase in serum retinol levels during the study, especially after three months (from 1.48 +/- 0.84 mumol/L [42.3 +/- 24.1 micrograms/dL] to 2.22 +/- 0.77 mumol/L [63.5 +/- 22.1 micrograms/dL]). We conclude that while a short course of mineral oil can induce a reduction in the serum level of beta-carotene, the treatment has no adverse effect on serum levels of retinol and alpha-tocopherol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Interactions of thiopentone, light mineral oil, and pressure at frog sciatic nerve.

Combinations of thiopentone, light mineral oil, and pressure to as much as 160 ATA were applied to the isolated, thermostated (18 degrees C) frog sciatic nerve. Amplitude and rise rate of the compound action potential were examined and compared to the response in Ringer's solution. Immersion in mineral oil caused no change in the response. Pressure, whether applied by helium or after immersion in mineral oil, caused mainly reversible slowing of the response, as did thiopentone by itself, up to at least 5.1 mM. Thiopentone (3.2mM) and helium pressure up to 114 ATA were reversibly synergistic, in that the response was markedly slowed and reduced. Nerves that had been immersed in 3.2 mM thiopentone were placed in mineral oil; this procedure caused a reduction in the size of the response. Application of pressure then eliminated the response, and decompression did not lead to its recovery until the nerve was repeatedly rinsed in Ringer's solution. The findings question the inertness of mineral oil to excitable membranes and indicate that caution should be exercised in its use as a compression medium.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage.

Previously published results showed that both in vitro and in vivo coconut oil (CNO) treatments prevented combing damage of various hair types. Using the same methodology, an attempt was made to study the properties of mineral oil and sunflower oil on hair. Mineral oil (MO) was selected because it is extensively used in hair oil formulations in India, because it is non-greasy in nature, and because it is cheaper than vegetable oils like coconut and sunflower oils. The study was extended to sunflower oil (SFO) because it is the second most utilized base oil in the hair oil industry on account of its non-freezing property and its odorlessness at ambient temperature. As the aim was to cover different treatments, and the effect of these treatments on various hair types using the above oils, the number of experiments to be conducted was a very high number and a technique termed as the Taguchi Design of Experimentation was used. The findings clearly indicate the strong impact that coconut oil application has to hair as compared to application of both sunflower and mineral oils. Among three oils, coconut oil was the only oil found to reduce the protein loss remarkably for both undamaged and damaged hair when used as a pre-wash and post-wash grooming product. Both sunflower and mineral oils do not help at all in reducing the protein loss from hair. This difference in results could arise from the composition of each of these oils. Coconut oil, being a triglyceride of lauric acid (principal fatty acid), has a high affinity for hair proteins and, because of its low molecular weight and straight linear chain, is able to penetrate inside the hair shaft. Mineral oil, being a hydrocarbon, has no affinity for proteins and therefore is not able to penetrate and yield better results. In the case of sunflower oil, although it is a triglyceride of linoleic acid, because of its bulky structure due to the presence of double bonds, it does not penetrate the fiber, consequently resulting in no favorable impact on protein loss.

Coconut Oil↗
PubMed2006

Bacterial diversity in the active stage of a bioremediation system for mineral oil hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

Soils contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons are often cleaned in off-site bioremediation systems. In order to find out which bacteria are active during the degradation phase in such systems, the diversity of the active microflora in a degrading soil remediation system was investigated by small-subunit (SSU) rRNA analysis. Two sequential RNA extracts from one soil sample were generated by a procedure incorporating bead beating. Both extracts were analysed separately by generating individual SSU rDNA clone libraries from cDNA of the two extracts. The sequencing results showed moderate diversity. The two clone libraries were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, especially Pseudomonas spp. Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were two other large groups in the clone libraries. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Epsilonproteobacteria were detected in lower numbers. The obtained sequences were predominantly related to genera for which cultivated representatives have been described, but were often clustered together in the phylogenetic tree, and the sequences that were most similar were originally obtained from soils and not from pure cultures. Most of the dominant genera in the clone libraries, e.g. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Acidovorax and Thiobacillus, had already been detected in (mineral oil hydrocarbon) contaminated environmental samples. The occurrence of the genera Zymomonas and Rhodoferax was novel in mineral oil hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Respiratory toxicology of mineral oils in laboratory animals.

Early subchronic and chronic inhalation toxicology studies on various petroleum mineral oils and formulated lubricants supported the ACGIH TLV of 5 mg/m(3) for mineral oil mist. Additional subchronic studies with aerosolized mineral base oils and lubricants during the last 15 years demonstrated that exposures to aerosols of mineral base oils (often >100 mg/m(3)) resulted mainly in concentration-related accumulation in the lung of alveolar macrophages laden with oil droplets. Inflammatory cells were observed with higher aerosol concentrations, consistent with the clinical literature from highly exposed workers. These pulmonary changes appeared to be a nonspecific response to the presence of deposited aerosol. Studies on sensory irritation during exposures of lab animals to mineral oils indicate possible effects only with very high aerosol concentrations. Coupled with changes in refining to remove carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from mineral oils several decades ago, this information indicates that current aerosols of mineral oils have a profile of low toxicity from acute to long-term exposures. Available information suggests that additives in some formulated products and/or maintenance of mineral-based metalworking fluids may play a much more significant role in potential health effects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1975

Massive deposition of mineral oil after prolonged ingestion.

A patient in whom prolonged mineral oil (liquid paraffin) ingestion caused the deposition of this material in the small intestine, abdominal lymph nodes, the liver, spleen and lungs, is described. The results of chemical and histochemical identification of the isolated material are presented. A description of the gross and microscopic pathology is followed by a brief consideration of some aspects of the subject of mineral oil ingestion. Prolonged unrestricted ingestion of mineral oil is dangerous and may cause structural and functional abnormalities which lead to severe malnutrition and death.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

A comparative staining technique to detect mineral oil contaminants from orthopedic implants.

An adverse tissue response was reported in patients implanted with porous coated implants containing a mineral oil contaminant. A comparative staining technique was developed in a rabbit and sheep model to identify the presence of a mineral oil contaminant on porous coated implants by examining the surrounding tissues and end organs. The hypothesis for the study was that mineral oil, a saturated lipid, could be distinguished from unsaturated lipids such as animal fats. Frozen rabbit and sheep tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, oil-red-O, and bromide-silver nitrate. Twenty-eight positive control rabbits were injected with mineral oil and 12 negative control rabbits were injected with saline into the paravertebral muscle and synovial cavity of the knee joint. Comparative analysis of tissue was conducted after 1, 3, 5, and 12 weeks. Thermally cleaned porous coated implants were implanted for 6, 12, and 24 weeks into cancellous bone of the distal femur of sheep to allow for a weight-bearing model. The comparative histological analysis of the positive control rabbit tissue allowed for detection of mineral oil in all tissues examined. Histological analysis of sheep tissue and saline-injected rabbit tissue showed no evidence of mineral oil or adverse tissue response.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Localization and movement of mineral oil in plants by fluorescence and confocal microscopy.

Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were explored to investigate the movement and localization of mineral oils in citrus. In a laboratory experiment, fluorescence microscopy observation indicated that when a 'narrow' distillation fraction of an nC23 horticultural mineral oil was applied to adaxial and opposing abaxial leaf surfaces of potted orange [Citrus x aurantium L. (Sapindales: Rutaceae)] trees, oil penetrated steadily into treated leaves and, subsequently, moved to untreated petioles of the leaves and adjacent untreated stems. In another experiment, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize the penetration into, and the subsequent cellular distribution of, an nC24 agricultural mineral oil in C. trifoliata L. seedlings. Oil droplets penetrated or diffused into plants via both stomata and the cuticle of leaves and stems, and then moved within intercellular spaces and into various cells including phloem and xylem. Oil accumulated in droplets in intercellular spaces and within cells near the cell membrane. Oil entered cells without visibly damaging membranes or causing cell death. In a field experiment with mature orange trees, droplets of an nC23 horticultural mineral oil were observed, by fluorescence microscopy, in phloem sieve elements in spring flush growth produced 4-5 months and 16-17 months after the trees were sprayed with oil. These results suggest that movement of mineral oil in plants is both apoplastic via intercellular spaces and symplastic via plasmodesmata. The putative pattern of the translocation of mineral oil in plants and its relevance to oil-induced chronic phytotoxicity are discussed.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1982

Urinary mutagenicity in occupational exposure to mineral oils and iron oxide particles.

Mutagenicity in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to mineral oils and iron oxide particles and age matched workers only exposed to mineral oils was investigated using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. Both groups of workers included smokers and non-smokers. Mutagenicity was significantly higher in the group of workers exposed to both mineral oils and iron oxide particles, the statistical significance of the difference being similar to that found when total non-smokers were compared with total smokers irrespective of occupational exposure. When only non-smokers of both groups of workers were compared, the extent of mutagenicity in the urine of workers exposed to iron oxide particles was still significantly higher, suggesting that smoking did not exhibit a significant enhancing effect on urinary mutagenicity of workers exposed to mineral oils and iron oxide particles, but instead seemed to enhance urinary mutagenicity similarly in both groups of workers. Whether or not this conclusion can be drawn may depend, among other factors, on the variability of the Ames assay. To cope with this particular problem, the possible usefulness of a mutagenicity factor is discussed.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of mineral oil as an acoustic coupling medium in clinical MRgFUS.

We empirically evaluate mineral oil as an alternative to the mixture of de-gassed water and ultrasound gel, which is currently used as an acoustic coupling medium in clinical magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatments. The tests were performed on an ExAblate 2000 MRgFUS system (InSightec Inc., Haifa, Israel) using a clinical patient set-up. Acoustic reflections, treatment temperatures, sonication spot dimensions and position with respect to target location were measured, using both coupling media, in repeated sonications in a tissue mimicking gel phantom. In comparison with the water-gel mix, strengths of acoustic reflections from coupling layers prepared with mineral oil were on average 39% lower and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 3.3 x 10(-8)). The treatment temperatures were found to be statistically equivalent for both coupling media, although temperatures corresponding to mineral oil tended to be somewhat higher (on average 1.9 degrees C) and their standard deviations were reduced by about 1 degrees C. Measurements of sonication spot dimensions and positions with respect to target location did not reveal systematic differences. We conclude that mineral oil may be used as an effective non-evaporating acoustic coupling medium for clinical MRgFUS treatments.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2002

Membrane process for emulsified waste containing mineral oils and nonionic surfactants (alkylphenolethoxylate).

Using membrane processes we studied the improvement of the treatment of waste emulsified by mineral oils and alkylphenolethoxylate (APE) and investigated diatomaceous earth processing for comparison. A quantitative analysis of the mineral oils and APE using column chromatography was applied to assess these processes. Despite substantial rejection of the turbidity values of emulsified model waste, the percentages of mineral oil and APE rejections using microfiltration (MF) processes were 39-61% and 16-19%, respectively. In contrast, the ultrafiltration (UF) process could reject 97% for the mineral oils and 90% for APE. The diatomaceous earth adsorption processes reduced the mineral oils 40-49% and the APE, 8-14%, and therefore were inferior to the UF process for waste treatment. The average fluxes of both the MF and UF membranes until the volume reduction factor (VRF) reached a value of 5 were almost the same in the range of 8 x 10(-6)-14 x 10(-6) m3 m-2 s-1. For commercial application, decrease in the permeate flux by fouling needs to be resolved.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Association between occupational exposure to mineral oil and rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA case-control study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between exposure to mineral oil and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in addition to perform a separate analysis on the major subphenotypes for the disease; namely, rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive RA, RF-negative RA, anticitrulline-positive RA and anticitrulline-negative RA, respectively. A population-based case-control study of incident cases of RA was performed among the population aged 18-70 years in a defined area of Sweden during May 1996-December 2003. A case was defined as an individual from the study base who for the first time received a diagnosis of RA according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria of 1987. Controls were randomly selected from the study base with consideration taken for age, gender and residential area. Cases (n = 1,419) and controls (n = 1,674) answered an extensive questionnaire regarding lifestyle factors and occupational exposures, including different types of mineral oils. Sera from cases and controls were investigated for RF and anticitrulline antibodies. Among men, exposure to any mineral oil was associated with a 30% increased relative risk of developing RA (relative risk = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.0-1.7). When cases were subdivided into RF-positive RA and RF-negative RA, an increased risk was only observed for RF-positive RA (relative risk = 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0-2.0). When RA cases were subdivided according to the presence of anticitrulline antibodies, an increased risk associated with exposure to any mineral oil was observed only for anticitrulline-positive RA (relative risk = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.2). Analysis of the interaction between oil exposure and the presence of HLA-DR shared epitope genes regarding the incidence of RA indicated that the increased risk associated with exposure to mineral oil was not related to the presence of shared epitope genotypes. In conclusion, our study shows that exposure to mineral oil is associated with an increased risk to develop RF-positive RA and anticitrulline-positive RA, respectively. The findings are of particular interest since the same mineral oils can induce polyarthritis in rats.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Effect of mineral oil and/or cholestyramine in the diet on biliary and intestinal elimination of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl in the rhesus monkey.

Addition of mineral oil to the diet (5%) of two rhesus monkeys that were dosed 29 wk earlier with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) produced a 175% increase in fecal excretion of HBB. A third rhesus monkey was provided with a complete biliary bypass, which permitted the reintroduction of the monkey's own bile or the introduction of the same amount of exogenous bile, which was obtained from control donor monkeys. This experimental design made it possible to measure the portion of fecal excretion that was due to biliary elimination and the portion that was due to intestinal elimination. The effect of mineral oil and/or cholestyramine (CSA) on biliary and intestinal elimination of HBB in the rhesus monkey was then investigated. The results show that (1) fecal excretion of HBB and/or metabolites is due to both biliary and intestinal elimination; (2) during the first 2 wk after completion of dosing, mineral oil does not influence fecal excretion of HBB significantly; (3) 6-7 wk after completion of dosing, mineral oil enhances fecal excretion of HBB by 50%; (4) 8 wk after the last dose of HBB, 4% CSA in the diet increases fecal excretion of HBB and/or metabolites by about 50%; (5) mineral oil specifically stimulates intestinal elimination of HBB; and (6) combined administration of mineral oil and CSA results in an additive effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Atypical mycobacterial infection complicating mineral oil pneumonia.

Two patients had pulmonary infections with atypical mycobacteria superimposed on mineral oil pneumonia. In both cases, long-standing laxative use and neurological disorders led to development of the lipid pneumonia. The pathogenicity of the rapidly growing mycobacteria causing infection in the two patients is apparently enhanced by the presence of mineral oil, a relationship supported by experimental studies. The clinical diagnosis of both atypical mycobacterial infection and mineral oil pneumonia may be difficult, but the presence of one should suggest the possibility of occurrence of the other.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Laboratory investigation of the effects of mineral size and concentration on the formation of oil-mineral aggregates.

Controlled laboratory studies of the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) in seawater demonstrate that sediment concentration and sediment size are key variables for determining the quantity of oil droplets stabilised by OMA formation. Experiments with a single sediment size and a range of sediment concentrations show that as sediment concentration increases, the quantity of oil trapped in OMA increases abruptly. In experiments with a single sediment concentration and a range of sediment sizes, the quantity of oil trapped in OMA decreases as sediment size increases. These results provide direct support to the hypothesis that there is a critical sediment concentration for OMA formation. Below this concentration, stabilisation of oil droplets by OMA decreases rapidly, while above this concentration, stabilisation is extensive. The results also support simple geometric models of OMA formation that predict that the critical sediment mass concentration increases linearly with sediment particle diameter. These results will help to place quantitative constraint on predictions of where and when OMA formation will be a factor in the natural dispersal of oil accidentally spilled into the ocean.

Geologic Sediments↗