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PubMed1983

[Relation between the mineral content of cow's milk, the quantity of milk and the fat content of the milk].

The reverse evaluation of the effect of the content of minerals in milk on the milk yield per day and on the milk fat content indicated that the milk of less productive cows had a significantly higher content of sodium and a highly significantly higher content of magnesium, as compared with the higher-yielding cows. The milk with a higher content of fat showed a highly significant difference in the content of calcium and a significant difference in the content of potassium in favour of the less productive cows. The content of phosphorus in milk and the daily milk yield bear a significant relation. The group of cows with higher milk yields showed a highly significant positive relation between the content of calcium, potassium and sodium in milk on the one hand and the fat content in milk on the other. The lower-yielding cows were found to have a significant negative relation between sodium and fat content in milk. The results suggest that minerals are involved in the metabolism in cows' organisms, thus influencing the production of milk and the content of fat in milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of automatic cluster remover settings on average milking duration, milk flow, and milk yield.

A crossover study design was used in five commercial dairy herds to study the effect of altering the switch point settings for automatic cluster remover units on the average duration of unit attachment, milk flow, and milk yield. Automatic cluster remover switch point settings were alternated, for 1-wk periods, between 0.50 and 0.64 kg/min (1.1 and 1.4 lb/min) in one herd and between 0.73 and 0.82 kg/min (1.6 and 1.8 lb/min) in the four remaining herds. Parlor data were captured at 329 separate milking sessions (range 39 to 92 per herd), representing 239,393 individual cow milkings. While increasing the automatic cluster remover switch point setting was not associated with a change in average milking duration in one herd, it had the effect of significantly reducing the average milking duration by between 10.2 and 15.6 s per cow in the remaining four herds. Milk flow was significantly increased at higher switch point settings for all five herds. Higher automatic cluster remover switch point settings did not have a negative effect on milk yield in any of the herds studied and, in fact, were associated with increased milk yield in two of the five herds. Decreasing milking duration while either maintaining or increasing the volume of milk harvested should ultimately lead to improved milking efficiency and parlor performance. Modifying systems to increase automatic cluster remover switch point settings offers an important potential opportunity to increase parlor efficiency in commercial dairy herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Epidermal growth factor concentrations in human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas.

OBJECTIVE: Because maternal epidermal growth factor (EGF) may be an adaptive response to accelerate growth and maturation in premature infants, we compared the EGF content in fresh cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas with full and preterm mother's milk. METHODS: EGF content of 57 human colostrum from mothers delivering prematurely and at term, 4 different fresh cow's milk and 8 different cow's milk-based infant formulas was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). RESULTS: Human milk from mothers of premature infants had a higher EGF content compared to that from mothers of term infants (28.2 +/- 10.3 nmol/L vs. 17.3 +/- 9.6 nmol/L). EGF content in human milk negatively correlated with gestational age and birth weight of neonates. EGF content in fresh cow's milk (13.8 - 18.2 nmol/L) was similar to that in human term milk. EGF levels in non-hydrolyzed protein formulas were much lower (5.6 - 8.6 nmol/L), and were undetectable in hydrolyzed protein formulas. CONCLUSION: The high EGF content in premature milk may represent a maternal compensatory mechanism to accelerate the growth and development of immature infants. Feeding infants with breast milk from their own mother should be advocated since there is lack of EGF in cow's milk-based infant formulas.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Beta-lactoglobulin secretion in human milk varies widely after cow's milk ingestion in mothers of infants with cow's milk allergy.

BACKGROUND: Cow's milk proteins secreted in human milk may cause cow's milk allergy (CMA) even during exclusive breast-feeding. We studied beta-lactoglobulin levels in human milk of mothers of infants with CMA. We also studied intestinal absorption of macromolecules in the same mothers to see whether it is related to the secretion of beta-lactoglobulin in human milk. METHODS: CMA was verified with oral challenge in 46 of 55 infants assessed. beta-Lactoglobulin levels were assessed in human milk from 53 of 55 mothers of the infants before (basal sample) and 1 and 2 hours after an oral cow's milk load, which was given after a 24-hour milk-free diet. beta-Lactoglobulin was determined by an ELISA with a detection limit of 0.002 microgram/L. The 6-hour urine recovery of a high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3000 was assessed after an oral load of PEG in 45 of 55 mothers. RESULTS: beta-Lactoglobulin was found in the 1- or 2-hour samples in 75% of the mothers. beta-Lactoglobulin levels were increased in the 1- or 2-hour samples as compared with the basal levels in about half of the mothers. The respective levels were decreased in one third of the mothers whose basal beta-lactoglobulin levels were higher than in the others. beta-Lactoglobulin was found in none of the three human milk samples in 15% of the mothers. After an oral load of a high-molecular-weight PEG 3000, the 6-hour urine recovery of PEG was similar in the mothers of the infants with CMA and the mothers of infants without CMA. Neither was the urinary recovery of PEG related to the beta-lactoglobulin levels in human milk. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the view that beta-lactoglobulin in human milk may contribute to, but does not alone explain, the development of CMA in breast-fed infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

An evaluation with piglets of bovine milk, hydrolyzed bovine milk, and isolated soybean proteins included in infant milk formulas. I. Effect on organ development, digestive enzyme activities, and amino acid digestibility.

A study, using the piglet as a model for the human infant, was undertaken to determine the effect of the protein source of a milk formula on organ development, the activity of digestive enzymes, and the absorption of amino acids as measured at the terminal ileum and over the entire digestive tract. Three isocaloric liquid milk formulas containing equal amounts of either intact bovine milk, hydrolyzed bovine milk, or isolated soybean protein as the sole source of this nutrient and with equal levels of fat and carbohydrate were each given to six 14-day-old piglets over a 19-day period in a manner that mimicked human infant feeding practice. Following a 6-day metabolism study, the piglets were killed, their organs removed, and samples of digesta collected. The protein source of the milk-based formula did not affect (p greater than 0.05) the weight/unit body weight of the small intestine, large intestine, liver, or pancreas, but the relative weight of the kidneys was lower (p less than 0.05) for animals fed the intact bovine milk-based formula and that of the stomach was higher (p less than 0.01) for piglets receiving the isolated soybean formula. The activities of pepsin, intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin and pancreatic chymotrypsin were not influenced (p greater than 0.05) by protein source, but piglets receiving the bovine milk-based formula had a lower level of activity (p less than 0.01) for pancreatic trypsin. The apparent ileal and fecal absorption of nitrogen was similar for the three milk-based formulas, the overall mean ileal absorption of nitrogen (+/- SE) being 89.0% (+/- 1.44). Excluding cystine, where ileal absorption was relatively lower (p less than 0.05) with the isolated soybean formula (86.7%) compared with the intact bovine milk (91.5%), protein source had little effect on the apparent absorption of essential amino acids. It was concluded that the replacement of intact cow's milk protein in human infant formulas by either hydrolyzed cow's milk or isolated soybean protein is unlikely to cause any major disturbance in the digestive process.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Postprandial metabolic responses to milk enriched with milk calcium are different from responses to milk enriched with calcium carbonate.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether there are any differences in postprandial physiological responses to skim milk powder enriched with milk calcium (SMP + milk calcium) and skim milk powder enriched with calcium carbonate (SMP + CaCO3), with each of the milks providing 1200 mg calcium. This was a randomised, controlled, crossover study involving 16 men and 29 women over 55 years of age. Measurements of calcium and bone metabolism were taken after an overnight fast before each drink, and postprandially every hour for 8 h. The impact of time and drink on the responses was analysed by repeated measures of analysis of variance. Serum calcium was significantly higher between 2 and 8 h after consumption of SMP + CaCO3 compared with SMP + milk calcium (P < 0.0001). Serum phosphate was significantly higher between 2 and 5 h after drinking the SMP + milk calcium compared with SMP + CaCO3 (P < 0.0001). The level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was virtually unchanged after consumption of SMP + milk calcium, but decreased between 1 and 4 h after SMP + CaCO3 (P = 0.02). The serum C-telopeptide level, a marker of bone resorption, was significantly lower after SMP + CaCO3, compared with SMP + milk calcium, between 4 and 8 h after drinking the milk (P < 0.05). We conclude that serum calcium levels have a higher increase after SMP + CaCO3 consumption than after SMP + milk calcium consumption, and that this is associated with lower serum PTH concentrations and a more prolonged postprandial decrease in bone resorption.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

The associations between milk production, milk composition and Salmonella in the bulk milk supplies of dairy farms in Ontario.

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in dairy herd milk production and milk composition associated with changes in Salmonella contamination of bulk milk on dairy farms in southwestern Ontario. Twenty-three dairy farms that had submitted milk filters for culture from which Salmonella were isolated (cases) and 23 farms that submitted Salmonella-negative milk filters (controls) were included in the study. The rolling herd averages for milk and fat of case and control farms for the months of December 1985, December 1986 and April 1987 were compared and no significant differences were detected. Case and control farms were divided into three groups (A,B,C) on the basis of Salmonella culture results of milk filters submitted at various time periods throughout the study. Daily and monthly changes in milk production and composition parameters that reflected the time periods of milk filter culture were compared. The following unconditional associations between a changing Salmonella infection status on dairy farms and changes in milk production or composition variables were significant (p less than or equal to 0.05): group A: case farms had higher plate loop counts than control farms; group B: case farms had younger cows than control farms; group C: case farms had cows with longer average days in lactation than control farms. After analytical control of confounding variables, the disappearance of Salmonella from bulk milk supplies of dairy farms was associated with a decrease in percent fat and in somatic cell count.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Levels of insulin-like growth factor I in full- and preterm human milk in comparison to levels in cow's milk and in milk formulas.

The content of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in human milk, cow's milk and cow's-milk-based infant formulas was determined by radioimmunoassay. The mean levels of IGF-I in full-term milk and preterm milk 0-4 days post partum 2.2 +/- 0.3 and 2.4 +/- 0.5 ng/mg protein, respectively. The IGF-I content in human milk was not affected by gestational age or birth weight and was constantly excreted up to 10 days post partum. The IGF-I content in human milk was significantly higher than that in cow's milk (0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/mg protein, p less than 0.01). IGF-I was not detected in the milk formulas. The IGF-I in human milk might be absorbed or could act locally in the intestine and may be of importance in the nutrition of neonates.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Levels of S100B protein are higher in mature human milk than in colostrum and milk-formulae milks.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Human milk is believed to contain biological factors involved in the regulation of newborn growth, including brain development. Recently, it has also been shown to contain the calcium-binding S100B protein, regarded as a neurotrophic factor. The present study investigates the concentrations of this protein in colostrum, human milk at different levels of maturation and in milk-formulae. METHODS: Samples for S100B measurements were collected from human colostrum (on day 1 after birth), from transition milk (on post-delivery days 7 and 14) and from mature milk (on day 30 after delivery) in 14 healthy women and from 14 milk-formulae. The S100B protein levels were measured using a commercially available specific immunoluminometric assay. RESULTS: Mean S100B protein levels were significantly higher in mature human milk (117.9+/-36.7 microg/l) than in transition milk at 14 days (106.7+/-38.1 microg/l) and at 7 days (92.7+/-37.8 microg/l), colostrum (74.6+/-37.6 microg/l) or milk-formulae (24.8+/-19.5 microg/l) (P<0.001, for all). A correlation between human milk S100B levels and the gestational age at which samples were obtained was also found (r=0.39; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings, possibly related to S100B's neurotrophic role, offers useful information to the investigation of the role of S100B protein in brain maturation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Milk yield, residual milk, oxytocin and cortisol release during machine milking in Gir, Gir x Holstein and Holstein cows.

This study evaluated the effect of exclusive machine milking on oxytocin (OT) and cortisol (CORT) release, and on milk yield and residual milk in Gir (group Gir), Holstein (group Hol) and crossbred animals (group GirHol). Six animals from each group were submitted to experimental milkings. As expected, milk yield was significantly higher in the Hol group than in the groups GirHol and Gir, and group GirHol produced more milk than the Gir group. In contrast, all groups exhibited significant but similar levels of OT, although OT increased more rapidly during milking for the groups Hol and GirHol than for the Gir group. In addition, CORT levels measured during and after milking were significantly influenced by the group. The Gir group showed higher levels of CORT than the groups GirHol and Hol. The lower performances of the Gir breed can not be explained by a less efficient milk ejection reflex because all cows studied released enough OT and had an effective milk ejection.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis.

Milk composition can be altered by diet, and one example is milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows. The biohydrogenation theory of MFD has implicated unique fatty acids formed by altered rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA; one example is trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In the present study, we induced MFD with a high concentrate/low forage (HC/LF) diet and examined milk composition, milk fatty acid changes and mammary lipogenic mRNA abundance to determine the mechanism involved. The HC/LF diet reduced milk fat percentage by 25% and yield by 27% with no effect on dietary intake, milk production, protein or lactose. Milk fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and fatty acids taken up from circulation were reduced to a similar extent (molar basis). MFD was also characterized by the appearance of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the milk fat. We analyzed mammary mRNA abundance for lipogenic genes and detected reductions for acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acyl CoA ligase, glycerol phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and acylglycerol phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT). There was no effect on the milk protein gene, kappa-casein. The reductions in mRNA were also correlated with the appearance of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the milk fat for ACC, FAS, lipoprotein lipase and GPAT. This study demonstrates that diet-induced MFD involves coordinated effects on mRNA for mammary lipid synthesis pathways, and provides support for a mechanism involving alterations in transcriptional activation of these genes.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed1987

Effects of removing milk from the mammary ducts and alveoli, or of diluting stored milk, on the rate of milk secretion in the goat.

Goats were milked frequently (at 10.00, 11.30, 13.00 and 14.30 h) between normal morning and afternoon milking, using a catheter to drain the milk stored in the cistern and large ducts of the mammary gland; no increase in the rate of milk secretion occurred. When the same study was repeated but oxytocin was injected to elicit milk ejection and empty the alveoli, the rate of milk secretion increased significantly. The stimulatory effect of frequent catheter-milking plus exogenous oxytocin was evident at peak lactation as well as during declining lactation. When milk stored in the mammary gland was diluted with an isosmotic sucrose solution, the rate of milk secretion increased significantly. Again this effect was apparent at all stages of lactation. These results are discussed in relation to the local inhibitor hypothesis on the modulation of milk secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Correlation between bovine milk somatic cell count and polymorphonuclear leukocyte level for samples of bulk milk and milk from individual cows.

The influence of various factors on the concentrations of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) in milk samples from bulk tanks and individual cows was investigated. While somatic cell counts (SCC) and PMN level were in both cases significantly correlated, lower correlation coefficients were found between SCC and PMN for samples of bulk tank milks than for milk samples from individual cows. Furthermore, plots of PMN concentrations versus SCC showed great variability in PMN in milk samples of similar total SCC. One factor that may lead to variability in bulk tank PMN levels was shown to be increased proportions of high SCC milk in the bulk tank mixture, which result in relatively high PMN levels without excessive elevation of total SCC. In milk samples from individual cows, it was found that there was also a significant seasonal influence on milk PMN content, with milk from cows calving in the spring having, at SCC > 160,000 cells/ ml, higher proportions of PMN in the total milk SCC than milk from autumn calving cows. The results of this study suggest that the concentration of PMN may be a useful indicator of herd status in bulk tank monitoring schemes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Characteristics of breast milk and serology of women donating breast milk to a milk bank.

OBJECTIVE: Breast milk is the most important nutrient to all newborn babies. If the mother's milk production is insufficient, it is important to provide donor breast milk without reduction of its immunologic and antimicrobial properties. Early use of breast milk to preterm infants has shown a reduced incidence of necrotising enterocolitis, a faster tolerance of enteral feeding, and a reduced need of parenteral nutrition. It is important to have milk from a CMV-IgG negative donor to VLBW infants considered immunocompromised. METHODS: Between January 1st and December 31st 2001, 69 women delivered 1.973 litres (mean 28.6 litres/woman/year). 73% had college education, were primipara, and with a mean age of 30.7 years. Those who smoked, used alcohol or any medications were refused as donors. They started to deliver approximately 7 weeks after having given birth and continued for a mean of 4 months. Each milk sample was tested for bacterial growth. Every donor was screened for HIV, CMV-IgG and hepatitis B/C before donating milk and thereafter every third month. RESULTS: 62.3% was CMV-IgG positive. Samples containing staphylococcus aureus, klebsialla-, enterobacter- and serratia-species or E. coli, and all samples containing > 10(4) cfu/ml were pasteurised. Overall, only 10.5% of the samples were pasteurised. CONCLUSION: It is possible and important to provide VLBW babies with fresh frozen unpasteurised CMV-IgG negative breast milk until their own mothers' milk production is sufficient.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Milk fat globule glycoproteins in human milk and in gastric aspirates of mother's milk-fed preterm infants.

Human milk fat globule (HMFG) glycoproteins can prevent infections by microorganisms in breast-fed infants; the MUC-1 mucin inhibits binding of S-fimbriated Escherichia coli to buccal mucosa, and lactadherin may prevent symptomatic rotavirus infections. In this study, the survival of these HMFG glycoproteins in the stomach of human milk-fed preterm infants (gestational age = 27.5 +/- 0.4 wk) was assessed, and levels in their mothers' milk determined, using specific RIAs. Butyrophilin, a major component of HMFG membrane that has no demonstrated antimicrobial activity, was studied for comparison. The levels of mucin, lactadherin, and butyrophilin in 41 milk samples of 20 mothers were 729 +/- 75, 93 +/- 10, and 41 +/- 3 microg/mL, respectively. Mucin and lactadherin were significantly higher in early milk samples (<15 d postpartum) than in later milk samples (15-90 d postpartum), whereas butyrophilin showed no such difference. Significant amounts of mucin and lactadherin were found in almost all gastric aspirates of human milk-fed infants, even 4 h after feeding (mucin, 270 +/- 30 microg/mL; lactadherin, 23.2 +/- 4.4 microg/mL), whereas butyrophilin was rapidly degraded in the majority of aspirates. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the immunoreactive mucin, lactadherin, and butyrophilin in the milk-fed gastric aspirates had the expected native molecular weights. Mucin and lactadherin survived at all gastric pH values, whereas butyrophilin was found only at pH > 4. Neither lactadherin nor butyrophilin were detected in gastric aspirates of formula-fed infants (gestational age = 27.8 +/- 0.5 wk), whereas the very low level of mucin (9.1 +/- 1.1 microg/mL) in this group is presumably cross-reacting gastric mucin. These results demonstrate that two HMFG glycoproteins implicated in prevention of infection, MUC-1 mucin and lactadherin, survive and maintain their integrity in the stomachs of human milk-fed preterm infants.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1994

Effects on milk yield, somatic cell count and milk conductivity of short-term non-milking of lactating quarters of cows.

Compensatory changes in daily milk production between quarters within an udder were investigated, together with related changes in cell count and electrical conductivity of fore milk samples. Two quarters per cow were left unmilked for 2 d (Group 1, four cows) or for 4 d (Group 2, four cows), and then all quarters of all cows were milked twice daily for a further period of 16 d. The mean daily yield per cow fell 50% during the period of milking two quarters. Daily yield for cows in Group 1 decreased significantly only during the treatment period and the first post-treatment period of 4 d, whereas the daily yield for Group 2 was significantly reduced during the whole post-treatment period. The cell count for all continuously milked (control) quarters was stable during the experiment, but increased in the treated quarters during the first 4 d of the post-treatment period. Non-milking was accompanied by a significant increase in fore milk conductivity which persisted for an additional 4 d after the resumption of normal milking. Throughout the last 12 d of the post-treatment period milk from both control and treated quarters had significantly decreased conductivity levels compared with the pretreatment values.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Associations between lameness and production, feeding and milking attendance of Holstein cows milked with an automatic milking system.

A longitudinal study involving 73 primiparous (PP) and 47 multiparous (MP) Holstein cows was conducted over an 8-month period to assess the associations between locomotion score (LCS) and milk production, dry matter intake (DMI), feeding behaviour, and number of visits to an automatic milking system (AMS). Twice weekly, all cows were locomotion scored (scale 1-5) by the same observer. Individual eating behaviour and individual feed consumption at each cow visit to the feed troughs, individual milk production, the time of milking, and the number of milkings for each cow were recorded for the day of locomotion scoring and the day before and after. Dependent variables, such as milk yield, DMI, etc. were modelled using a mixed-effects model with parity, LCS, days in milk (DIM), the exponential of -0.05 DIM, and the interaction between parity and LCS, as fixed effects and random intercepts and random slopes for the linear and the exponential of -0.05DIM effects within cow. LCS did not affect time of attendance at feed troughs, but affected the location that cows occupied in the feed troughs. The time devoted to eating and DMI decreased with increasing LCS. Milk production decreased with LCS>3. The number of daily visits to the AMS also decreased with increasing LCS. The cows with high LCS were fetched more often than the cows with low LCS. Overall, PP cows were more sensitive to the effects of increasing LCS than were MP cows. The decrease in milk production observed with increasing LCS seemed to be affected similarly by the decrease in DMI and by the decrease in number of daily visits to the AMS. A further economic loss generated by lame cows with AMS will be associated with the additional labour needed to fetch them.

Animal Husbandry↗