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PubMed1976

Tumour rejection in rats sensitized to embryonic tissue. I. Rejection of tumour cells implanted s.c. and detection of cytotoxic lymphoid cells.

Wistar rats were sensitized to rat embryonic tissue by immunization with irradiated (5000 rad) rat embryo cells (2 X 10(6) s.c. + 1 X 10(6) i.p.) derived from embryos aged 14-15 days, or by implantation of irradiated (5000 rad) tissue grafts from these embryos. Three to five immunizations were given at weekly intervals, and the rats were then challenged subcutaneously 7-10 days after the final inoculum with minimal tumour-producing tumour cell doses. Immunization with irradiated rat embryo cells failed to influence the growth and development of tumour cells prepared from hepatoma D23 and D30, sarcoma Mc57, mammary carcinoma AAF57 or cells prepared from spontaneously arising mammary carcinomata Sp4 and Sp15. Using adoptive transfer techniques, lymphoid cells from embryo-sensitized rats, when used in a 3000 : 1 ratio (lymphoid cells : tumour cells), were shown effectively to retard the growth of hepatoma D23 in 3 out of 7 experiments performed. Similar adoptive transfer procedures proved ineffective in preventing the growth of mammary carcinoma AAF57. Using in vitro cytotoxicity tests, lymph node cells and spleen cells from embryo-immunized rats were shown to be cytotoxic for several rat tumour cell targets : hepatoma D23 (7/10 tests), sarcoma Mc7 (8/12 tests), mammary carcinoma AAF57 (2/2 tests) and Sp4 (3/4 tests), and for 14-15-day-old rat embryo cells (5/10 tests). In comparative tests lymphoid cells were relatively non-cytotoxic for 20-day-old rat embryo cells (1/6 tests) or cells prepared from adult rat lung or kidney (1/10 tests). The role of embryonic antigen(s) in tumour rejection is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Double immunoglobulin production in cloned somatic cell hybrids between two human lymphoid cell lines.

Several clones of independently established somatic cell hybrids between two human lymphoid cell lines, Raji and Namalwa, were examined for surface immunoglobulin expression. Double-antibody radioimmunoassays were established for kappa and lambda light chains. Immunoglobulins were detergent-extrated by Triton X-100 and quantified by radioimmunoassay. The Raji parent expressed small amounts of kappa chains on its surface, and the Namalwa parent a 10 fold greater amount of lambda chains. We show that the majority of the hybrid clones co-express both parental phenotypes.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗
PubMed1978

Cytotoxic activities of gut mucosal lymphoid cells in guinea pigs.

Populations of lymphoid cells were obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pigs and compared with splenic cells for effector cell activity in assays of spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Lymphoid cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), Peyer's patches (PP), and the small intestinal mucosa. Mucosal lymphoid cells were separated into a population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and a second population of cells containing lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes by a combination of physical and enzymatic methods. All populations of lymphoid cells from the gastrointestinal tract were capable of mediating MICC. Relative to spleen cells, IEL possessed more MICC effector cell activity whereas cells from MLN, PP, and LP possessed less activity. In contrast, SCMC and ADCC effector cell activities were present only in the IEL population and these cytotoxic activities were comparable to that of splenic cells. These results demonstrate that mucosal lymphoid cells possess cytotoxic effector cell activities that may contribute to local mucosal immunologic reactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Genetic restrictions for the induction of suppressor T cells by hapten-modified lymphoid cells in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitivity. Role of the H-2D region of the major histocompatibility complex.

Genetic restrictions governing the induction and expression of suppressor T cells (Ts) in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrogenzene (DNFB) contract sensitivity were studied. Tolerance was induced by using 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-modified lymphoid cells (DNP-LC) as tolerogen. Two kinds of Ts were found-those produced by DNP-LC syngeneic to the donor of the Ts (syninduced Ts), and those produced by DNP-LC allogeneic to the donor of Ts (alloinduced Ts). Studies employing congenic resistant mouse strains indicated that recognition of DNP-modified-major histocompatibility region determinants on the tolerogenic DNP-LC was essential for the induction of both types of Ts. Non-H-2 genetic background was irrelevant to Ts induction. Mapping studies indicated that induction of both syninduced and alloinduced Ts was associated with recognition of DNP-modified-MHC region determinants which map to the right of the H-2G region (i.e., H-2D gene products). Tolerization of donor mice with DNP-LC which were H-2D region compatible, but not with H-2K or I region compatible DNP-LC, was both sufficient and required for the induction of hapten-specific syninduced Ts. Tolerization of donor mice with DNP-LC which were incompatible only at the H-2D region was sufficient for the induction of alloinduced Ts. These Ts were capable of suppressing recipient mice only if the recipients shared the H-2D region with the strain providing the DNP-LC tolerogen, and were not capable of suppressing recipients sharing all but the H-2D region with the tolerogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on the morphology of blood of the European eel (Anguilla agnuilla). III. Studies on monocytic and lymphoid cells].

Investigations concerning the monocytic and lymphocytic cell series were carried out on the peripheral blood and dabbings of the kidney, the spleen and intestines of healthy eels (anguilla anguilla), and eels taken ill with vibrio anguillarum. By means of histological, cytochemical, phaseoptical, and electronmicroscopical examinations independent development lines of the monocytes and lymphocytes were established. The place of origination for the monocytes was found to be the kidney, for the lymphocytes the spleen and the intestines additionally. The evidence of the cytochemical assay of enzymes for the differentiation of these blood cells and their cellular systems is primarily dependent on the distribution of the activity of the unspecific esterase, the naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase, the peroxidase and the alkalic phosphatase. Macrophages were - on the basis of enzymocytochemical results - seen as derivatives of the monocytes. Plasma cells and lymphoid cells are transformation forms of the lymphocytes. Our results emphasize the significance especially of cytochemistry for the hematological diagnostics of fish diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Ferritin and ovalbumin binding blood lymphoid cells in fetal sheep.

Lymphoid cells from blood of fetal sheep between 70 and 140 days of gestational age were examined for surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and for surface binding of horse spleen ferritin FITC and ovalbumin FITC. Fetuses of all ages had cells which bound ferritin or ovalbumin, the proportion of these cells in the lymphocyte preparations from blood decreasing with increasing age of the fetus. A similar decline in the proportion of sIg cells with age was found. The simultaneous occurrence of fetal lymphoid cells binding ferritin or ovalbumin is discussed in relation to the sIg population and to the property of the sheep fetus to respond sequentially to different antigens by the production of antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Spontaneous interferon production and Epstein-Barr virus antigen expression in human lymphoid cell lines.

Established human lymphoid cell lines, many of which spontaneously produce interferon, differ in the efficiency by which they allow expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic functions. Six EBV carrying lymphoid cell lines, selected to either be extremely susceptible or very refractory to EBV superinfection, were tested for spontaneous interferon production. Only the three cell lines which were poorly superinfectable with EBV were found to produce interferon. These same three lines could not be induced to express EBV-specific early antigens from intrinsic EBV genomes. It is suggested that interferon acts as a negative control factor affecting a cell's susceptibility to EBV.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1976

Characterization of measles viruses in establishment of persistent infections in human lymphoid cell line.

Human lymphoid cells (NC-37) were infected with attenuated measles vaccine virus (Schwarz, AIK-C, and CAM-70 strains), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus (Mantooth and Halle strains), neurovirulent TYCSA strain, and wild type virus (Edmonston and Toyoshima strains) at an input multiplicity of 0-01. These strains were divided into two groups by their capacity to establish carrier states. CAM-70, Toyoshima, and Edmonston strains did not set up persistent infections in NC-37 cells, whereas AIK-C strain induced chronic cyclic infection and the Schwarz, TYCSA, Mantooth and Halle strains could set up persistent infections and furthermore two types of persistent infections were recognizable. Cells persistently infected with Schwarz strain contained nucleocapsid structures in both nucleus and cytoplasm, and produced infectious virus of 10(4) to 10(5) p.f.u./ml over 100 days after the inoculation of the virus but the cap-formation of measles antigens on the cell membrane was seldom observed. However, in cells persistently infected with TYCSA strain, nucleocapsid structures were rarely observed in the nucleus, but the cap-formation of measles antigens on the cell membrane was often observed. The titre of carried virus was always higher than the number of cells in the range of 10(6) to 10(7) p.f.u./ml. Mantooth strain was similar to Schwarz strain and Halle strain was similar to TYCSA strain in the properties of their carrier states. These carrier states were stable and the cells grew normally for over one year.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1977

Immunogenicity of human B cell antigens solubilized from cultured human lymphoid cells.

Antigens solubilized from culured human lymphoid cells WI-L2 and RPMI 1788 were partially purified by ultracentrifugation on a KBr gradient. These antigens injected into rabbits produced xenoantibodies which after absorption with melanoma cells became specific to B cell antigens. Three such xenoantisera were submitted to the Second Histocompatibility Workshop of the Americas and reacted much like alloantisera to B cell antigens against a large panel of B peripheral lymphocytes and cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Xenoantisera to B cell antigens inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction, but did not affect the mitogenic activity of phytohemagglutinin or the functional properties of C3 receptors, monkey red blood cell receptors, or T cell receptors.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1975

Ontogeny of lymphoid cell surface determinants in the chicken.

Five antigenic lymphoid cell surface determinants (LCSD) were detected in hatched chickens using specific antisera. These LCSD were: thymus-specific surface determinants, bursa-specific non-immunoglobulin determinants, IgM-specific determants, IgG-specific determinants, and IgA-specific determinants (ASD). Viable cell suspension of embryonic yolk sac, bursa, thymus and spleen were tested by means of indirect or direct immunofluorescent staining procedures for the presence and frequency of LCSD during maturation. Experiments performed with liver cells. brain cells and red blood cells of embryos confirmed the specificities of the antisera used for determinants present on cells of lymphoid tissues. The results showed LCSD to occur on yolk sac cells on the 5th to 7th embryonic day (ED). This suggests the presence of a stem cell pre-committed for the lymphoid cell line already in the yolk sac. Furthermore, findings are reported indicating the presence of distinct lympoid stem cell populations or maturation stages in the yolk sac, which may be responsible for either populating the thymus or the bursa. The finding of ASD-bearing cells early in ontogenesis of the lymphoid system suggests the presence of two specificities in anti-chicken IgA sera, one of which may be directed against an antigenic site on a rudimentary immunoglobulin molecule, which becomes lost or hidden in later maturation. Studies on the bursa and the thymus show that covering, hiding, or loss of antigenic determinants plays an important role in lymphoid cell differentiation. Furthermore, the spleen is reached by B-determined stem cells as early as the bursa, but these stem cells seem not to proliferate in the former to any considerable extent until hatching. Finally, the sequence of the appearance of immunoglobulin classes as proposed by other authors is confirmed with reservaitons concerning IgA, and it is suggested that immunoglobulins are detectable earlier on cell surfaces than intracytoplasmatically.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

B and T cell markers of bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphoid cells in patients with paraproteinaemia.

Studies have been carried out on B and T cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood from patients with paraproteinaemia. The peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma showed a significant increase of B cells, mainly lymphoid cells bearing immunoglobulins corresponding to the paraproteins, while in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy only a slight increase of B cells and a moderate decrease of T cells have been found. As to the bone marrow, the B cell population was significantly raised in patients with multiple myeloma, but it remained unchanged in patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. Our findings may offer a new possibility to distinguish between these two diseases and provide further data to their pathogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the microcytotoxicity test. II. The uptake of amino acids ([3H]leucine or [75Se]methionine) but not nucleosides ([3H]thymidine or [125I]IUdR) or 51CrO24-provides a direct and quantitative measure of target cell survival in the presence of lymphoid cells.

We have studied the suitability of various commonly used radioactive materials for the direct post-labeling of adherent rat target cells in long-term cytotoxicity tests. The use of nucleosides at high concentration avoids the necessity of adding fluorodeoxyuridine to enhance nucleoside uptake by target cells, and reduces the degree of non-specific inhibition of nucleoside uptake caused by products released from effector lymphoid cells. However, when [125I]iododeoxyuridine was used for labelling, such inhibition was not completely avoided even at very high nucleoside concentration, necessitating the washing of target cells prior to labelling. Similarly, without prewashing, the uptake of 51CrO24-ions frequently failed to correlate well with the numbers of surviving target cells as assessed by cell counting. On the other hand, radiolabelled amino acids, when present at semi-saturating concentrations, were taken up quantitatively by target cells under all conditions tested. Furthermore, in comparison to [125I]iododeoxyuridine, radioactive amino acids showed little if any toxicity to target cells. The use of the gamma-emitting amino acid analogue, [75Se]selenomethionine, is particularly recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Binding characteristics of Rauscher leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp71 to murine lymphoid cells.

The major envelope glycoprotein (gp71) purified from Rauscher leukemia virus (R-MuLV) binds efficiently to murine lymphoid cells but not to either murine nonlymphoid cells or lymphoid cells from other species. Binding of 125I-labeled R-MuLV gp71 was competitively inhibited by unlabeled glycoprotein, as well as by whole R-MuLV, but not by murine xenotropic viruses, R-MuLV p30, and several unrelated proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of iodinated gp71 after binding to lymphoid cells were similar to prebound profiles. Antibody to R-MuLV gp71 prevented binding, whereas normal serum had no effect. Adsorption of the glycoprotein to murine lymphoid cells occurs rapidly and is time and temperature dependent. The procedure described is sensitive for detecting the binding activity of approximately 10(4) cells. Binding was proportional up to 2.5 X 10(5) cells per ml and plateaued above 10(7) cells per ml. In the presence of excess R-MuLV gp71, BALB/c thymocytes bound approximately 2.4 X 10(4) molecules per cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Isolation and functional characterization of human intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells.

Viable suspensions of human colonic mucosal lymphoid cells have been prepared by sequential treatment of tissue with dithiothreitol, EDTA in calcium- and magnesium-free salt solutions, and purified collagenase. The intestinal lymphocyte population, in comparison with that of peripheral blood, had greater numbers of bone marrow-derived cells, particularly cells bearing membrane IgA; showed spontaneous association with macrophages; underwent rapid rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes; and demonstrated increased in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin. Total thymus-derived cells were equal in the two populations. Decreases were found in "null" cell numbers, in cells bearing membrane IgD and IgM, and in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin. Macrophage/monocytes in the intestinal population were increased in size, granularity, motility, sustained glass adherence, and phagocytic activity. Human intestinal lymphoid cells appear to constitute a cell population that is more "mature" and/or "activated", in comparison with the lymphoid cells of peripheral blood. The method of preparation should lend itself to the study of inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal cancer, and the intestinal secretory immune system.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1978

Immunocompetent cells of the turkey: age and organ distribution patterns of T and B lymphoid cells.

The percentage of lymphoid cells from the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, peripheral blood, and cecal tonsils reactin with chicken antisera to turkey bursa and thymus were evaluated, using 1-day-old to 5-week-old turkeys. For this, rabbit anti-chicken globulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate was used. The percentage of lymphoid cells showing immunoglobulin surface determinants from these organs also was examined, using a direct immunofluorescence test with a rabbit anti-turkey globulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. This study suggests that the bursa-specific antigen and immunoglobulin surface determinants could be used as markers for bursa-derived cells in the turkey. It also was found that thymus-specific antigen could be used as a marker for thymus-derived cells.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Amplification of the proliferative response to alloantigen by a factor present in an extract of syngeneic thymic lymphoid cells.

A synergistic interaction in the proliferative response to alloantigen has been previously noted when intact thymus cells are cultured with post-thymic (peripheral) lymphoid cells. In the present study, a factor extracted from the thymus has been shown to similarly enhance the reactivity of syngeneic lymph node cells and thus to retain the amplifier activity of intact thymus cells. The factor has no effect on lymphoid cell proliferation in the absence of alloantigen. Cells with amplifier activity are found in highest concentration in the thymus but also may be detected in spleen cells that are nonadherent to nylon wool. The factor is shown in these experiments to be derived from thymic lymphoid cells and to act primarily upon post-thymic (peripheral) lymphoid cells. As such, this factor appears to be distinct from various other thymus factors that have been localized to thymic reticuloepithelial elements and that are thought to effect predominantly the differentiation of T-cell precursors.

Animals↗